平原河网区坡面汇流分布式单位线研究

针对平原河网区无明确汇流控制断面,无法采用传统方法直接率定汇流参数的问题,综合河网多边形和地貌单位线理论,采用坡面汇流计算中不同滞留时间的水流面积按比例分配的方法,获得了以汇流速度为唯一参数的平原河网区坡面汇流分布式单位线。结合太湖流域1998、2000年的水位资料对分布式单位线进行率定和验证,结果表明分布式单位线的水位计算过程与实测过程吻合,可运用于平原河网区计算。     

基于地貌单位线汇流的新安江模型在洛阳河流域中的应用

针对无资料地区的洪水预报和设计洪水计算常受到降雨流量等资料制约的问题，以洛阳河流域无资料地区为例，通过DEM数据提取洛阳河流域霍顿地貌参数，计算洛阳河流域地貌单位线，从而建立起流域汇流与地貌参数之间的响应关系，并采用三层蒸散发和蓄满产流模型，构建基于地貌单位线汇流的新安江模型，同时结合遗传算法和客观优选法思路对洛阳河流域洪水进行模拟演算，并与传统的新安江模型结果进行对比分析。结果表明，基于地貌单位线汇流的新安江模型能取得较理想的模拟结果，可为中小河流无资料地区的水文分析计算提供可靠的技术支撑。     

地貌瞬时单位线参数敏感性分析

针对流域汇流速度和降雨时空变异性等不确定性因素为地貌瞬时单位线研究的难点问题,采用人工扰动法分析了汇流速度的敏感性,统计分析得出流域暴雨中心为汇流速度的主要影响因子,并建立了两者间的关系,进而由暴雨中心来推求汇流速度;同时比较分析了不同流域河网级别对地貌瞬时单位线的影响程度,得出流域河网级别为影响其他地貌参数的综合性参数,并选出适于研究流域水文模拟的最佳流域河网级别.     

马斯京根型流域地貌汇流模型

根据概念性流域地貌汇流模型的一般理论,以概念性元素"马斯京根河段"模拟各级河道的汇流作用,建立了以洪水波的波速和扩散系数为参数的马斯京根型流域地貌汇流模型;给出了三级流域时段单位线的表达式,并分析了模型参数对时段单位线的影响;讨论了参数的约束条件和推求方法,并对南雁流域的雨洪资料进行了实例分析．     

地貌单位线理论与概念性流域汇流模型的联系

通过推导地貌单位线和建立一般概念性流域地貌汇流模型，从理论上证明在一定条件下，概念性流域地貌汇流模型的响应函数等价于同级流域的地貌单位线；单元坡地或河道概念性元素的响应函数等价于水质点在坡地或河道状态等待时间的概率密度函数。研究结果表明：概念性元素的响应函数可近似地表达水质点等待时间的概率密度函数；Ｈｏｒｔｏｎ的地貌律理论可应用于概念性流域汇流模型。     

基于VIC模型和地貌单位线的中小水库入库预报研究

为解决中小水库入库预报问题,基于VIC模型产流原理和地貌单位线汇流方法,构建了中小水库入库预报模型。其中,VIC模型产流参数基于流域气候、地形地貌、土壤等数据以及VIC模型水文参数全国网格化公式确定;地貌单位线汇流参数基于高分辨率数字高程模型提取的数字化水系获取。实例应用表明,所提出的方法适用于中小水库入库预报,预报的流量过程和入库水量均具有较高的精度;预报误差主要源于网格参数的移用、地貌单位线流速的确定、雨量站代表性的不足。     

伽玛分布地貌瞬时单位线在中小河流洪水预报中的应用

针对无资料或缺资料中小河流洪水预报问题,基于地貌瞬时单位线(GIUH)理论,利用更符合水文物理规律的伽玛分布函数来代替一般GIUH理论中的指数分布概率密度函数,考虑坡面汇流的传播时间,将坡地作为特殊河流计入地貌瞬时单位线,建立了具有水动力学基础的两参数伽玛分布GIUH汇流模型,采用Eagleson-Bras经验公式推求水动力学参数,采用半经验方法计算特征河长,减弱了模型对实测资料的依赖,并将该模型应用于广西西江水系双和流域。结果表明,利用该模型模拟的各场次洪水确定性系数均值为0.83,合格率为80%,模拟结果较好。     

地貌瞬时单位线在滦河中小流域的应用

针对中小流域防洪能力薄弱、水文资料缺乏、洪水预报预警难度大的问题,选取滦河两个中小流域,分别采用经验公式法和地形地貌参数法确定流域平均汇流速度,推求相应的地貌瞬时单位线,采用清华大学GBHM产流模型,对该地区2017、2018年暴雨洪水进行模拟分析。结果表明,经验公式法推求的瞬时地貌瞬时单位线模拟精度较高,应用效果较好,可推广应用于无资料中小水库洪水预警预报工作中。     

变动单位线与纳西瞬时单位线在洪水预报中的应用

针对洪水预报中采用不同的地面汇流方式影响预报精度的问题,将变动单位线与纳西瞬时单位线法分别应用于湖南省嘉禾子流域的地面汇流部分,采用遗传算法优选产汇流参数,并比较了两种方法的汇流结果.结果表明,采用变动单位线法的建模结果优于纳西瞬时单位线法的建模结果.     

流域地貌瞬时单位线法剖析

本文对流域地貌瞬时单位线法进行了剖析,得到现行的地貌单位线的实质与改进的等流时线法很相似。从计算结果知,地貌单位线法、Nash线法、滞后演算法的精度相当。地貌单位线法没有因采用地貌特征参数而提高精度,即说明地貌特征参数的作用没有充分显示出来。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.