基于中间补气压缩机的地暖系统制热性能实验研究

本文将中间补气涡旋式压缩机应用于地暖制热系统,以解决地暖制热系统在低温环境下制热性能不佳、机组运行不稳定等问题,并建立补气地暖样机实验系统,研究了在不同运行工况下中间补气地暖系统的压缩机排气温度、制热量、功耗及制热COP等参数,分析了中间补气地暖系统制热性能与常规热泵制热性能之间的关系。实验结果表明:当环境温度处于-20~7℃之间时,带中间补气系统的地暖机组的制热量相比于普通热泵平均提升约26.2%,制热COP平均提升约为8.7%,功耗仅平均增加约16%;当室外环境温度为-20℃时,压缩机排气温度降低了12℃。可见采用中间补气技术的地暖系统在低能耗的条件下更能满足低环境温度的需求。     

滑板补气滚动转子式压缩机性能试验研究

针对采用常规滚动转子式压缩机的空气源热泵系统冬季制热量不足,在极限制冷、制热工况下制热与制冷性能较差的问题,研发带有滑板补气结构的滚动转子式压缩机并对其进行测试。结果表明:与相同气缸容积的单级压缩机相比,在蒸发温度为-10℃,冷凝温度为45℃和过冷度为5℃的条件下,滑板补气滚动转子式压缩机的制热量提升12.4%,制热COP提升2%,制冷量提升13%,制冷EER提升1.3%。     

电动汽车二次回路热泵空调系统性能试验研究

为了研究制冷剂充注量和环境温度对电动汽车二次回路热泵空调系统的影响规律,笔者设计并搭建了带有二次回路的热泵空调系统试验台。针对不同转速下,制冷量/制热量、COP和压缩机排气温度等参数随充注量及环境温度的变化趋势进行了试验研究,并确定标准制冷和制热工况的最佳充注量。结果表明：随着充注量的增加,蒸发器出口过热度和排气温度逐渐降低,而排气压力逐渐升高;制冷量/制热量和COP随充注量的增加而增大,并在最佳充注量处达到峰值,之后保持小幅变化。综合考虑,制热和制冷模式下系统最佳充注量分别为650 g和1 100 g。基于最佳充注量、压缩机转速为2 000 r/min时,制热模式环境温度由0℃升至12℃,制热量增加48.4%,COP_h升高8.3%;制冷环境温度由27℃升高至43℃时,制冷量和COP分别降低12.3%和44.4%。     

不同工质的热泵热水器热力学性能分析

为了研究R22替代制冷剂R134A、R407C、R410A、R32、R290在热泵热水器中的热力学性能,设定冬季工况蒸发温度-10℃、冷凝温度65℃,夏季工况蒸发温度20℃、冷凝温度65℃,过冷度和过热度均为5℃。计算了不同工质系统在冬季和夏季工况的理论循环性能,对比分析了各系统的变工况特性。结果表明:R410A和R32的单位容积制热量较高,这有利于减小压缩机的功耗和体积;R290和R32的单位质量制热量较高,能够有效降低工质充注量,进而增加系统安全性。随着蒸发温度升高,各工质系统制热系数均不断增加;随着冷凝温度升高,各工质系统制热系数均不断降低;过热度变化对各工质系统制热系数影响很小,而过冷度增加可以提高各工质系统制热系数。对于6种工质热泵热水器系统,蒸发温度在冬季工况对R32系统制热系数影响最大,当蒸发温度由-14℃升至-6℃,R32系统制热系数提高21.8%,夏季工况蒸发温度对R22系统制热系数影响最大,当蒸发温度由16℃升至24℃,R22系统制热系数提高22.1%。对应于冬季工况和夏季工况,冷凝温度和过冷度变化对R410A系统制热系数影响最大。     

冷库用准双级压缩制冷系统性能分析

为降低冷库用制冷系统压缩机排气温度、提高系统制冷效率,分析不同环境温度下低压补气技术对制冷系统性能的影响。结果表明：当库外温度为32℃时,库内温度由-5℃升至5℃,与不补气系统相比,低压补气系统的排气温度最高降低20.4℃,制冷量和COP分别最高提升18.5%和6.3%,压缩机功率降低0.85%～3.53%。当库内温度为0℃时,库外温度由28℃升至43℃,与不补气系统相比,低压补气系统的排气温度最高降低27℃,制冷量和COP分别最高提升11.86%和8.30%;库外温度为43℃时,低压补气系统排气温度低于70℃,运行稳定。     

闪发器热泵系统设计及试验研究

提出一种带有平行流换热器的闪发器热泵系统,在高温工况下利用平行流换热器对系统的控制电路板进行冷却。通过标准焓差实验室对不同工况下系统的性能进行测试,结果表明:在制热工况下,系统的制热量、功耗和制热COP分别对应一个最佳中间压力;随着环境温度的升高,其制热COP逐渐增大,但与常规热泵系统相比,其增加的幅度逐渐减小;当室外环境温度高于7℃时,其COP反而比常规热泵系统低,由此可见,该系统在低温环境下具有更优的制热性能;在高温制冷工况下,采用平行流换热器冷却控制电路板,可以使压缩机频率降低的幅度减小,从而间接增加制冷量,但压缩机的不可逆损失增大,造成系统的功耗增加,制冷EER减小,排气温度上升。     

一种根据热源温度品位自动调节效能的溴化锂吸收式制冷循环

为提升普通蒸汽压缩式制冷/热泵系统的性能,提出了一种单机双腔并联压缩式系统。通过建立系统循环的理论模型,分析出制冷和制热性能随着从级吸气压力,主、从级容积比的变化规律。结果显示,与普通单级压缩系统相比,双工作腔并联系统的制冷量、制热量分别提高29.6%和29.2%;制冷EER、制热COP分别提高8.0%和2.8%;排气温度降低3～4℃。最佳从、主级容积比的范围为0.08～0.12。     

采用涡旋压缩机的电动汽车空调准双级压缩热泵性能实验研究

为了解决电动汽车空调系统冬季采暖问题和抑制冬季恶劣工况下压缩机排气温度过高状况,本文采用补气增焓技术,设计了电动汽车准双级压缩热泵空调系统,构建了电动汽车空调准双级涡旋式压缩机性能测试实验台。采用5种不同室外环境温度工况,分别测试了单级和准双级涡旋式压缩机。结果表明:压缩机的排气温度随环境温度的降低而升高。5种工况下,单级涡旋压缩机的排气温度均高于准双级涡旋压缩机的排气温度,尤其在环境温度为-7℃时,准双级涡旋压缩机的排气温度降低了10℃。与单级涡旋压缩机相比,在低温工况下,准双级涡旋压缩机的排气质量流量提高了12.9%~17.4%,系统制热量提高了7.3%~8.3%,制热性能系数COPh提高了7.6%~8.2%。     

中间补气的滚动转子式压缩系统的试验研究

将带中间补气的滚动转子式压缩机应用于空气源热泵系统,不仅可解决常规系统制热工况下制热量不足的问题,而且可改善制冷工况系统性能,进一步提升系统APF值。首先介绍中间补气的滚动转子式压缩系统(中间补气系统)的工作原理,然后利用标准焓差室测试中间补气系统与单级压缩系统在不同制热工况、APF基本工况下的系统性能。试验结果表明:中间补气系统可在室外温度低于-15℃时正常安全运行,在室外温度高于-15℃时,制热量相对于单级压缩系统有较大的提高,其提高幅度均大于12%;在额定制冷和中间制冷工况下,中间补气系统开启补气时,相对于不开启补气时,其EER值分别提高8.05%和13.67%,相对于单级压缩系统,其运行频率稍有降低,EER值分别提高2.05%和0.6%;在额定制热和额定低温制热工况下,中间补气系统相对于单级压缩系统制热量与功率均有较大提高,而系统COP相差不大;在中间制热工况下,中间补气系统相对于单级压缩系统,其COP可提高7.88%中间补气系统的APF值为3.85,相对于单级压缩系统的3.68,提高幅度达4.62%。     

R417A热泵热水器性能及螺旋套管冷凝器换热研究

本文以R417A为工质,在冷凝器不同进水温度、不同进水体积流量时,测试了空气源热泵热水器的运行性能及螺旋套管冷凝器的换热特性,为制冷空调及热泵系统的工质替代提供参考。实验工况为:冷凝器入口水温20～55℃,冷凝器进水体积流量为0.6～1.0 m~3/h,环境温度分别为15、29℃。结果表明:冷凝器进水体积流量一定时,随入口水温的升高,冷凝器总换热量、总传热系数减小,压缩机排气压力、输入功率增大,热泵热水器制热量、制热性能系数COP下降。冷凝器入口水温一定时,随进水体积流量的增加,冷凝器总换热量、总传热系数增大,压缩机排气压力、输入功率减小,热泵热水器制热量、COP增大。实验工况范围内,与环境温度为15℃相比,环境温度为29℃时的冷凝器总换热量、总传热系数、排气压力、吸气压力、输入功率、制热量、COP均较高。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to