基因改良食品的安全评价

从安全评价战略与法规、评价内容与范围、评价方法、国际市场上流通的商品以及售后监测等方面对基因改良食品的安全问题作了评述。     

HACCP原理在转基因食品安全管理上的应用研究

介绍了转基因食品加工过程以及HACCP管理体系,运用HACCP原理对转基因食品进行了安全风险分析,并在此基础上提出了转基因食品安全管理的关键控制点及其控制方法,为有关部门进一步分析和制定转基因食品安全管理方面的有效措施提供了一定的科学理论基础和思路。     

消费者对转基因食品的安全风险感知研究——以成都部分消费群体为样本

目的 探讨消费者对转基因食品的风险感知及购买行为影响因素.方法 以成都消费者为研究对象,通过构建风险认知感知模型,研究不同人口统计特征、认知程度和参与程度对转基因食品安全的风险感知因素,并探寻转基因风险感知因素对购买意愿的影响.结果 不同人口统计特征对风险感知因子的影响不同.认知程度与功能风险的影响呈现为显著的负相关关...     

大豆及其加工食品转基因成分检测技术研究进展

随着基因工程技术在食用农产品领域的应用发展,形形色色的转基因食品应运而生。目前包括我国在内的许多国家为保护消费者的知情权和选择权,都建立了转基因食品标识管理制度。科学有效的转基因食品检测技术是实现我国转基因产品标识管理的前提。我国食品成分多样且基质复杂,针对初级农产品的转基因成分检测技术并不完全适用于工业加工食品尤其是深加工食品。这对食品监管及技术检测部门提出了新的要求。本文根据技术原理的不同分类介绍了目前几种主要的食品中转基因成分检测技术,除介绍现在已经成熟应用的技术方法外,本文还重点介绍了国内学者新近研发出的几种新技术,为研究人员进一步研发新技术提供重要参考。     

基于消费者心理视角探究转基因食品发展策略

随着转基因技术的迅速发展和广泛应用,转基因食品的种类和数量与日俱增。然而,转基因食品发展带来的伦理问题不仅引起社会关注,而且直接影响消费者的主观态度、接受程度和购买意愿。同时,消费者的心理感受和购买行为也反向影响着转基因食品的市场份额和发展前景。该文探讨了转基因食品发展与消费者心理的关系,对影响消费者心理感受和购买行为的因素（转基因食品引发的安全伦理问题、科学伦理问题、商业伦理问题和消费伦理问题）进行总结。并从以下几个方面综述了转基因食品的发展策略：完善转基因食品安全立法,科学构建转基因食品监管制度,科学解释转基因食品技术问题,实现转基因食品社会共治,平衡转基因食品领域各方利益,建立转基因食品发展政策保障制度,科学设置转基因食品标签粘贴制度。以期缓解或消除消费者的心理忧虑,利于转基因食品的顺利发展。     

转基因大米育种及其食用安全性研究进展

伴随着环境的恶化及资源的短缺,世界范围内正面临着一场粮食危机,转基因育种技术也因此得以迅速发展与应用。主要介绍了转基因大米的育种技术,同时对转基因大米的食用安全性进行了论述。     

Detection of genetically modified organisms in foods by DNA amplification techniques

In this article, the different DNA amplification techniques that are being used for detecting genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in foods are examined. This study intends to provide an updated overview (including works published till June 2002) on the principal applications of such techniques together with their main advantages and drawbacks in GMO detection in foods. Some relevant facts on sampling, DNA isolation, and DNA amplification methods are discussed. Moreover; these analytical protocols are discuissed from a quantitative point of view, including the newest investigations on multiplex detection of GMOs in foods and validation of methods.     

转基因食品安全：基于研究事实与逻辑分析的评述

文章通过对历年转基因实践和现行认知状态的研判,表述了一种对基因和转基因概念的普适性认知,提出了"偏基因"和"转基因偏好"概念。对转基因食品安全争论双方的观点和依据做了全面的梳理。基于中国知网和"Web of Science",就转基因食品安全方向的相关论文进行了检索,揭示了实验性研究论文极少,不足以支撑"转基因食品安全与否"的争论。提出了一些当前的紧迫问题并作了逻辑分析和讨论,指出人类只能在边做边吃、边改边禁的100～200年中取得大数据或"安全印象"。     

欧盟转基因食品安全的法律基础

食品安全的法律建设 ,既是保证食品安全 ,搞好“放心菜篮子”的需要 ,也是在国际贸易中实施本国环境战略的需要。简要介绍欧盟转基因食品安全的法律要求 ,以期在我国相应的法律建设中起参考作用。     

Determination of unprocessed genetically modified soybean in foods using simplex and duplex real-time PCR with an internal standard

We developed a method using an internal standard to determine the amount of unprocessed genetically modified organisms (GMO) in foods as GMO weight per weight of total food (w/w_tf) using real-time PCR. Food samples were spiked with an internal standard, a ColE1 plasmid, and DNA was extracted from the samples using a silica membrane-type kit and analysed using real-time PCR. The relationship between the GMO amount and the copy number ratio of the transgene to ColE1 in 0.1–5% w/w_tf GM soybean powders was found to have a correlation coefficient ( r ) of 0.97. GMO was quantified in food samples spiked with GM soybean (final amount 0.5% w/w_tf GMO). The average GMO amount ranged from 0.35% to 0.63% w/w_tf. The results show that our method should be useful for quantifying unprocessed GMO in foods. We also developed a duplex assay, which is simpler and more accurate than the simplex assay.     

The effects of consumer's subjective and objective knowledge on perceptions and attitude towards genetically modified foods: objective knowledge as a determinant

Consumer's knowledge and perceptions are suspected of playing key roles in the formation of consumer's attitudes to genetically modified foods (GM foods). Specifically, the study distinguishes between consumer's objective and subjective knowledge and also distinguishes between risk and benefit perceptions. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact paths from consumer's different types of knowledge to consumer's attitudes towards GM foods purchase. A structural equation model (SEM) is constructed, and an empirical test is done using data from 570 consumer respondents collected from five representative cities in China. Interestingly, the paths from subjective knowledge to benefit perceptions (βH1 = ?0.098, P = 0.085) and risk perceptions (βH2 = 0.098, P = 0.113) indicate that both the two paths are not significant, while the paths from objective knowledge to benefit receptions (βH3 = 0.769, P < 0.001) and risk perceptions (βH4 = ?0.578, P < 0.001) imply that objective knowledge exerts great influence both on benefit and risk perceptions. That is to say, consumers’ objective knowledge rather than subjective knowledge plays an important role in the formation of consumer's attitudes to GM foods in urban China. This result is very different from (AgBioForum, 7 , 2004 and 113). At the same time, the results show that in urban China, consumer's attitude towards GM Foods is significantly influenced both by benefit perceptions (βH5 = 0.649, P < 0.001) and risk perceptions (βH6 = ?0.286, P < 0.001) but is mainly determined by benefit perceptions, and consumer's attitude towards GM foods is significantly related to his or her attitude towards GM foods purchase. Finally, recommendations for relevant industries and regulating agencies in the GM foods area and suggestions for future research are discussed.     

A comparison of the nutritional value, sensory qualities, and food safety of organically and conventionally produced foods

Given the significant increase in consumer interest in organic food products, there is a need to determine to what extent there is a scientific basis for claims made for organic produce. Studies comparing foods derived from organic and conventional growing systems were assessed for three key areas: nutritional value, sensory quality, and food safety. It is evident from this assessment that there are few well-controlled studies that are capable of making a valid comparison. With the possible exception of nitrate content, there is no strong evidence that organic and conventional foods differ in concentrations of various nutrients. Considerations of the impact of organic growing systems on nutrient bioavailability and nonnutrient components have received little attention and are important directions for future research. While there are reports indicating that organic and conventional fruits and vegetables may differ on a variety of sensory qualities, the findings are inconsistent. In future studies, the possibility that typical organic distribution or harvesting systems may deliver products differing in freshness or maturity should be evaluated. There is no evidence that organic foods may be more susceptible to microbiological contamination than conventional foods. While it is likely that organically grown foods are lower in pesticide residues, there has been very little documentation of residue levels.     

Governing GMOs in the USA: science,law and public health

Controversy surrounds the production and consumption of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Proponents argue that GMO food sources represent the only viable solution to food shortages in an ever‐growing global population. Science reports no harm from GMO use and consumption so far. Opponents fear the potentially negative impact that GMO development and use could have on the environment and consumers, and are concerned about the lack of data on the long‐term effects of GMO use. We discuss the development of GMO food sources, the history of legislation and policy for the labeling requirements of GMO food products, and the health, environmental, and legal rationale for and against GMO food labeling. The Food and Drug Administration regulates food with GMOs within a coordinated framework of federal agencies. Despite mounting scientific evidence that GMO foods are substantially equivalent to traditionally bred food sources, debate remains over the appropriateness of GMO food labeling. In fact, food manufacturers have mounted a First Amendment challenge against Vermont's passage of a law that requires GMO labeling. Mandatory GMO labeling is not supported by science. Compulsory GMO labels may not only hinder the development of agricultural biotechnology, but may also exacerbate the misconception that GMOs endanger people's health. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于供应链视角的网购食品安全风险识别与评估

采用扎根理论研究法,对网购食品的消费者差评信息进行三级编码,基于供应链视角对网购食品安全风险进行系统识别,并利用定量的Borda序值法对子风险的严重程度进行评估.结果表明,网购食品安全风险包含4个核心风险和8个子风险,后果严重程度最高的风险是电商销售环节的监管缺失或不足风险和物流运输环节的物流运输服务专业化不足风险,其...     

基于因子分析和Logistic回归的进口食品安全风险认知及其影响因素分析

目的 了解消费者对进口食品安全的风险认知及其影响因素,提出相应的对策和建议。方法 采用问卷调查的方式,结合均值分析、方差分析、t检验、假设检验、相关分析、因子分析和二元Logistic回归等统计学方法进行消费者对进口食品安全的风险认知及其影响因素研究。结果 消费者对进口食品安全的具象风险认知与国家检验检疫结果基本一致,抽象风险认知处于一般,消费者担忧性能损失、金钱损失和心理损失,不担忧社会损失、身体损失和时间损失,其影响因素主要有价格吸引力、产品知名度、关注度和职业;消费信任和风险认知一定程度上影响着消费者的购买行为。结论 相关部门应确立系统的消费者进口食品安全风险行为评估工作,提高信息透明度,引导消费者树立正确的风险认知,加强进口食品安全风险管控和知识普及,降低消费者的风险担忧程度,建立风险沟通体系,增强消费者对政府监管的信任,政府监管和群众监督有机结合,打造进口食品安全社会共治。     

风险交流视角下的食品安全标准相关媒体报道分析

目的对2008—2016年与食品安全标准相关的新闻报道进行量化分析,以测量媒体传播效果。方法对百度新闻数据库中有关食品安全标准的新闻报道进行关键词检索,并从报道数量、报道体裁、报道主题、报道呈现方式、新闻来源、报道基调等6个方面24个类目进行分析。结果自2009年以来,关于食品安全标准的报道数量增加,已形成特定报道主题。但报道类型化明显,体裁以消息类报道为主,深度报道偏少,内容偏狭,缺乏社会关注的热度,在相关事件报道中仍能发现社会认知不足。政府及社会组织的网站成为重要的新闻来源。结论食品安全标准具有一定的专业性,应以策略传播的思路开展媒体风险交流,同时应充分发挥新媒体环境下政府官方网站及专业组织的传播力,形成食品安全标准科学传播的意见环境。     

基于政府事前控制视角解读食品安全法的实施与监管

食品安全问题关系到居民的身体健康,影响消费者对政府的信任,对社会稳定与国家安全建设有一定阻碍。特别是对于食品生产规模和消费需求巨大的中国,因此应当注重事前防范与相关法案的审批,这也成为了食品安全预防体系建设与加快完善的前提。本文着重以食品安全预防体系建立作为目标层,基于现行食品安全法的出台及应用实际,简要概述与分析既往政府事前审批的固有缺陷。结果表明,事前审批与事前防控之间存留一种隔阂,存在这种隔阂的原因是食品安全管理及其体系建设是一个动态的全局活动。市场监管的效力之所以严重滞后于早期的审批与执行操作,相当程度上是源于多元管理的弊端,从而造成管辖权混乱、体系运行效率低下、监管成本远高出预期。     

Effects of corn silage derived from a genetically modified variety containing two transgenes on feed intake, milk production, and composition, and the absence of detectable transgenic deoxyribonucleic acid in milk in Holstein dairy cows

The objectives were to compare the chemical composition, nutritive value, feed intake, milk production and composition, and presence in milk of transgenic DNA and the encoded protein Cry1Ab when corn silages containing 2 transgenes (2GM: herbicide tolerance: mepsps and insect resistance: cry1Ab) were fed as part of a standard total mixed ration (TMR) compared with a near isogenic corn silage (C) to 8 multiparous lactating Holstein dairy cows in a single reversal design study. Cows were fed a TMR ration ad libitum and milked twice daily. Diets contained [dry matter (DM) basis] 45% corn silage, 10% alfalfa hay, and 45% concentrate (1.66 Mcal of net energy for lactation/kg of DM, 15.8% crude protein, 35% neutral detergent fiber, and 4.1% fat). Each period was 28-d long. During the last 4 d of each period, feed intake and milk production data were recorded and milk samples taken for compositional analysis, including the presence of transgenic DNA and Cry1Ab protein. There was no significant difference in the chemical composition between C and 2GM silages, and both were within the expected range (37.6% DM, 1.51 Mcal of net energy for lactation/kg, 8.6% crude protein, 40% neutral detergent fiber, 19.6% acid detergent fiber, pH 3.76, and 62% in vitro DM digestibility). Cows fed the 2GM silage produced milk with slightly higher protein (3.09 vs. 3.00%), lactose (4.83 vs. 4.72%) and solids-not-fat (8.60 vs. 8.40%) compared with C. However, the yield (kg/d) of milk (36.5), 3.5% fat-corrected milk (34.4), fat (1.151), protein (1.106), lactose (1.738), and solids-not-fat (3.094), somatic cell count (log₁₀: 2.11), change in body weight (+7.8 kg), and condition score (+0.09) were not affected by type of silage, indicating no overall production difference. All milk samples were negative for the presence of transgenic DNA from either trait or the Cry1Ab protein. Results indicate that the 2GM silage modified with 2 transgenes did not affect nutrient composition of the silages and had no effect on animal performance and milk composition. No transgenic DNA and Cry1Ab protein were detected in milk.