石油类废润滑油再生利用现状及建议

文章介绍了石油类废润滑油的主要成分及国内外再生工艺研究现状。到目前为止,国外废润滑油的回收和再生已走向专业化、规模化,并侧重环保化,而我国的废润滑油再生行业规模较小,技术落后,且大部分作为低档油、脱模油、燃油销售使用。     

废润滑油再生技术现状

综述了废润滑油的产生原因及现有的废润滑油再生工艺技术。介绍了酸洗法、溶剂精制法、吸附法、加氢精制法、膜分离法等废润滑油再生方法,阐述了各种方法的优势及其不足之处。简单介绍了几种现阶段国内外成熟的废润滑油再生工艺,分析并指出了各种工艺的特点及存在的问题。总结并提出了关于今后废润滑油再生利用过程中应注意的环境保护、技术发展、经济成本等方面的问题。     

废润滑油再生技术现状

综述了废润滑油的产生原因及现有的废润滑油再生工艺技术。介绍了酸洗法、溶剂精制法、吸附法、加氢精制法、膜分离法等废润滑油再生方法,阐述了各种方法的优势及其不足之处。简单介绍了几种现阶段国内外成熟的废润滑油再生工艺,分析并指出了各种工艺的特点及存在的问题。总结并提出了关于今后废润滑油再生利用过程中应注意的环境保护、技术发展、经济成本等方面的问题。     

废润滑油溶剂再生的研究进展

废润滑油的再生与资源化利用对于节能减排具有十分重要的意义。蒸馏-加氢工艺和酸-白土工艺再生废润滑油在投资和环保上存在一定缺陷,着重对抽提、絮凝再生废润滑油工艺中常用的如:N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、醇、酮等极性溶剂和复合溶剂及其组合处理工艺的研究现状方面进行了综述,并对废润滑油再生技术进行了展望。     

废润滑油溶剂再生的研究进展

废润滑油的再生与资源化利用对于节能减排具有十分重要的意义。蒸馏-加氢工艺和酸-白土工艺再生废润滑油在投资和环保上存在一定缺陷,着重对抽提、絮凝再生废润滑油工艺中常用的如:N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、醇、酮等极性溶剂和复合溶剂及其组合处理工艺的研究现状方面进行了综述,并对废润滑油再生技术进行了展望。     

废硫酸再生用原料及燃料研究

烷基化装置、天然气乙炔装置、电石乙炔装置,都需要采用废硫酸高温裂解工艺技术再生装置中副产的废硫酸,以满足环保和循环经济要求。通过对几家采用高温裂解工艺技术再生废硫酸的原料及燃料的研究分析,确定该技术所适用的原料组成及燃料种类。原料主要有烷基化装置和乙炔装置副产的废硫酸,燃料有天然气、高级乙炔气、瓦斯气、焦炉气和H2S。     

废润滑油再生工艺的研究进展

近年来石油资源短缺和环保意识增长,废润滑油再生工艺也日益受到各国的关注。本文回顾了国内外废润滑油再生工艺的发展历程,对较典型的传统工艺如蒸馏-白土工艺、蒸馏-硫酸-白土工艺和蒸馏-加氢工艺进行了概述,并分析各类型工艺方法的优缺点。重点探讨了废润滑油再生新工艺如分子蒸馏工艺、溶剂精制工艺和膜处理工艺的优缺点和发展前景。总结国内外学者针对以上新工艺的研究,发现分子蒸馏工艺虽然对废润滑油原料的要求有些苛刻并且设备的前期投入较大,但其具有再生废润滑油效率高、品质好等优点,适合大型工业化;超临界流体与膜耦合技术继承了两种技术的优点,大幅提升了废润滑油再生速度和效果,随着机械强度大、化学稳定性好的无机膜材料和超临界流体萃取工艺的快速发展,该项技术也必将成为废润滑油再生的研究热点。     

废硫酸再生用原料及燃料研究

通过几家采用高温裂解法工艺技术再生废硫酸的原料及燃料研究分析,确定此技术所适用的原料组成及燃料种类,原料有烷基化装置和乙炔装置附产的废硫酸;燃料有天然气、高级乙炔气、瓦斯气。     

溶剂法废润滑油再生工艺的研究进展

介绍了近年来废润滑油再生工艺的研究进展,基于废润滑油再生工艺中的溶剂精制和溶剂抽提两种再生工艺,从溶剂性质各异的角度综述了溶剂及其复配溶剂在废润滑油的再生工艺中的作用。开发经济、环境友好的萃取剂,解决废润滑油再生的环境污染问题是将来废润滑油再生利用的发展方向。     

废润滑油的再生工艺研究

针对现有的废润滑油回收利用技术都没有彻底地脱除废润滑油中金属等杂质、没有提出理想的环境友好的回收再生技术、没有很好地提高润滑油基础油的收率等问题,结合废润滑油的性质特点,探索了一种环境友好的回收再生技术,提出了不同常规的再生工艺,基础油收率高,效果显著,再生后符合润滑油基础油标准,可以用作基础油。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。