ZSM-5催化剂上FCC汽油加氢脱硫及芳构化性能的研究

采用四丙基氢氧化铵与氢氧化钠混合碱溶液对ZSM-5分子筛进行改性,运用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、N2物理吸附和NH3程序升温脱附等手段对样品进行表征。结果表明,改性后HZSM-5分子筛的介孔数量增多,比表面积、孔体积增大,强酸位酸量增多。在催化裂化汽油加氢脱硫及芳构化反应中,ZSM-5分子筛催化剂性能优异,呈现出良好的脱硫性能及烯烃芳构化活性。在压力为3 MPa,温度为300℃,氢油体积比为300∶1,空速为1.5 h-1的条件下,FCC汽油脱硫率达到94.2%,芳烃产率为20.7%     

Mo-Ni纳米自组装催化剂的表征与活性评价

以二次纳米自组装氧化铝为载体,浸渍以氨为溶剂、双金属活性组分配比不同的钼镍铵溶液,制备一种新型加氢催化剂,并对制得的催化剂进行表征和评价。结果表明,钼镍催化剂的孔性质稳定,孔径大小集中在3~10 nm和30~100 nm,其中在30~100 nm的孔道占33.70%~39.47%。以劣质催化裂化柴油为原料,对催化剂进行加氢活性评价,催化剂的脱硫率为81%~93%,脱氮率为87%~97%,芳烃饱和率为56%~67%,在催化剂运行时间内无明显结焦现象且活性较好。结合钼镍催化剂的表征数据及加氢活性评价结果发现钼镍质量比为7∶1时催化剂的性质最适宜,并且催化剂活性最优。     

劣质汽柴油混合加氢催化剂的研究

收集了国内几种汽柴油混合加氢催化剂,对它们的物理性质进行了分析,并对其加氢活性进行了评价,比较了FH-98催化剂、FH-DS催化剂、FH-UDS催化剂、LYT-UDS催化剂和LYT-03催化剂对劣质汽柴油的加氢活性。结果表明:评价的几种催化剂中,在反应条件为:340℃、6.5 MPa、500∶1及1.5 h-1时,LYT-03催化剂对于劣质汽柴油混合加氢的反应活性最高,脱硫率可达96.08%,脱氮率为93.38%。     

Ni2P/TiO2上噻吩加氢脱硫性能研究

在10%H2/N2流动气氛下,用程序升温还原方法由相应的磷酸盐合成了二氧化钛负载磷化镍(Ni2P/TiO2)催化剂,用X射线衍射(XRD)、低温N2吸附(BET)等技术对催化剂的结构和性质进行了表征,在高压连续流动固定床反应装置上以噻吩为模型化合物,考察该催化剂的制备条件对其加氢脱硫性能的影响.结果表明,由Ni/P摩尔比为1/2和1/3的前驱体制备的催化剂表面仅出现Ni2P物相;由Ni/P摩尔比为1/1的前驱体制备的催化剂表面出现的主要物相为Ni2P,同时还存在少量Ni12P5相.催化剂的比表面积随前驱体中Ni和P含量的增加而减小.在温度370℃,压力3.0 MPa,VHSV为2 h-1,氢油比(v/v)为450的反应条件下,由Ni负载量为15%(wt)、Ni/P摩尔比为1/2的前驱体所制得Ni2P/TiO2催化剂对含硫0.1%(wt)油具有接近100%的脱硫转化率,并有良好的稳定性.加氢脱硫反应工艺条件研究结果表明:压力、液时进料体积空速以及氢油比对Ni2P/TiO2催化剂对噻吩加氢脱硫性能影响在较宽的范围内变化不大.反应温度对该催化剂上的噻吩加氢脱硫反应的影响较大,当反应温度高于300℃,催化剂对噻吩加氢脱硫性能达到接近100%的脱硫率.     

硼改性大孔M-Ni-P纳米自组装Al2O3加氢催化剂柴油脱硫性能

制备适宜孔容和高比表面积的纳米自组装介孔Al₂O₃载体。对载体进行硼改性,共浸法负载Mo-Ni-P双金属活性组分制备了最可几孔径40.3 nm、比表面积144 m²·g^-1和孔容较大的加氢精制催化剂。采用压汞法和XRD对催化剂进行表征。以孤岛焦化柴油为原料,在固定床反应器上评价新型催化剂的反应活性,结果表明,催化剂适宜加氢条件：温度350 ℃,压力7 MPa,氢油体积比600∶1,体积空速1.5 h^-1,在此条件下,产品脱硫率为96.91%,参比剂脱硫率为97.01%。     

高芳烃油选择加氢组合催化剂制备与评价

采用成型载体等体积浸渍法制备CoMo/Al_(2)O_(3)和NiMo/Al_(2)O_(3)催化剂,并进行不同比例级配,在100 mL固定床加氢评价装置上进行高芳烃油选择加氢评价。结果表明,随NiMo/CoMo比例的增加,高芳油加氢脱硫率逐渐增加,NiMo-CoMo级配比为3∶9时,脱硫率最大,加氢产品的芳烃损失最小。在NiMo/CoMo催化剂级配比3∶9、反应温度360℃、反应压力4.0 MPa、空速1.5 h^(-1)条件下,加氢产品的硫含量小于0.2%,芳香分损失在5个百分点以内,未加氢的含硫和含氮化合物主要为空间位阻较大的化合物。     

催化裂化原料加氢预处理催化剂的研制

为满足FCC原料预处理的要求,开发了一种高脱硫、脱氮活性的FCC原料预加氢处理催化剂。该催化剂以氟改性氧化铝为载体,Ni Mo为活性组分,比表面积为169 m2·g-1,孔容为0.31 m L·g-1,平均孔径为6.5 nm,最可几孔径为3.35 nm和8.00 nm,孔径(4~10)nm占71%,具有大孔容、高比表面积和活性金属组分分散性好等特点。在100 m L固定床加氢试验装置上,以中国石化青岛炼化公司的高硫低氮混合蜡油和江苏新海石化有限公司的高硫高氮焦化蜡油为原料进行加氢活性评价。结果表明,在反应温度370℃、反应压力10.0 MPa、空速1.0 h-1和氢油体积比700∶1条件下,高硫低氮混合蜡油的脱硫、脱氮率分别为98.0%和96.5%,对高硫高氮焦化蜡油的脱硫、脱氮率分别为93.2%和90.0%。催化剂表现出原料适应性强,能有效脱除原料中的硫氮化合物,具有较高的加氢活性。     

温度对粗苯加氢脱硫反应的研究

在低温条件下,使用2段预加氢反应和1段主加氢脱硫反应工艺条件,研究了温度对粗苯加氢脱硫反应的影响,并分析了反应产物的烃组成、双烯值和GC-SCD。研究结果表明:3段反应中,温度的变化对烃组成影响甚微,在第一段预加氢反应中,随着温度的升高,硫含量变化不大,但是双烯值变化明显,在体积空速1.0 h-1,反应压力为3.0 MPa,氢油比400∶1,反应温度为160℃时,双烯值为1.35 g I/100 g,下降了76.23%;第二段预加氢反应中,随着温度的变化,产物的烃组成、双烯值和硫含量变化均不明显;第三段主加氢脱硫反应中,在体积空速1 h-1,反应压力3.0 MPa,氢油比为400∶1,反应温度300℃时,产物中硫质量浓度为21.16 mg/L,脱硫率99.27%,噻吩脱除率为99.87%。     

FCC汽油馏分在Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂上加氢脱硫醇的研究

以改性氧化铝为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备Ni/改性Al_2O_3催化剂。以FCC选择加氢脱硫后的重汽油馏分加正庚硫醇为原料,在100 m L固定床加氢评价装置上对所制备催化剂进行加氢脱硫改质活性评价。结果表明,加氢脱硫后重FCC汽油馏分在加氢脱硫醇过程中除脱硫醇和脱硫反应外,还存在烯烃加氢饱和反应、烯烃环化脱氢反应以及烯烃的异构化反应等,这些反应与工艺条件密切相关,并影响加氢生成油的辛烷值和改质效果。对所研制的重汽油馏分加氢脱硫醇改质催化剂适宜的工艺参数为:压力2. 0 MPa、反应温度340～360℃、反应氢油体积比200～250∶1、体积空速3. 5～4. 5 h-1。     

氮化碳辅助超声氧化脱除模拟油硫化物

通过高温煅烧三聚氰胺的方法制备氮化碳。以氮化碳,甲酸为催化剂、过氧化氢为氧化剂、DMF为萃取剂超声氧化萃取脱除模拟油中的二苯并噻吩(DBT)。考察了反应温度、反应时间、氧化剂加入量、催化剂加入等因素对脱硫率的影响。结果表明,当模拟油:双氧水:甲酸的体积比为100∶3∶6、氮化碳为0.03 g、反应温度为50℃、反应时间为20 min、萃取剂DMF剂油比为0.25∶1时,二苯并噻吩的脱除率可以达到82.2%。催化剂重复使用3次后,脱硫率仍然保持在75%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。