Mapping brain networks engaged by, and changed by, learning

Major goals of research into the neurobiology of learning and memory are to identify (1) brain areas/circuitries that subserve different mnemonic functions and (2) chemistries that encode the memory trace. The discovery that activity modulates neuronal gene expression provided techniques attendant to the first goal and candidates for cellular changes pertinent to the second. Studies in our laboratories have exploited activity-regulated changes in c-fos gene expression to map regions engaged in two-odor discrimination learning, with particular interest in neuronal groups in hippocampus and amygdala. The results of these studies demonstrate that the subdivisions of hippocampus and amygdala do not act in concert across behaviors but are differentially activated depending on task demands. In hippocampus, preferential activation of field CA3 was uniquely associated with initial learning of an odor pair, whereas predominant activation of CA1 occurred with exploration of a novel field and with overtrained responding to odors. The reappearance of precisely the same balance of subfield activation within disparate behavioral contexts was taken to suggest that the hippocampus has basic modes of function that recur in different circumstances and make rather generalized contributions to behavior. Within the amygdala, the basolateral division was most prominently active during task acquisition but not during performance of the well-learned discrimination. Indeed, the amygdala appeared to play the dominant role relative to hippocampus in the early stages of associating positive and negative valences with discriminative cues. These results demonstrate that the balance of neuronal activity both within and between limbic structures changes across sequential stages of odor learning in a fashion that is likely to define behavioral output.     

Career by choice, not by chance

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of a prospective peer review program on diagnostic accuracy in a routine cytopathology laboratory. STUDY DESIGN: For the study, 4,836 consecutive cases subjected to fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) over a one-year period were used. Nine pathologists performed both reporting and peer review functions. Disagreements were classified into "diagnostic errors" and "diagnostic discrepancies," depending on their impact on patient care. The effect of this review on turnaround time was statistically analyzed. A retrospective review of 4,025 cases from the preceding year was performed for comparison. RESULTS: Sixty-six cases with diagnostic disagreements were detected by prospective review. There were 28 diagnostic errors and 38 diagnostic discrepancies. The initial turnaround time for diagnostic FNAC in 90% of total cases was < 24 hours; mean delay for the remainder was 3.3 days. Prospective peer review added a further delay of 1 and 1.5 days, respectively. The number of diagnostic disagreements was significantly higher in the retrospective review (P < .01). CONCLUSION: Prospective peer review of diagnostic FNAC resulted in improved accuracy of diagnosis and reduced potential for inappropriate therapy; however, turnaround time was significantly increased.     

Psychologist by training, bureaucrat by practice.

Communication with Congress; state and local officials; and numerous professional, advocacy, scientific, and public interest groups is essential to working on mental health and substance abuse issues at the federal policy level. The public administrator's work is diverse and fast-paced, involving issue analysis, proposal development and justification, public speaking, and dialogue with advocacy and policy analysis groups. Making decisions that will serve the public good in the long run is the core of the job. As the competition for resources escalates, the perspectives' of consumers of services and their families are important to guide decisions. In a career that is based on interactions, relationships, judgments, and evaluation of multifaceted issues, success is measured by a reputation for fairness and by accomplishments that are based on numerous individual decisions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CL-TBP萃淋树脂分离铀-原子吸收分光光度法测定铁、镁、钙、钠、钾

研究了在硝酸介质中 ,用 CL-TBP萃淋树脂分离铀 -原子吸收分光光度法测定 Fe、Mg、Ca、Na和 K。铀矿石用氢氟酸、硝酸和盐酸等溶解 ,铀产品 (化学浓缩物 )用少量硝酸溶解后 ,在 5 mol/L硝酸体系中 ,用 CL-TBP萃淋树脂选择性吸附铀 ,使其与金属元素 Fe、Mg、Ca、Na、K分离 ,从而消除主体元素铀的干扰。流出液中的金属元素用空气 -乙炔火焰原子吸收法测定。分析结果表明 ,本法的相对标准偏差优于± 1 0 % ,Fe、Mg、Ca、Na、K标准加入回收率分别为 94.8%～ 1 0 1 .0 % ,96.0 %～ 1 0 0 .0 % ,95 .7%～ 1 0 3 .0 % ,95 .7%～ 1 0 3 .0 % ,98.1 %～1 0 0 .0 % ,令人满意。该方法的建立 ,为铀水冶工艺中常规元素的测定提供了简单、快速、灵敏度高的分析方法     

Hypothyroidism induced by drugs, radiotherapy, and surgery

Primary hypothyroidism may occur as a consequence of, or concomitant, with numerous therapies such as amiodarone, lithium, cytokines, antithyroid drugs, iodine, etc. On the other hand, hypothyroidism may be diagnosed in patients after radioiodine therapy, external radiotherapy to the neck and partial or subtotal thyroidectomy.     

ICP—AES法测定海绵铁中砷、锡、铅、锑、铋

文章提出了用ICP—AES法直接测定海绵铁As、Sn、Pb、Sb、Bi含量的方法,建立了最佳工作条件。对各元素的分析线进行了选定,考察了干扰情况、介质酸度等对测定结果的影响。方法准确,快速简便,重现性好。     

Letter localization, not discrimination, is constrained by attention

Shaw (1984; Shaw, Mulligan & Stone, 1983) measured the probability of detecting a target letter in displays containing different numbers of items. The set size effect was significantly larger than the effect predicted by unlimited-capacity models of visual processing, and Shaw concluded that attention constrains the discrimination of complex, but not simple, patterns. We re-examined the role of attention in letter discrimination by measuring the effect of set size on the contrast needed to identify a target embedded among distractors. The results of 5 experiments show that set size effects are small for letter discrimination, but large for letter localization. The findings suggest that the large set size effect reported by Shaw (1984) was a result of asking subjects to localize the target. In addition, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that limited processing capacity constrains the perceptual processes involved in letter localization, but not discrimination.     

多波长分光光度法同时测定Fe、Cu、Cr、Ni

研究多波长分光光度法对Fe、Cu、Cr、Ni 4 种金属同时定量分析.考察了通常存在的Ca、Mg、Zn对测定的干扰,确定了4 种金属的最佳吸收波长,并在特定波长下测定摩尔吸光系数,建立了完整的线性方程.采用本方法对配制的Fe、Cu、Cr、Ni 混合溶液进行测定,验证其线性方程的准确性,结果表明其相对误差在±5 %以内.考虑不同样品金属离子的含量不同,对多波长分光光度法进行了测定下限的研究.结果表明:采用本方法Fe、Cu、Cr、Ni 的测定下限分别为5×10-4 mg/mL、1×10-3 mg/mL、5×10-3 mg/mL、5×10-3 mg/mL, 在此浓度以上的样品均可获得可靠的定量分析结果. 最后对实际电镀污泥中Fe、Cu、Cr、Ni 的含量进行测定,分析测定结果与原子吸收分光光度法是一致的.      

Enhancement by the tricyclic antidepressant, desipramine, of experimental carcinogenesis in rat colon induced by azoxymethane

The effects of the tricyclic antidepressant drug desipramine on the incidence, number and histology of colon tumors induced by azoxymethane (AOM), and on the serum norepinephrine (NE) concentration and the labeling index of colon mucosa were investigated in Wistar rats. Rats were treated s.c. with 7.4 mg AOM/kg body wt once a week for 10 weeks, and also s.c. with 10 mg desipramine hydrochloride (desipramine)/kg body weight until the end of the experiment. Treatment with desipramine significantly increased the incidence, but not the number, of colon tumors in week 35. However, it did not influence the location and the histological appearance of the colon tumors or the histological types of colon adenocarcinomas. Furthermore, it significantly increased the serum NE level and the labeling index of colon mucosa during and after AOM treatment. These findings indicate that desipramine enhanced the development of colon tumors and that its effect may be related to its effect in increasing proliferation of colon epithelial cells.     

以就业为导向以质量为保证办好人民满意的高职教育

山西工程职业技术学院是一所具有50年职业教育办学历史的老校.50年来,学校积淀了深厚的文化底蕴,积累了丰富的职业教育经验,为国家培养出了2.5万名高素质的毕业生.2001年改制之初,我们就深刻地认识到学院要发展就必须把毕业生就业作为事关学校全局的大事来抓,就必须把提高教学质量作为学校工作的重中之重来做.为此,我们明确了以学生就业和提高教学质量为学校工作的两大重点,确立了"立足高职、突出特色、提高质量、保证就业"的办学指导思想.通过几年的努力,山西工程职业技术学院已以鲜明的办学特色、较高的人才培养质量和满意的毕业生就业率得到社会的认可和尊重.     

原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中的铅、铬、镉、汞、砷、锌、铜、镍等元素研究

土壤无机污染物铅、铬、镉、汞、砷、锌、铜、镍这八大重金属,是一般土壤检测中的必检项目。金属元素在土壤中积累富集后,有可能通过雨水迁移,造成地下水,地表水污染,或者通过农作物进入食物链,进而影响食品安全和人体健康,因此,对这些元素的检测显得尤为重要。本文采用原子荧光光谱法对土壤中的金属元素进行测量,同时结合微波消解技术对样品进行处理,确保测量数据的准确性。     

ICP—OES法测定铝铁中的铝锰硅磷铜铁含量

用稀王水溶解试样,ICP—OES法直接测定铝铁中的铝、锰、硅、磷、铜、铁的含量。对样品溶解酸度、元素谱线选择、背景校正扣除、样品基体及待测元素间干扰等因素进行了试验研究。采用基体匹配与背景扣除法消除基体对待测元素的光谱干扰,确定了最佳实验条件。结果表明：各元素的加标回收率为96．0％～105．0％,相对标准偏差小于2．50％。本法与化学分析方法对照,测定结果一致,已用于铝铁产品的检验。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定镍基合金中钨、钼、钴、铝、钛、铌、铁元素

针对镍基合金的溶解方法、元素分析谱线的选择、仪器分析参数的优化、内标溶液的选用、基体元素的影响、干扰元素的校正及消除方法等进行了研究,确定了最佳试验条件;试验结果表明:检出限为0.024mg/L～0.85mg/L;加标回收率为97.1%～105.7%;方法的精密度(RSD,n=11)小于1.0%,本试验测定结果与标钢认定值和湿法分析结果做对照,都在允许偏差范围内,表明此方法精密度好,准确度高。     

真空法从粗铟中脱除镉锌铋铊铅的研究

介绍了采用真空法从粗铟中直接脱除镉、锌、铊、铅、铋取代传统试剂法脱除杂质的方法。从理论上分析了铟与上述杂质分离的可能性，并进行了温度、蒸馏时间、真空度、投料量等的条件实验和综合条件实验。结果表明，粗铟中镉、锌、铋、铊可除至高纯铟要求，铅可大部分除去。该方法是粗铟精炼中流程短、无污染、无中间渣、低能耗的新工艺、新技术。     

离子交换分离富集极谱法连续测定金、铂、铱、铑、钌

研究了在同一份试液中极谱法连续测定Au、Pt、Ir、Rh、Ru的体系。首先在1mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液中,于原点电位-0.20V处扫描作Au的峰电流-质量浓度曲线;然后,改变溶液pH值,在0.75mol/L硫酸-1.5%氯化铵-1.5×10-3mol/L六次甲基四胺-0.003%硫酸肼体系中,于原点电位-0.78V处扫描作Pt、Ir、Rh的峰电流-质量浓度曲线;最后,加入2.25mol/L硫酸-4%氯化铵-2.5×10-4mol/L硫脲测定Ru。在选定的实验条件下得到令人满意的分析结果,线性范围分别为:0.1～1000μg/mL(Au);8×10-5～6.4×10-3μg/mL(Pt、Ir);1.6×10-5～1.28×10-3μg/mL(Rh);1.14×10-4～3.42×10-3μg/mL(Ru)。实际样品通过阴离子交换树脂分离富集后进行分析,回收率在93%～106%之间。     

Metabolism of monoterpene alcohol, linalool, by a soil pseudomonad

A microorganism of the genus Pseudomonas has been isolated from the soil by enrichment culture techniques with linalool(I) as the sole source of carbon and energy. The organism is also capable of utilizing limonene, citronellol, and geraniol as substrates but fails to grow on citral, critranellal, and 1,8-cineole. Fermentation of linalool by this bacterium in a mineral salt medium results in the formation of 10-hydroxylinalool(II), oleuropeic acid (IX), 2-vinyl-2-methyl-5-hydroxyisopropyl-tetraphydrofuran)linalool oxide, V), 2-vinyl-2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran-5-one(unsaturated lactone, VI), and few unidentified minor metabolities. Probable pathways for the biodegradation of linalool are presented.     

Competence, reticence, and helping by children and adolescents.

Examined the relation between age and helping in an experimental study in which 256 1st-, 4th-, 7th-, and 10th-grade children and adolescents directly observed an emergency and had the opportunity to intervene. A 2nd study was then conducted, using 256 1st-, 4th-, 7th-, and 10th-grade children and adolescents as Ss, in which an emergency was clearly staged, in order to elicit comments about factors that may inhibit helping. Results of Study 1 were consistent with earlier findings of a curvilinear relationship between age and helping among children and early adolescents, with 4th and 10th graders helping the victim of an injury significantly more than 1st and 7th graders. Significantly more help was given to a toddler than to an age peer and to a person whose injury appeared serious enough so that he or she could not get up unaided. Results obtained from Study 2 suggest that helping by younger Ss was inhibited by fear of possible inadequacy, and helping by adolescents was inhibited by fear of disapproval and/or sensitivity to the possible embarrassment felt by potential recipients. Reticence was expressed least where the potential recipient was a toddler. (40 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)