可倾瓦气体动压轴承承载能力的数值分析

应用MATLAB的偏微分方程工具箱,采用有限元法求解气体润滑Reynolds方程,通过完全装配分析法计算了可倾瓦动压气体轴承的承载能力,研究了轴承偏心和瓦块预负荷对可倾瓦轴承的承载能力、最小气膜厚度和最大气膜压力以及瓦块摆角的影响。计算结果表明,随轴承偏心或瓦块预负荷增大,各瓦块的承载能力和摆角发生明显变化,轴承的最小气膜厚度减小,最大气膜压力增大,承载能力增大。从理论上解释了可倾瓦轴承的承载能力与轴承偏心和瓦块预负荷的密切相关性。     

四瓦可倾瓦轴承瓦块摆动特性

以第四代核电机组高温气冷堆氦风机导轴承为对象,系统研究四瓦可倾瓦轴承的瓦块摆动特性。理论推导得出量纲一瓦块摆角取决于轴承结构参数、预负荷和偏心率,但是与轴承间隙比、轴颈转速和润滑油黏度无关。数值分析表明:瓦块摆角特性由瓦块与载荷周向相对位置、预负荷和偏心率决定。轴承结构参数确定时,与载荷正对瓦块的摆角曲线的形状取决于预负荷,预负荷小于0.5时其摆角随偏心率增大先增加后减小,预负荷大于0.5时摆角则随偏心率的增大而逐渐减小;与载荷侧对瓦块的摆角在预负荷较小时随偏心率增大一直增大或减小,预负荷较大时则随偏心率的增大先保持不变然后减小。瓦块摆角对最小油膜厚度影响很大,瓦块摆角可能为负值,从而使最小油膜厚度较固定瓦时的最小油膜厚度偏大。研究结果为氦风机安全运行分析提供了依据。     

考虑滑移效应的可倾瓦动压气体轴承承载性能分析

以可倾瓦气体轴承为研究对象,考虑滑移效应对可倾瓦动压气体轴承的气膜压力分布和承载力的影响,在1阶滑移和WU新滑移速度边界条件下推导修正雷诺方程的基础上,使用有限差分法求解不同瓦块偏心率、轴承数下的承载力。结果表明：随着偏心率、预载系数、轴承数的增大,轴承承载力增大;滑移边界条件下计算出的可倾瓦动压气体轴承的承载力显著降低;相同条件下,基于WU新滑移边界模型计算所得承载力最小,结果明显低于连续介质模型和1阶滑移模型。     

考虑空穴压力的滑移表面径向滑动轴承性能研究

以给定转速的复合滑移表面径向滑动轴承为研究对象,基于二元滑移模型,利用质量守恒算法研究量纲一滑移长度(轴承滑移长度与半径间隙的比值)、偏心率和空穴压力对径向轴承的承载力、偏位角、摩擦因数的影响,并和非滑移表面径向轴承进行比较。研究表明:量纲一滑移长度增大,承载力增大、摩擦因数减小,当量纲一滑移长度超过10后,这些变化趋于饱和;偏心率为0时复合滑移表面轴承仍具有一定的承载力,适当提高偏心率,承载力增加、摩擦因数减小、稳定性提高;空穴压力对复合滑移表面径向滑动轴承静态性能影响明显。     

考虑气穴影响的径向滑动轴承性能研究

建立计入气穴影响的径向滑动轴承的数学模型,以转速、偏心率和长径比为变量,利用FLUENT软件对径向滑动轴承进行仿真,分析油膜的承载力、偏位角、黏性阻力和温度的变化规律。计算结果表明:随转速、偏心率和长径比的增加,轴承最大压力、承载力、最高温度、气相体积分数和黏性阻力增大,而偏位角减少;气穴起始位置随偏心率的增大而前移,这为在实验中观察气穴位置提供参考;偏心率对油膜最大压力的影响大于转速,偏心率越大,油膜最大压力越大;气穴对轴承油膜承载特性有很大影响,结合实验中的油膜破裂现象,认为考虑气穴更为符合实际情况。     

流体支点浮瓦轴承初始工作机理分析及单瓦承载浮起特性研究

开展自生静压流体支点浮动可倾瓦轴承的润滑机理及浮起特性研究.首先推导考虑内层静压孔与外层静压腔之间的流量连续方程,提出内外层油膜厚度公式.采用有限元方法求解内层动压润滑与外层流体静压润滑Reynolds方程,分析了流体支点浮动瓦轴承初始工作机理,得出轴瓦浮起需要满足两个要求的重要结论:第一轴瓦外层具有一定的初始间隙,第二应满足一定的静压腔面积比的要求.在理论上分析了一种轴颈为100 mm的流体支点轴承,在轴承初始工作状态下,如果要满足轴瓦浮起条件,其静压腔面积比取值范围应为0.16至0.18之间.在此基础上采用Newton-Rapson法建立单瓦流体支点轴承数值迭代计算模型,分析了在单块流体支点浮动瓦承载形式时轴承静态特性随偏心率变化规律,发现在单瓦承载情况下,底瓦浮起高度与静压孔流量比随着偏心率增大而逐渐减小;在相同偏心率下,静压孔直径增大,浮起高度与静压孔流量都相应随至增大.静压腔压力、瓦块承载力、内层最大油膜压力以及内层摩擦功耗都是随着偏心率的增大而逐渐增大;此外外层摩擦功耗随着偏心率增大而增幅较小,并且在较高偏心率下,逐渐稳定,其中内层摩擦功耗比外层摩擦功耗大得多;当流体支点单瓦承载时,轴承受到静态载荷作用下,瓦块摆动角度是为0°.通过与已有文献的试验数据进行对比分析,验证了本文计算模型的准确性.     

不同结构参数对水润滑滑动轴承动压效应的影响

水润滑滑动轴承在水液压柱塞泵/马达、潜水电机等海洋水下机械装备中应用广泛,其性能好坏对整机可靠性具有重要影响。对水润滑滑动轴承动压效应进行了理论分析,基于Reynolds方程建立了轴承动压效应的数学模型并通过有限差分法进行数值求解,系统分析了偏心率、半径间隙、宽径比等不同结构参数对轴承水膜压力分布、偏位角以及承载力的影响规律。仿真结果表明:水膜最大动压值及承载力随偏心率的增加而增大,偏位角则随偏心率的增加而减小;半径间隙的增大会使轴承承载力近似呈线性减小;增大宽径比有助于提高水膜动压承载能力,但承压增幅将不断减小。为水润滑滑动轴承的设计选型以及高可靠水液压元件、潜水电机等水下机械装备的研制提供参考。     

考虑支点偏置的多孔质可倾瓦轴承静态特性分析

为探究瓦块支点偏置对多孔质可倾瓦轴承静态性能的影响,建立多孔质可倾瓦轴承的热混合润滑模型,应用Fluent软件分析轴承静态特性;采用网格迭代算法和瓦块运动UDF对轴承各瓦块沿枢轴运动及摆动进行模拟,研究偏心率、转子转速、供气压力及枢轴支点偏置对轴承负载能力、质量泄漏量、摩擦扭矩和温升的影响。结果表明：增加轴承支点偏置可提高轴承承载力,特别是在高偏心率、高转速、低供气压力条件下,承载力提高更为明显;在偏心率和转速相同时,适当的支点偏置可显著降低轴承对气体的消耗：但支点偏置会增加摩擦力矩,使转子温度升高,应合理选择支点偏置避免温升对轴承的不利影响。研究结果为多孔质可倾瓦轴承的优化设计提供了参考。     

狭缝节流动静压气体径向滑动轴承性能研究

以狭缝节流动静压气体径向滑动轴承为研究对象,采用有限差分方法求解其可压缩气体润滑Reynolds方程,获得压力分布,进而获得轴承承载力、刚度、阻尼等表征滑动轴承静动态特性的参数,并分析偏心率、长径比、槽宽比等轴承的结构参数及供气压力和转速等工况对轴承动静态性能的影响规律。结果表明:在轴承其他参数确定的情况下,连续性狭缝轴承较非续性狭缝轴承具有更大的承载力和刚度;增大偏心率、长径比、供气压力和减小槽宽比均能增加轴承的承载力和刚度;大偏心率、高转速下轴承动压效应突出,可有效提高轴承的承载能力和稳定性能。     

瞬变载荷作用下五瓦可倾瓦滑动轴承特性分析

为了研究动压五瓦可倾瓦滑动轴承在瞬变载荷作用下的动态行为,在考虑轴颈惯性力和非惯性力的基础上,建立可倾瓦滑动轴承的轴心轨迹方程,利用有限单元法求解油膜压力,采用欧拉法求解有限长滑动轴承瞬时轴心轨迹;研究不同预负荷下偏心率与瓦块姿态角的变化关系,以及在阶跃载荷和正弦脉冲载荷作用下轴心轨迹、瓦块摆角及轴颈所受合力变化规律。结果表明:在瞬变载荷作用时,轴心轨迹、瓦块姿态角及油膜合力都有较大的变化并呈现出一定的振荡过程;由于脉冲载荷的作用时间有限,随着其消失,轴心仍收敛于原平衡位置,而阶跃载荷则使轴心收敛于新的平衡位置;相同条件下的可倾瓦轴承比固定瓦轴承具有更好的稳定性。     

Measured Performance of Tilting-Pad Journal Bearings over a Range of Preloads—Part I: Static Operating Conditions

This article presents the measured static characteristics for five tilting-pad journal bearings with a range of preload factors. The bearings had five shoes with static forces applied both on the pad and between pads. The journal diameter was 70 mm, with a length-to-diameter ratio of 0.75, a pivot offset ratio of 0.50, and a nominal assembled radial clearance of 81.3 μm. The rocker-backed pads have nominal radial machined clearances of 176.8, 114.3, 91.4, 73.7, and 61.0 μm. These clearances constitute a range of preloads from ?0.333 to 0.540. Most tilting pad bearings are intentionally designed with positive preloads, although with pivot wear and/or pad and pivot distortion or machining tolerances, bearings can operate with zero or negative preloads. Measured results for bearings with negative preload factors have not previously been available. Measurements reported here were made for a variety of speed-load conditions encompassing a Sommerfeld number of 0.1 to 4.5. The measured parameters are eccentricity magnitude, attitude angle, film thickness, and temperatures sufficient to define thermal boundary conditions. Also measured are oil supply pressure, flow rate, and on-shaft pressure profiles. The focus of the work presented herein is to quantify the influence of preload on film thickness, maximum pad temperature, and eccentricity magnitude and attitude angle. Measurements showed preload had a moderate influence on operating eccentricity but not on attitude angle. Negative preloads resulted in the greatest temperature rise, although all temperature rises were relatively small.     

Influence of pad–pivot friction on tilting pad journal bearing

Some experimental studies reported that the performance of tilting pad journal bearing is related with the pad–pivot friction. Only a few researches, however, consider the friction as a factor even though many ones have theoretically analyzed the performance of bearing. Also, there is no mathematical model for the friction to explain the effect of friction on the performance of bearing. Therefore, this study proposes a mathematical model for the pad–pivot friction and analyzes the effect of friction on the tilting pad journal bearing.The results of this analysis show that the friction has a large influence on the attitude angle of the journal. It is found that the eccentricity direction of the journal does not coincide with the load direction when the friction is not zero. According to working conditions, the attitude angle can be up to 25° when friction coefficient is equal to 0.5. It is also found that the tilt angle of the pad is not determined as a fixed value in case of the bearing with non-zero friction, even though working conditions is given for the static analysis. This study represents four different tilt angles under same working conditions.     

动静压耦合效应下气体轴承流场特性分析

为研究静压气体轴承的动静压耦合效应机制及其对流场压力分布、承载力等特性的影响,以高速静压气体轴承为研究对象,采用CFD数值仿真方法,在不同偏心率及转速条件下对流场特性、动静压耦合效应机制、承载力以及偏心角进行分析研究。研究表明:转速和偏心率变化导致的气体黏性力、压差流和气体可压缩性变化,影响流场动静压耦合效应的强度,且造成流场的周向压力分布不对称,进而导致承载力及偏心角的变化;在相同偏心率下,承载力随转速升高而单调递增,偏心角随转速升高呈现非线性变化规律;在相同转速下,当转子保持在低速范围内时,偏心角随偏心率增大而增大,高速时则相反。     

THD Effects of Static Performance Characteristics of Infinitely Wide Turbulent Journal Bearings

Formulas for static parameters were found for infinitely wide turbulent full journal bearings that correlate either load capacity or friction coefficient for thermohydrodynamics (THD) effects in terms of a single THD parameter. The database was built by numerical simulation of turbulent liquid lubricant flows with various eccentricity ratios in a wide range of the Reynolds number for both isoviscous and THD cases. The least-squares method was applied to the groups of parameters yielding the formulas of load capacity, friction coefficient, and attitude angle. The isoviscous attitude angle was fitted as a function of the maximum-to-minimum film thickness ratio, and the variation of attitude angle due to THD is linearly dependent on the THD-to-isoviscous load capacity ratio. With the formulas provided in this study, designers can quickly determine static parameters of turbulent journal bearings without the burden of labor-intensive numerical computation of the governing differential equations.     

Surface roughness effect on finite journal bearings with flexible porous liners

The effects of surface roughness on the static characteristics of finite porous journal bearings under hydrodynamic lubrication conditions are investigated in this paper. The well‐established Christensen stochastic theory of hydrodynamic lubrication of rough surfaces is used to incorporate the effects of surface roughness into the Reynolds equation. The analysis takes into account the flexibility of the porous liner by using a thin liner model. The effects of velocity slip at the surface of the porous medium are considered in the analysis by using the Beavers‐Joseph criterion. The mathematical model is then solved numerically by finite‐difference methods for mean hydrodynamic pressure, which in turn gives the hydrodynamic load. The effects of the surface roughness parameter, surface pattern, eccentricity ratio, length‐to‐diameter ratio, permeability parameter, and flexibility parameter on the hydrodynamic load‐carrying capacity, attitude angle, and friction factor are discussed.     

考虑稀薄气体有效黏度的微轴承弹流润滑研究

气体稀薄效应和轴瓦弹性变形对微流体设备中气体微型轴承润滑特性影响显著.根据Veijola提出的稀薄气体有效黏度模型,采用有限元法建立柔度矩阵计算轴瓦表面弹性变形量,并推导考虑有效黏度与弹性变形影响的修正Reynolds方程.通过联立求解超薄气膜润滑修正Reynolds方程、稀薄气体有效黏度方程和三维轴瓦弹性方程,分析轴...     

三瓣式气体箔片径向轴承的静动态特性

针对一种新型三瓣式气体箔片轴承,考虑接触界面库仑摩擦后提出了相应的刚度计算模型,并通过求解动压气体润滑Reynolds方程,计算并分析了轴承的静态特性和动态特性。研究了转速、载荷、轴承预载和轴承安装角对该轴承静动态特性的影响。静态特性方面,轴承预载可以较大程度地提高承载能力,且高转速下承载能力更强;安装角度对承载能力的影响呈正/余弦规律变化,且随着转速增大,最大承载能力所对应的安装角不断减小,并最终稳定在70°。动态方面,轴承动态直接刚度随预载增大而显著增大,阻尼变化较小;轴承动态刚度和阻尼随安装角的变化也表现为正/余弦规律,且随安装角的增大,两直接刚度和两直接阻尼分别呈异步变化趋势。     

Different Magnetic Models in the Design of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings Lubricated with Non-Newtonian Ferrofluid

This work is concerned with theoretical study of hydrodynamic journal bearings lubricated with ferrofluids exhibiting non-Newtonian behavior. Based on the momentum and continuity equations for ferrofluid under an applied magnetic field, a modified Reynolds equation has been obtained. Assuming linear behavior for the magnetic material of the ferrofluid, the magnetic force was calculated. The Reynolds equation has been derived to be able to apply to any magnetic field distribution model. Using different magnetic field models, the equation has been solved numerically by the finite-difference technique with appropriate iterative technique and pressure distributions have been obtained. The boundary shape of the load-carrying active regions (positive-pressure regions) and cavitation regions (zero-pressure regions) could be then determined. The solution renders the bearing performance characteristics, namely: load-carrying capacity, attitude angle of the journal center, frictional force at the journal surface, friction coefficient and bearing side leakage. The results indicated that the flow-behavior index has a large effect on the bearing performance. When the bearing operates at high eccentricity ratios, the increase of flow-behavior index gives higher load capacity, lower attitude angle, higher frictional force, lower friction coefficient and higher side leakage. At low eccentricity ratios where the magnetic effects are significant, the effect of the flow-behavior index depends mainly on the magnetic field distribution model used.