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1.
    
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which operate in contactless mode and avoid physical contact, are highly attractive for self-powered sensor systems aiming to achieve long-term reliable operation and reduce rubbing friction. Herein, an ultra-flexible and high-performance contactless double-layer TENG (CDL-TENG) is first designed and fabricated using a metal–organic framework-based cobalt nanoporous carbon (Co-NPC)/Ecoflex with MXene/Ecoflex nanocomposite layer for self-powered sensor applications. The porous structure of the Co-NPC provides a high-surface-area of the nanocomposite and the charge storage layer of the MXene/Ecoflex nanocomposite accumulates more negative charge to improve the functionality of the CDL-TENG two and three times, respectively. Compared with Ecoflex film-based TENGs, the fabricated CDL-TENG exhibits an eight-fold slower decay rate owing to charge trapping characteristics, which were confirmed by surface potential measurements. The CDL-TENG shows excellent humidity and acceleration sensitivity of about 0.3 V/% and 2.06 Vs2 m−1. The CDL-TENG also offers non-contact position detection performance in the 20 cm range. Furthermore, the CDL-TENG is successfully integrated with mobile-vehicles and an intelligent robot to perform obstacle and human-motion detection. Finally, a contactless door-lock password authentication system was demonstrated. These multifunctional benefits make it useful for numerous applications, including artificial intelligence, human-machine interfaces, and self-powered sensors.  相似文献   

2.
    
Electrical stimulation (ES) is widely used in physiological and medical sciences, while its application to treat inflammatory skin diseases (ISDs) remains a challenge owing to their natural pathological cuticle barrier and lack of an effective combination with chemotherapy to achieve specific immunomodulation. Here, a wearable, battery-free, multi-component drug-loaded electronic microneedle (mD-eMN) system is developed by integrating remodeled metal microneedles loaded with multi-component chemical drugs and flexible triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). The system can rapidly release drugs into the site of ISDs and then realize an efficient penetration into cell body and specific immunomodulation under the synergism of pulsed electrons originating from the TENG. Also, the pulsed electrons can promote skin tissue homeostasis reconstruction to alleviate the inflammatory process of ISDs. Sufficient evidence shows that a significant skin inflammation regression of psoriasis (a typical ISDs model) is achieved using the mD-eMN system compared to traditional ES or chemotherapy alone. This innovative wearable mD-eMN system provides an effective flexible electronic and chemical drug joint technological platform for the treatment of ISDs, which is not only suitable for the treatment of psoriasis in this study but also maybe for other ISDs such as diabetic ulcers and skin tumors.  相似文献   

3.
    
Dielectric elastomers are a type of actuator materials that exhibit excellent performance as artificial muscles, but a high driving voltage is required for their operation. By using the amazingly high output voltage generated from a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), a thin film dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) can be directly driven by the contact‐separation motion of TENG, demonstrating a self‐powered actuation system. A TENG with a tribo surface area of 100 cm2 can induce an expansion strain of 14.5% for the DEA samples (electrode diameter of 0.6 cm) when the system works stably within the contact‐separation velocity ranging from 0.1 to 10 cm s?1. Finally, two simple prototypes of an intelligent switch and a self‐powered clamper based on the TENG and DEA are demonstrated. These results prove that the dielectric elastomer is an ideal material to work together with TENG and thereby the fabricated actuation system can potentially be applied to the field of electronic skin and soft robotics.  相似文献   

4.
    
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are considered one of the most effective methods for harvesting irregular and low-frequency raindrop energy. In this work, molybdenum selenide (MoSe2) nanosheets act as intermediate layers for improving droplet-based TENG performance. Consequently, without surface etching process, the short-circuit current (Isc) and open-circuit voltage (Voc) of the TENG can reach as high as 1.2 mA and 120 V, respectively. Furthermore, precise energy analysis based on an optimization model for input energy calculation is carried out, allowing conversion efficiency to be calculated under diverse conditions. Finally, an all-solid supercapacitor is fabricated for integration with the TENG. An intelligent wireless sensing system, powered by the integrated TENG and capacitor, is demonstrated for monitoring environmental information. This study provides new insights into intermediate-layer materials' selection and action mechanisms. It fills a gap in the research on a precise model of theoretical energy conversion efficiency calculation. The integrated devices and sensing applications will provide strategies for creating smart cities.  相似文献   

5.
    
The authors develop a mechanically robust silver nanowires (AgNWs) electrode platform for use in flexible and stretchable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). The embedding of an AgNWs network into a photocurable or thermocurable polymeric matrix dramatically enhances the mechanical robustness of the flexible and stretchable TENG electrodes while maintaining a highly efficient triboelectric performance. The AgNWs/polymeric matrix electrode is fabricated in four steps: (i) the AgNWs networks are formed on a hydrophobic glass substrate; (ii) a laminating photocurable or thermocurable prepolymer film is applied to the developed AgNWs network; (iii) the polymeric matrix is crosslinked by UV exposure or thermal treatment; and (iv) the AgNWs‐embedded polymeric matrix is delaminated from the glass substrate. The AgNWs‐embedded polymeric matrix electrodes with four different sheet resistances, controlled by varying the AgNWs network deposition density, are deployed in TENG devices. The authors find that the potential difference between the two contact surfaces of the AgNWs network‐embedded polymer matrix electrodes and the nylon (or perfluoroalkoxy alkane) governs the output triboelectric performances of the devices, rather than the sheet resistance. Both Kelvin probe force microscopy and numerical simulations strongly support these observations.  相似文献   

6.
    
Herein, a self‐powered electronic nose strategy with highly selective gas detection is described. The electronic nose is a two‐dimensional microarray based on the triboelectrification between ZnO nanowires and the dielectric layers, and the heterogeneous catalytic reaction occurring on the nanowires and on the NiO nanoparticles. These electronic noses show the ability to distinguish between four volatile organic compound (VOC) gases (methanol, ethanol, acetone, and toluene) with a detection limit of 0.1% at room temperature using no external power source.  相似文献   

7.
    
In recent years, tremendous efforts have been made to investigate tribomaterials for triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), but due to their low performance there is still need of tribomaterials with new mechanisms for performance enhancement. Therefore, in this study, the potential of conducting polyaniline and tribonegative graphene oxide is exploited for performance enhancement of tribopositive material through a new mechanism of disturbing the equilibrium state inside the tribopositive material under an impact force. Thus, a TENG device made up of polymer with 700 µL polyaniline and 4 mg mL−1 graphene oxide as tribopositive and polydimethylsiloxane as a tribonegative layer with a dimension of 1 × 2 cm2 is able to produce an open‐circuit voltage of 314.92 V and a current density of 37.81 mA m−2 with a peak power density of 10.43 W m−2, which can directly power ON more than 175 white light‐emitting diodes. Amine group of polyaniline and its pathway to mobilize electrons inside the tribopositive material due to electron accepting ability of graphene oxide upon physical contact under external force are the main contributing factors toward performance enhancement. This work introduces a low cost, easy fabrication process with a new method for performance enhancement of tribopositive material to acquire a high performance TENGs.  相似文献   

8.
    
Over the last decade, in pursuit to provide suitable alternatives for power supplies of medical devices in regenerative medicine, extensive research on nanogenerators has been developed. Such devices can overcome current commercial battery challenges, including intense heat-on-body complications due to the electrical current during therapeutic usage, leading to protein denaturation, cell structure destruction, and even cell necrosis. In addition, these traditional batteries contain a bulky and heavy structure that prevents them from providing sustainable on body biomedical therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, advantages such as wide-range biocompatible and biodegradable materials, lightweight, and sufficient stretchability for device construction can minimize the side effects of implantable devices, including inflammation or toxicity, as well as eliminate secondary surgery to replace or remove batteries. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are associated with harvesting mechanical energy in various forms, among which human body motions can serve as a renewable power source for healthcare systems. This review is written to emphasize the importance of TENG's applications in regenerative medicine and modulation purposes, particularly for the nervous system. Some crucial parameters for implantable consideration are discussed. In the concluding remarks, features for clinical utilization including output efficiency, encapsulation, stability, and miniaturization are suggested as challenges and prospects.  相似文献   

9.
    
The advent of self-powered wearable electronics will revolutionize the fields of smart healthcare and sports monitoring. This technological advancement necessitates more stringent design requirements for triboelectric materials. The triboelectric aerogels must enhance their mechanical properties to address the issue of structural collapse in real-world applications. This study fabricates stiff nanocellulosic triboelectric aerogels with multiscale structures induced by the Hofmeister effect. The aggregation and crystallization of polymer molecular chains are enhanced by the Hofmeister effect, while ice crystal growth imparts a porous structure to the aerogel at the micron scale. Therefore, the triboelectric aerogel exhibits exceptional stiffness, boasting a Young's modulus of up to 142.9 MPa and a specific modulus of up to 340.6 kN m kg–1, while remaining undeformed even after supporting 6600 times its weight. Even after withstanding an impact of 343 kPa, highly robust wearable self-powered sensors fabricated with triboelectric aerogels remain operational. Additionally, the self-powered sensor is capable of accurately detecting human movements, particularly in abnormal fall postures detection. This study provides considerable research and practical value for promoting material design and broadening application scenarios for self-powered wearable electronics.  相似文献   

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11.
    
Iontronic graphene tactile sensors (i‐GTS) composed of a top floating graphene electrode and an ionic liquid droplet pinned on a bottom graphene grid, which can dramatically enhance the performance of capacitive‐type tactile sensors, are presented. When mechanical stress is applied to the top floating electrode, the i‐GTS operates in one of the following three regimes: air–air, air–electric double layer (EDL) transition, or EDL–EDL. Once the top electrode contacts the ionic liquid in the i‐GTS, the spreading behavior of the ionic liquid causes a capacitance transition (from a few pF to over hundreds of pF). This is because EDLs are formed at the interfaces between the electrodes and the ionic liquid. In this case, the pressure sensitivity increases to ≈31.1 kPa?1 with a gentle touch. Under prolonged application of pressure, the capacitance increases gradually, mainly due to the contact line expansion of the ionic liquid bridge pinned on the graphene grid. The sensors exhibit outstanding properties (response and relaxation times below 80 ms, and stability over 300 cycles) while demonstrating ultimate signal‐to‐noise ratios in the array tests. The contact‐induced spreading behavior of the ionic liquid is the key for boosting the sensor performance.  相似文献   

12.
    
Harvesting ambient mechanical energy is a key technology for realizing self‐powered electronics, which has tremendous applications in wireless sensing networks, implantable devices, portable electronics, etc. The currently reported triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) mainly uses solid materials, so that the contact between the two layers cannot be 100% with considering the roughness of the surfaces, which greatly reduces the total charge density that can be transferred and thus the total energy conversion efficiency. In this work, a liquid‐metal‐based triboelectric nanogenerator (LM‐TENG) is developed for high power generation through conversion of mechanical energy, which allows a total contact between the metal and the dielectric. Due to that the liquid–solid contact induces large contacting surface and its shape adaptive with the polymer thin films, the LM‐TENG exhibits a high output charge density of 430 μC m?2, which is four to five times of that using a solid thin film electrode. And its power density reaches 6.7 W m?2 and 133 kW m?3. More importantly, the instantaneous energy conversion efficiency is demonstrated to be as high as 70.6%. This provides a new approach for improving the performance of the TENG for special applications. Furthermore, the liquid easily fluctuates, which makes the LM‐TENG inherently suitable for vibration energy harvesting.  相似文献   

13.
    
Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) generally operates using two‐electrodes to form a closed outer circuit loop without directly contacting ground. Here, a newly designed TENG, the two electrodes of which are grounded for doubling the energy output and the operation frequency, is introduced. The TENG operates in two modes: two‐channel mode in which the two electrodes are simultaneously connected to the ground, and single‐channel mode in which the two electrodes are alternately connected to the ground through a self‐triggered vibrating switch. Both modes doubles the total charges to be transported compared to the traditional ungrounded TENG. For the single‐channel TENG, about 30 current peaks with an output frequency of 50 Hz are generated in a single cycle at a motion triggering frequency of 2 Hz. The output energy at a load lower than 10 MΩ of the single‐channel TENG is enhanced, and the enhancing ratio is more than 100 at a load of 100 kΩ. The two electrodes grounded TENG provides a new strategy for effective use of the energy harvested from our living environment.  相似文献   

14.
    
A direct current triboelectric nanogenerator (DC-TENG) based on corona discharge has a high efficiency in collecting electrification charges. However, enhancing the constant current output with an ultra-low crest factor and average power density of DC-TENG through a rational structure design is still a great challenge. Herein, a novel ternary dielectric electrification TENG (TDE-TENG) is proposed with Kapton/electrode/Polytetrafluoroetylene (PTFE) on the slider and Polyurethane (PU) modified by PTFE powder on the stator. The PTFE powder is coated on PU film to regulate its triboelectricity and realize its electropositivity/electronegativity under friction with PTFE/Kaption, which is an important discovery for tribomaterials. The collecting electrode on the slider can synergistically capture charges generated from its adjacent two tribo-materials. This structure of TDE-TENG can further realize multiple unit integration to fully capture the tribo-charges. TDE-TENG achieves a charge density of 5.5 mC m−2 and a constant current output with an ultra-low crest factor of 1.02 at 30 rpm. Moreover, the sliding TDE-TENG has an average power density of 12.4 W m−2, which breaks the record for all sliding DC-TENGs. The direct connection of the 4-unit TDE-TENG with the PMC generates an output charge of 1.17 mC s−1. This work provides a novel strategy for enhancing DC-TENG output performance.  相似文献   

15.
    
The flexibility of planar triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) enables them to be embedded into structures with complex geometries and to conform with any deformation of these structures. In return, the embedded TENGs function as either strain‐sensitive active sensors or energy harvesters while negligibly affecting the structure's original mechanical properties. This advantage inspires a new class of multifunctional materials where compliant TENGs are distributed into local operational units of mechanical metamaterial, dubbed TENG‐embedded mechanical metamaterials. This new class of metamaterial inherits the advantages of a traditional mechanical metamaterial, in that the deformation of the internal topology of material enables unusual mechanical properties. The concept is illustrated with experimental investigations and finite element simulations of prototypes based on two exemplar metamaterial geometries where functions of self‐powered sensing, energy harvesting, as well as the designated mechanical behavior are investigated. This work provides a new framework in producing multifunctional triboelectric devices.  相似文献   

16.
    
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have shown exciting applications in mechanical energy harvesting and self‐powered sensing. Aiming at commercial applications, cost reduction and simplification of TENG structures are of great interest. In this work, a lightweight TENG based on the integration of polymer nanowires and a carbon sponge, which serves both as the substrate and an electrode, are reported. Because of the low density of the carbon sponge and the filmy nanowires, the device exhibits a total mass of less than 0.1 g for a volume of 12.5 cm3 and it produces a short‐circuit current of 6 μA, open‐circuit voltage of 75 V, and a maximum output power of 0.28 W kg?1 under light finger tapping. The device can linearly measure the acceleration at a detection limit down to 0.25 m s?2 and for a detection range from 0.25 m s?2 to 10.0 m s?2.  相似文献   

17.
    
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18.
    
The seamless integration of advanced triboelectric nanogenerators with fiber material has propelled the rapid advancement of intelligent wearable electronics. The overheating and mechanical abrasion associated with prolonged operation poses a significant challenge for conventional fiber-based triboelectric materials. Aramid fibers, characterized by high thermal stability, ultra-high mechanical strength, and excellent insulating properties, can effectively compensate for the limitations of triboelectric materials. However, the intrinsic advantages of aramid fiber triboelectric materials and their general structural design strategies have not yet to be comprehensively elucidated. In this review, the synthesis methods and development history of aramid fiber triboelectric materials in recent years are summarized. Importantly, the unique advantages and development potential of aramid fibers as triboelectric materials are systematically discussed, particularly regarding high-temperature resistance, high strength, and electrical insulation. Furthermore, the latest advancements in the structural design and performance modulation of aramid fiber triboelectric materials are presented. The aramid fiber-based self-powered wearable electronics in high-temperature warning, impact monitoring, and human energy harvesting are summarized. Finally, the challenges and opportunities facing the future development of aramid fiber-based triboelectric nanogenerators are discussed.  相似文献   

19.
    
Electronic skin (e‐skin) has been under the spotlight due to great potential for applications in robotics, human–machine interfaces, and healthcare. Meanwhile, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been emerging as an effective approach to realize self‐powered e‐skin sensors. In this work, bioinspired TENGs as self‐powered e‐skin sensors are developed and their applications for robotic tactile sensing are also demonstrated. Through the facile replication of the surface morphology of natural plants, the interlocking microstructures are generated on tribo‐layers to enhance triboelectric effects. Along with the adoption of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tinny burrs on the microstructured tribo‐surface, the sensitivity for pressure measurement is boosted with a 14‐fold increase. The tactile sensing capability of the TENG e‐skin sensors are demonstrated through the characterizations of handshaking pressure and bending angles of each finger of a bionic hand during handshaking with human. The TENG e‐skin sensors can also be utilized for tactile object recognition to measure surface roughness and discern hardness. The facile fabrication scheme of the self‐powered TENG e‐skin sensors enables their great potential for applications in robotic dexterous manipulation, prosthetics, human–machine interfaces, etc.  相似文献   

20.
    
Energy‐harvesting electronic skin (E‐skin) is highly promising for sustainable and self‐powered interactive systems, wearable human health monitors, and intelligent robotics. Flexible/stretchable electrodes and robust energy‐harvesting components are critical in constructing soft, wearable, and energy‐autonomous E‐skin systems. A stretchable energy‐harvesting tactile interactive interface is demonstrated using liquid metal nanoparticles (LM‐NPs)‐based electrodes. This stretchable energy‐harvesting tactile interface relies on triboelectric nanogenerator composed of a galinstan LM‐NP‐based stretchable electrode and patterned elastic polymer friction and encapsulation layer. It provides stable and high open‐circuit voltage (268 V), short‐circuit current (12.06 µA), and transferred charges (103.59 nC), which are sufficient to drive commercial portable electronics. As a self‐powered tactile sensor, it presents satisfactory and repeatable sensitivity of 2.52 V·kPa?1 and is capable of working as a touch interactive keyboard. The demonstrated stretchable and robust energy‐harvesting E‐skin using LM‐NP‐based electrodes is of great significance in sustainable human–machine interactive system, intelligent robotic skin, security tactile switches, etc.  相似文献   

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