Evaporation-Induced Closely-Packing of Core–Shell PDMS@Ag Microspheres Enabled Stretchable Conductor with Ultra-High Conductance

Stretchable conductors are indispensable building blocks for stretchable electronic devices that are used in next-generation wearable electronics, on-skin electronics, and soft robotics. Whereas, the ability to realize synergy high conductance and sufficient conductivity under high strain remains challenging. Herein, a stretchable conductor made from tightly assembled core–shell polydimethylsiloxane@silver microspheres (PDMS@Ag MPs) is elaborated. By judiciously using evaporation-induced capillary effect, 3D interconnected conductive paths consisting of closely packed conductive PDMS@Ag MPs are constructed inside the elastic matrix. The spatially selective distributed Ag-shell enables conductor metallic conductivity (67185 S cm⁻¹) at ultralow Ag fraction (19.5 wt.%), and well-maintained conductance over wide strain (820 S cm⁻¹ at 400%). Due to the suppressed Ag content, both the rapture strain and Young's modulus (613%, 0.79 MPa for CPSC4) of the conductor are largely retained. Besides, the synergy hierarchical surface topology and low surface energy endow conductors with high water-repellent properties. The fabricated conductors with remarkably high conductivity, well-retained conductance under large strain, and robust hydrophobicity are of great significance for advanced stretchable electronics.     

3D Interconnected Conductive Graphite Nanoplatelet Welded Carbon Nanotube Networks for Stretchable Conductors

Stretchable conductors with stable electrical conductivity under harsh mechanical deformations are essential for developing next generation portable and flexible wearable electronics. To achieve both high stretchability and conductivity with electromechanical stability, highly stretchable conductors based on 3D interconnected conductive graphite nanoplatelet welded carbon nanotube (GNP-w-CNT) networks are fabricated by welding the junctions of CNTs using GNPs followed by infiltrating with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). It is observed that GNPs can weld the adjacent CNTs to facilitate the formation of continuous conductive pathways and avoid interfacial slippage under repetitive stretching. The enhanced interfacial bonding enables the conductor both high electrical conductivity (>132 S m⁻¹) and high stretchability (>150% strain) while ensuring long-term stability (1000 stretching-releasing cycles under 60% tensile strain). To demonstrate the outstanding flexibility and electrical stability, a flexible and stretchable light-emitting diode circuit with stable performance during stretching, bending, twisting, and pressing conditions is further fabricated. The unique welding mechanism can be easily extended to other material systems to broaden the application of stretchable conductors to a myriad of new applications.     

Cross‐Stacked Superaligned Carbon Nanotube Films for Transparent and Stretchable Conductors

Transparent and stretchable conductors are essential components in many stretchable electronics. However, it is still a challenge to make this kind of conductor easily and cost‐effectively. Here, a way to utilize cross‐stacked superaligned carbon nanotube films to make transparent and stretchable conductors is reported. The as‐produced cross‐stacked films are isotropic in electrical conductivity, but anisotropic in mechanical properties, because of their microscale cross structures. Along some directions, the films can sustain a high strain, of more than 35%, which is helpful for applications as stretchable conductors. These cross‐stacked films can be further made into composite films with polyvinyl alcohol by a dip‐coating method, and with polydimethylsiloxane by an embedding method. The former composite films have similar isotropic electrical and anisotropic mechanical properties to SACNT films, but much larger capability in terms of tensile load. The latter composite films possess quite highly stretchable and reversible electrical behaviors, which can be used in stretchable touch panels, solar cells, strain sensors, and implanted conductors.     

无铅焊接技术概述

传统焊接技术使用锡铅焊料,对环境造成严重伤害。文章从环保角度出发,阐述了电子制造业中应用无铅焊料的必然性,并介绍了无铅焊接技术近几年的发展,结合目前的研究现状分析了无铅焊接技术应用在电子行业上需要考虑的因素以及存在的问题。     

回流技术在通孔双面焊工艺中的新应用

随着表面贴装技术的不断发展,回流技术因其本身独特的优点,已经得到了广泛的应用,并开始逐步应用在传统通孔工艺上。回流焊技术是利用热传输的3种途径（辐射、对流、传导）对待焊接器件、焊料及PCB（印制电路板）加热和冷却,实现焊料溶化、结晶过程,进而完成焊接的技术。目前众多SMT（表面贴装技术）企业没有将回流焊技术应用到通孔焊接工艺中。随着电子产品的日新月异发展,不少通孔双面焊接已无法用波峰焊接技术实现,即使有少数企业采用了通孔双面回流焊技术,也会对器件（特别是镀金长插针）引脚产生焊料涂覆,降低了使用可靠性。文中介绍一种新的、并已实现的解决方案,即用回流技术焊接长针通孔元件。     

芯片真空金锡共晶焊接中的气压控制

真空共晶焊接是用真空共晶炉实现芯片与载体互连的一种重要的焊接工艺。对于需要共晶的芯片,其与载体间共晶焊接的空洞率会直接影响到芯片工作时的散热及其输出功率。重点针对无工装施加压力条件下真空共晶炉内抽真空、加压、泄压等工艺展开试验研究,分析不同的炉内气压与空洞率之间的关系。试验结果表明,在焊料熔化形成空洞时增加气压、在焊料凝固后排气降压,对降低焊接空洞率有明显改善。     

Stretchable,Transparent, and Thermally Stable Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Solvent‐Free Ion‐Conducting Elastomer Electrodes

The development of stretchable/soft electronics requires power sources that can match their stretchability. In this study, a highly stretchable, transparent, and environmentally stable triboelectric nanogenerator with ionic conductor electrodes (iTENG) is reported. The ion‐conducting elastomer (ICE) electrode, together with a dielectric elastomer electrification layer, allows the ICE‐iTENG to achieve a stretchability of 1036% and transmittance of 91.5%. Most importantly, the ICE is liquid solvent‐free and thermally stable up to 335 °C, avoiding the dehydration‐induced performance degradation of commonly used hydrogels. The ICE‐iTENG shows no decrease in electrical output even after storing at 100 °C for 15 h. Biomechanical motion energies are demonstrated to be harvested by the ICE‐iTENG for powering wearable electronics intermittently without extra power sources. An ICE‐iTENG‐based pressure sensor is also developed with sensitivity up to 2.87 kPa^?1. The stretchable ICE‐iTENG overcomes the strain‐induced performance degradation using percolated electrical conductors and liquid evaporation‐induced degradation using ion‐conducting hydrogels/ionogels, suggesting great promising applications in soft/stretchable electronics under a relatively wider temperature range.     

共晶焊料焊接的孔隙率研究

大功率或高功率密度的高可靠集成电路等通常采用合金焊料焊接芯片,以降低封装热阻和提高芯片焊接的可靠性。合金焊料焊接方式主要有真空烧结、保护气氛下静压烧结、共晶摩擦焊等。不同焊接工艺有其不同的适应性和焊接可靠性。文章以高可靠封装常用金基焊料的共晶焊接为例,探讨在相同封装结构、不同共晶焊接工艺下焊接层孔隙率,以及相同工艺设备、工艺条件下随芯片尺寸增大孔隙率的变化趋势。研究结果表明:金-硅共晶摩擦焊工艺的孔隙率低于金-锡真空烧结工艺和金-锡保护气氛静压烧结;同一焊接工艺,随着芯片尺寸变大,其孔隙率变化不显著,但单个空洞的尺寸有明显增大趋势。     

Highly Stretchable or Transparent Conductor Fabrication by a Hierarchical Multiscale Hybrid Nanocomposite

As is frequently seen in sci‐fi movies, future electronics are expected to ultimately be in the form of wearable electronics. To realize wearable electronics, the electric components should be soft, flexible, and even stretchable to be human‐friendly. An important step is presented toward realization of wearable electronics by developing a hierarchical multiscale hybrid nanocomposite for highly flexible, stretchable, or transparent conductors. The hybrid nanocomposite combines the enhanced mechanical compliance, electrical conductivity, and optical transparency of small CNTs (d ≈ 1.2 nm) and the enhanced electrical conductivity of relatively bigger Ag nanowire (d ≈ 150 nm) backbone to provide efficient multiscale electron transport path with Ag nanowire current backbone collector and local CNT percolation network. The highly elastic hybrid nanocomposite conductors and highly transparent flexible conductors can be mounted on any non‐planar or soft surfaces to realize human‐friendly electronics interface for future wearable electronics.     

Capacitance Characterization of Elastomeric Dielectrics for Applications in Intrinsically Stretchable Thin Film Transistors

Stretchable electronics exhibit unique mechanical properties to expand the applications areas of conventional electronics based on rigid wafers. Intrinsically stretchable thin film transistor is an essential component for functional stretchable electronics, which presents a great opportunity to develop mechanically compliant electronic materials. Certain elastomers have been recently adopted as the gate dielectrics, but their dielectric properties have not been thoroughly investigated for such applications. Here, a charging measurement technique with a resistor–capacitor circuit is proposed to quantify the capacitance of the dielectric layers based on elastomers. As compared with conventional methods, the technique serves as a universal approach to extract the capacitance of various elastomers under static conditions, irrespective of the charging mechanisms. This technique also offers a facile approach to reliably quantify the mobility of thin film transistors based on elastomeric dielectrics, paving the way to utilize this class of dielectrics in the development of intrinsically stretchable transistors.     

混合技术板焊接工艺改进

论述了利用选择性焊接来代替汽相焊系统焊接双面连接板时所需的相关工艺步骤,讨论了通过引入双重回焊技术,使复杂的混合技术板路焊接由波峰焊转化为选择性焊接时,如何改善工艺灵活性,减少成本并保持低缺陷率。     

Buckled Conductive Polymer Ribbons in Elastomer Channels as Stretchable Fiber Conductor

Conductors that can sustain large strains without change in resistance are highly needed for wearable electronic systems. Here, the fabrication of highly stretchable coaxial fiber conductors through self‐buckling of conductive polymer ribbons inside thermoplastic elastomer channels, using a “solution stretching–drying–buckling” process, is reported. The unique hierarchically buckled and conductive core in the axial direction makes the resistance of the fiber very stable, with less than 4% change when applying as much as 680% strain. These fibers can then be directly used as stretchable electrical interconnects or wearable heaters.     

无铅转化给波峰焊工艺所带来的问题研究

无铅焊料的应用使得波峰焊设备问题更加突出,其中主要的问题是设备的腐蚀及材料的寿命.无铅焊料和助焊剂的特性决定了无铅波峰焊设备在结构和材料选用上有很大不同.无铅钎料的成分配比不同于有铅钎料,因此在无铅钎焊时,其工艺流程、工艺参数也有所改变.从焊接温度、波峰高度、浸锡时间、冷却系统、传输系统等方面分析了无铅波峰焊的工艺要求...     

Vapour phase soldering used for quality improvement of semiconductor thermogenerators (TEGs) assembly

The processing of harvested waste heat obtained from industrial or domestic installations directly converted into electrical energy using thermoelectric generators (TEG) is an interesting and future-proof solution. The TEG generator involves the serial connection of even tens of p–n thermocouples, through which a current of even a dozen amperes can flow. Its reliability strongly depends also on the quality of the solder joints, especially on the types of solder alloys, their quality, the soldering techniques applied and other factors. An additional difficulty is the functioning of thermogenerators and their solder joints at high temperature of up to several hundred degrees Celsius and with large temperature gradients between cold and hot plates. This paper presents the technical results of research investigation of semiconductor TEG model with particular reference to the technological aspects of the solder joint performances. Two types of solder pastes with different compositions and melting temperatures were examined. The main soldering method used was vapour phase soldering (VPS). VPS uses the latent heat of liquid vaporization to provide heat for soldering. A vacuum option during the soldering process was also applied. The results showed that the number of voids is strongly dependant on alloy composition and the presence of the vacuum.     

Transparent,Highly Stretchable,Rehealable, Sensing,and Fully Recyclable Ionic Conductors Fabricated by One‐Step Polymerization Based on a Small Biological Molecule

To date, various stretchable conductors have been fabricated, but simultaneous realization of the transparency, high stretchability, electrical conductivity, self‐healing capability, and sensing property through a simple, fast, cost‐efficient approach is still challenging. Here, α‐lipoic acid (LA), a naturally small biological molecule found in humans and animals, is used to fabricate transparent (>85%), electrical conductivity, highly stretchable (strain up to 1100%), and rehealable (mechanical healing efficiency of 86%, electrical healing efficiency of 96%) ionic conductor by solvent‐free one‐step polymerization. Furthermore, the ionic conductors with appealing sensitivity can be served as strain sensors to detect and distinguish various human activities. Notably, this ionic conductor can be fully recycled and reprocessed into new ionic conductors or adhesives by a direct heating process, which offers a promising prospect in great reduction of electronic wastes that have brought acute environmental pollution. In consideration of the extremely facile preparation process, biological available materials, satisfactory functionalities, and full recyclability, the emergence of LA‐based ionic conductors is believed to open up a new avenue for developing sustainable and wearable electronic devices in the future.     

一种BGA封装器件的应急焊接工艺方法

简要介绍了热风回流焊接的常规工艺及影响焊接质量的关键工艺因素;总结了焊接的机理,结合实际工作经验,详细地描述了在没有模板、锡膏及回流焊炉等专业设备的条件下,使用电热板应急焊接BGA器件的过程及注意事项;通过引用大量的研究结论,从温度曲线和助焊剂法这两个最为关键的工艺参数分析了加热板法焊接BGA的可靠性并结合实际经验给出了提高可靠性的具体方法。最终全面总结了采用电热板使用助焊剂高可靠焊接表面贴装器件(SMD),特别是BGA器件的详细工艺流程。     

Wavy Ribbons of Carbon Nanotubes for Stretchable Conductors

Wavy ribbons of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are embedded in elastomeric substrates to fabricate stretchable conductors that exhibit excellent performance in terms of high stretchability and small resistance change. A CNT ribbon with a thin layer of sputtered Au/Pd film is transferred onto a prestrained poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate and buckled out‐of‐plane upon release of the prestrain. Embedded in PDMS, the wavy CNT ribbon is able to accommodate large stretching (up to the prestrain) with little change in resistance. For a prestrain of 100%, the resistance increases only about 4.1% when the wavy CNT ribbon is stretched to the prestrain. A simple stretchable circuit consisting of a light‐emitting diode and two wavy ribbons is demonstrated and shows constant response on significant twisting, folding, or stretching. Fabricated with a simple buckling approach, the wavy CNT‐ribbon‐based stretchable conductors (e.g., interconnects and electrodes) could play an important role in stretchable electronics, sensors, photovoltaics, and energy storage.     

Rational Design of a Printable,Highly Conductive Silicone‐based Electrically Conductive Adhesive for Stretchable Radio‐Frequency Antennas

Stretchable radio‐frequency electronics are gaining popularity as a result of the increased functionality they gain through their flexible nature, impossible within the confines of rigid and planar substrates. One approach to fabricating stretchable antennas is to embed stretchable or flowable conductive materials, such as conductive polymers, conductive polymer composites, and liquid metal alloys as stretchable conduction lines. However, these conductive materials face many challenges, such as low electrical conductivity under mechanical deformation and delamination from substrates. In the present study, a silicone‐based electrically conductive adhesive (silo‐ECA) is developed that have a conductivity of 1.51 × 10⁴ S cm^?1 and can maintain conductivity above 1.11 × 10³ S cm^?1, even at a large stain of 240%. By using the stretchable silo‐ECAs as a conductor pattern and pure silicone elastomers as a base substrate, stretchable antennas can be fabricated by stencil printing or soft‐lithography. The resulting antenna's resonant frequency is tunable over a wide range by mechanical modulation. This fabrication method is low‐cost, can support large‐scale production, has high reliability over a wide temperature range, and eliminates the concerns of leaking or delamination between conductor and substrate experienced in previously reported micro‐fluidic antennas.     

Fully 3D-Printed,Stretchable, and Conformable Haptic Interfaces

Integrating rich cutaneous haptic feedback enhances realism and user immersion in virtual and augmented reality settings. One major challenge is providing accurately localized cutaneous stimuli on fingertips without interfering with the user's dexterity. This sub 200 µm thick, fully printed, stretchable Hydraulically Amplified Taxels (HAXELs) enable both static indentation and vibrating haptic stimuli, localized to a 2.5 mm diameter region. The HAXELs are directly bonded to the user's skin, are soft enough to conform to any body part, and can be fabricated in dense arrays with no crosstalk. All functional materials (elastomers, stretchable conductors, and sacrificial layers) are deposited by inkjet printing, which allows rapid prototyping of multi-material, polymer-based structures. The actuators consist of oil-filled stretchable pouches, whose shape is controlled by electrostatic zipping. The 5 mm wide actuators weigh <250 mg and generate cutaneous stimuli well above reported perception thresholds, from DC to 1 kHz. They operate well even when stretched to over 50%, allowing great freedom in placement. The 2 × 2 arrays are tested on the fingers of human volunteers: the actuated quadrant is correctly identified 86% of the time. Printing soft actuators allows tailoring dense and effective cutaneous haptics to the unique shape of each user.