大肠杆菌生产琥珀酸的代谢工程研究进展

琥珀酸是一种重要的化工原料,具有广阔的市场. 微生物发酵法生产琥珀酸可以解决常规化学合成法对石油的依赖. 代谢工程的兴起使重组大肠杆菌生产琥珀酸变为可能,也取得了一定的成效,但是其发酵强度还不够高,且过程中伴随着其他有机酸的积累,因此还不适于工业化生产. 代谢工程以系统生物学为基础,为重组大肠杆菌的进一步改造提供了更合理的依据. 本工作以大肠杆菌生产琥珀酸所涉及的关键酶、代谢途径及其改造为对象,系统综述了大肠杆菌生产琥珀酸所涉及的代谢工程技术及其最新研究进展,并探讨了将来的发展前景.     

乳酸生产中的微生物代谢工程

从代谢工程的角度综述了同型及异型乳酸发酵的代谢途径、乳酸菌代谢模型、乳酸脱氢酶在乳酸生产方面的应用、米根霉发酵生产乳酸的代谢工程和基因工程阻断乙醇代谢途径改造乳酸的生产过程等方面的研究进展,讨论了生物信息学及环境胁迫对乳酸代谢的影响,展望了乳酸的微生物代谢工程的发展趋势.     

微生物法生产1,3-丙二醇过程的代谢工程研究进展

代谢工程在微生物发酵法生产化工产品的过程中扮演着越来越重要的角色. 本研究以生物法生产1,3-丙二醇所涉及的关键酶、代谢途径及其改造为考察对象,系统综述了微生物法生产1,3-丙二醇所涉及的代谢工程技术、最新应用情况及其进展,并展望了未来的发展趋势.     

辅酶Q10的微生物发酵工艺研究

利用辅酶Q10的基因重组菌,围绕发酵培养基、发酵工艺条件进行的产业化优化研究,提高菌种CoQ10的发酵生产水平,降低发酵生产成本,为实现工业生产转化创造良好条件。     

DNA及基因组改组在代谢工程中的应用

代谢工程是应用分子生物学与反应工程的结合,已发展成为菌种改进的平台技术.后基因组学时代的基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学及代谢物组学等为代谢工程的发展提供了极好的机遇.DNA改组及基因组改组可以构建新的代谢途径、对已知或未知的代谢途径进行快速优化,极大地促进了代谢工程的进一步发展和应用.DNA改组及基因组改组技术可以加深对代谢网络及其分子调节机制的理解,是对合理代谢设计策略的完善和补充.本文首先分别介绍了DNA改组、基因组改组在代谢工程中的应用,进而展望了基于基因组改组的代谢工程方法步骤及发展方向.     

代谢工程改造酵母生产多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展

多不饱和脂肪酸因其在食品和医药领域的广泛作用而得到人们极大的关注,当前利用微生物发酵生产多 不饱和脂肪酸具有诸多优点,由于酵母生产迅速且生物量较高,利用酵母生产多不饱和脂肪酸已成为人们关注 的热点。本文综述了代谢工程改造酵母生产多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展,以常规酵母-酿酒酵母和非常规酵母- 解脂耶氏酵母为例,介绍了酵母菌中多不饱和脂肪酸的代谢途径、酵母产油脂的生化机制、代谢工程改造酵母 产多不饱和脂肪酸以及不饱和脂肪酸积累对酵母耐受性的影响。以后研究工作的重点是进一步加强对酵母生产 多不饱和脂肪酸的机理研究,并以此为来指导代谢工程改造酵母生产多不饱和脂肪酸。     

动态转录调控微生物代谢途径研究进展

传统的微生物代谢工程主要是通过过表达或敲除关键基因来实现产物产量最大化,但会造成代谢流失衡,生产效能降低。而对微生物代谢途径进行动态调控可维持细胞生长,平衡代谢流,提高生产效率。本文根据信号分子的来源不同,将微生物在转录水平的动态调控分为两种：一种是在光、温度、化学诱导剂的外源信号刺激下,利用响应该信号的启动子等元件调控下游代谢途径的人工诱导动态调控;另一种为在胞内代谢物水平或细胞密度改变的内源信号感应下,利用启动子、转录因子、核糖核酸开关调节关键基因的细胞自主诱导动态调控。本文同时介绍了转录水平动态调控策略在微生物代谢工程中的应用实例,以期对代谢途径的多个基因实现连续动态表达以及适配表达,有效提高目标产物的产量。     

代谢控制发酵产琥珀酸研究进展

琥珀酸作为一种重要的化工原料被广泛应用于现代工业的各个领域,具有庞大的市场需求。利用生物法发酵生产琥珀酸因具有资源可再生利用、绿色清洁节能等方面不可替代的优势而成为当今研究的热点。本文从代谢调控的角度出发分析总结了一些产琥珀酸菌株,尤其是重组大肠杆菌在发酵生产琥珀酸中所应用到的方法和策略,如对代谢途径中关键酶的调控以及发酵生产中的关键因素(如氧化还原回复力调控、CO₂调节、代谢途径改造等),着重突出了代谢控制发酵生产方面的研究进展,并对今后的发展方向提出了一些设想。     

工业微生物还原型辅酶Ⅱ的代谢调控研究进展

还原型辅酶Ⅱ（NADPH）主要参与细胞合成代谢,是微生物代谢网络中含量最丰富的氧化还原辅酶之一。辅酶工程作为代谢工程的重要分支,通过改变微生物胞内辅酶再生途径,进而改变细胞内代谢产物构成。本文在归纳NADPH产生途径和调控的基础上,分析和评述了工业微生物基于辅酶工程的NADPH代谢调控研究进展,包括过量表达NADPH代谢相关酶、敲除NADPH代谢相关基因及引入特定代谢途径等策略,指出今后的研究重点在于深入理解NADPH调控与中心碳代谢网络的相互作用,为利用代谢工程进行细胞工厂改造提供 基础。     

大孔离子交换树脂在重组大肠杆菌生产hEGF中的原位分离作用

引　言乙酸是重组大肠杆菌培养过程中的主要代谢副产物[1,2 ] ,乙酸的产生和积累对重组菌的生长和外源蛋白表达都有严重的抑制作用[3,4 ] .许多研究者对此开展了多方面的研究 ,如通过代谢工程手段构建乙酸酶缺陷菌株作为宿主菌来减少乙酸的产生[5] 、采用发酵 /分离耦合技术除去或降低乙酸量[6～ 8] 、透析培养技术[9,10 ] 、控制菌体的比生长速率及限制基质葡萄糖浓度等方法 .　　　本实验室开展了重组大肠杆菌分泌性高效表达人表皮生长因子 (humanepidermalgrowthfactor ,hEGF)的研究 ,发现在重组菌培养过程中乙酸的积累对重组菌生长和hEGF表达有严重抑制作用 .本文开展了高效吸附乙酸的离子交换树脂筛选 ,并在摇瓶和发酵罐规模两个水平上研究离子交换树脂在重组大肠杆菌发酵生产hEGF过程中对乙酸的原位分离作用 .1　材料与方法1 1　菌株与质粒E coliJM10 1/pSP10 3,本研究所保存的高效分泌型hEGF的重组大肠杆菌 .1 2　培养基及培养方法种子培养基和发酵培养基 ,种子培养、摇瓶培养及 2 5LB Braun发酵罐培养的条件参照文献[11],其中发酵培养基中...     

Expanding the repertoire of aromatic chemicals by microbial production

Microbial production of aromatic chemicals would greatly contribute to solving the problems with fossil resource supply and environmentally sustainable development. Engineering and extending the shikimate/aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathways are important routes for microbial production of various aromatic chemicals. With advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, we can broaden the product spectrum and obtain several valuable and novel aromatic chemicals from renewable feedstocks. Here, in this review, the latest research progress on microbial production of various aromatic chemicals, and recent metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies targeting the central carbon metabolism, the shikimate and aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathways are summarized and discussed. This work aims to provide some valuable tips for the construction of cost‐effective engineered strains for producing various aromatic chemicals. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

Coenzyme q10 ameliorates ultraviolet B irradiation induced cell death through inhibition of mitochondrial intrinsic cell death pathway

Ultraviolet B (UVB) induces cell death by increasing free radical production, activating apoptotic cell death pathways and depolarizing mitochondrial membrane potential. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), an essential cofactor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, serves as a potent antioxidant in the mitochondria. The aim of the present study is to establish whether CoQ10 is capable of protecting neuronal cells against UVB-induced damage. Murine hippocampal HT22 cells were treated with 0.01, 0.1 or 1 μM of CoQ10 3 or 24 h prior to the cells being exposed to UVB irradiation. The CoQ10 concentrations were maintained during irradiation and 24 h post-UVB. Cell viability was assessed by counting viable cells and MTT conversion assay. Superoxide production and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured using fluorescent probes. Levels of cleaved caspase-9, caspase-3, and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) were detected using immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. The results showed that UVB irradiation decreased cell viability and such damaging effect was associated with increased superoxide production, mitochondrial depolarization, and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Treatment with CoQ10 at three different concentrations started 24 h before UVB exposure significantly increased the cell viability. The protective effect of CoQ10 was associated with reduction in superoxide production, normalization of mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibition of caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation. It is concluded that the neuroprotective effect of CoQ10 results from inhibiting oxidative stress and blocking caspase-3 dependent cell death pathway.     

微生物合成植物天然产物的细胞工厂设计与构建

植物天然产物结构多样,具有丰富的生理活性与功能。利用微生物细胞工厂生产来源稀缺、获取难度大的植物天然产物具有经济可行、环境友好等优势。本文系统介绍了萜烯、黄酮以及生物碱的生物合成途径及其关键酶,阐述了差异转录组学、同功酶挖掘等途径解析与重构的方法。指出关键酶改造、途径动态调控、代谢区室化与代谢网络再平衡是增大外源途径代谢通量、抑制副产物合成、降低产物毒性与菌株代谢负担、提高目标产物合成能力的有效策略。提出了解析合成植物天然产物关键酶在微生物中的催化特异性机制、开发外源途径的高效组装方法等进一步提高微生物细胞工厂生产效率的建议。     

Recent advancements in bioreactions of cellular and cell-free systems: A study of bacterial cellulose as a model

Conventional approaches of regulating natural biochemical and biological processes are greatly hampered by the complexity of natural systems. Therefore, current biotechnological research is focused on improving biological systems and processes using advanced technologies such as genetic and metabolic engineering. These technologies, which employ principles of synthetic and systems biology, are greatly motivated by the diversity of living organisms to improve biological processes and allow the manipulation and reprogramming of target bioreactions and cellular systems. This review describes recent developments in cell biology, as well as genetic and metabolic engineering, and their role in enhancing biological processes. In particular, we illustrate recent advancements in genetic and metabolic engineering with respect to the production of bacterial cellulose (BC) using the model systems Gluconacetobacter xylinum and Gluconacetobacter hansenii. Besides, the cell-free enzyme system, representing the latest engineering strategies, has been comprehensively described. The content covered in the current review will lead readers to get an insight into developing novel metabolic pathways and engineering novel strains for enhanced production of BC and other bioproducts formation.     

高产辅酶Q_(10)光合细菌的分离与鉴定

由于辅酶Q10有特殊的生理功能,在治疗癌症等各种疾病方面有很好的疗效,是人体必需物质,无毒副作用。近年来在医药、食品添加剂和保健品方面得到了广泛应用,但目前辅酶Q10的合成效率还不是很高,且成本非常高,因此,这需要我们投入大量的研究工作,以满足市场上日益增长的需求。本课题以提高光合细菌(PSB)菌体辅酶Q10的产量为目的,从样品中分离到一株高产辅酶Q10的光合细菌,经初步鉴定为沼泽红假单胞菌。     

放射型根瘤菌分批发酵生产辅酶Q10的代谢特性和发酵动力学

以放射型根瘤菌WSH2601作为辅酶Q10分批发酵的试验菌,对其代谢特性进行了初步研究。对分批发酵过程中细胞生长、产物积累、糖消耗、中间产物有机酸及pH的变化规律进行了描述：由Logistic模型方程分别建立了放射型根瘤菌辅酶Q10发酵过程细胞生长、产物合成及基质消耗随时间变化的数学模型。模型模拟计算结果与实验值能较好地吻合。动力学研究结果表明该模型能较好地反映放射型根瘤菌的细胞生长、底物消耗和产物合成过程及其动力学机制。辅酶Q10分批发酵中细胞生长与产物合成属于半偶联型。     

Coenzyme Q Depletion Reshapes MCF-7 Cells Metabolism

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a significant role in the metabolic flexibility of cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the metabolic alterations due to Coenzyme Q depletion in MCF-7 cells. Method: The Coenzyme Q depletion was induced by competitively inhibiting with 4-nitrobenzoate the coq2 enzyme, which catalyzes one of the final reactions in the biosynthetic pathway of CoQ. The bioenergetic and metabolic characteristics of control and coenzyme Q depleted cells were investigated using polarographic and spectroscopic assays. The effect of CoQ depletion on cell growth was analyzed in different metabolic conditions. Results: we showed that cancer cells could cope from energetic and oxidative stress due to mitochondrial dysfunction by reshaping their metabolism. In CoQ depleted cells, the glycolysis was upregulated together with increased glucose consumption, overexpression of GLUT1 and GLUT3, as well as activation of pyruvate kinase (PK). Moreover, the lactate secretion rate was reduced, suggesting that the pyruvate flux was redirected, toward anabolic pathways. Finally, we found a different expression pattern in enzymes involved in glutamine metabolism, and TCA cycle in CoQ depleted cells in comparison to controls. Conclusion: This work elucidated the metabolic alterations in CoQ-depleted cells and provided an insightful understanding of cancer metabolism targeting.     

多策略代谢工程大肠杆菌高效生产辅酶Q10

Escherichia coli BW25113 was metabolically engineered for CoQ10 production by replacing ispB with ddsA from Gluconobacter suboxydans.Effects of precursor balance and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) availability on CoQ10 production in E.coli were investigated.The knockout of pykFA along with pck overexpression could maintain a balance between glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate,increasing CoQ10 production.Replacement of native NAD-dependent gapA with NADP-dependent gapC from Clostridium acetobutylicum,together with the overexpression of gapC,could increase NADPH availability and then enhanced CoQ10 production.Three effects,overexpressions of various genes in CoQ biosynthesis and central metabolism,different vectors and culture conditions on CoQ10 production in E.coli,were all investigated.The investigation of different vectors indicated that low copy number vector may be more beneficial for CoQ10 production in E.coli.The recombinant E.coli (△ispB::ddsA,△pykFA and △gapA::gapC),harboring the two plasmids encoding pck,dxs,idi and ubiCA genes under the control of PT5 on pQE30,ispA,ddsA from Gluconobacter suboxydans and gapC from Clostridium acetobutylicum under the control of PBAD on pBAD33,could produce CoQ10 up to 3.24 mg·g-1 dry cell mass simply by changing medium from M9YG to SOB with phosphate salt and initial culture pH from 7.0 to 5.5.The yield is unprecedented and 1.33 times of the highest production so far in E.coli.     

多元模块工程在代谢工程中的应用与研究进展

随着代谢工程理论体系的发展,代谢工程的研究方法目前已从对单一途径的调控转变为对整个代谢网络的全局调控。同时,为了在工业微生物领域实现与化学工业生产规模相当的生物炼制过程,代谢工程需要一套通用的菌株优化策略。其中关键问题之一,是解决代谢通量的不平衡。本文介绍了基于传统的理性代谢工程与近年来兴起的组合工程中存在的问题,研究者提出了一种模块化的代谢网络优化策略--多元模块工程（multivariate modular metabolic engineering,MMME）。阐述了多元模块工程的原理和方法,列举了其常用的调控技术和手段,在此基础上综述了近年来模块化策略在代谢工程领域的应用进展,提出了该策略面临的主要问题并展望了其未来的发展方向。