18Ni不锈钢电阻点焊接头力学性能有限元仿真

为了研究航空用18Ni马氏体不锈钢电阻点焊接头的剪切性能和微观组织，开展了18Ni马氏体不锈钢的电阻点焊试验和点焊接头的剪切试验，并采用有限元分析软件，仿真了点焊接头在剪切过程中的应力分布。结果表明，18Ni不锈钢电阻点焊接头的最大抗剪力为45.01 k N，最小抗剪力为36.87 k N；仿真结果显示，剪切过程中的应力主要集中分布在焊点处，尤其是两块试板中间的焊点位置应力最大；观察金相组织后发现，点焊接头的微观组织类似于铸造组织，粗大的柱状晶从焊缝边缘向焊缝中心生长，最终在焊缝中心形成一条明显的晶界线，同时发现，晶粒内部的组织为针状马氏体组织和残余奥氏体组织，热影响区的晶粒为等轴晶，且等轴晶的晶粒尺寸小于焊缝柱状晶的晶粒尺寸，还发现焊缝内部存在有微裂纹缺陷。     

交直流双点点焊焊点组织及力学性能的对比

试验从焊点尺寸、显微组织、硬度分布等方面对交流双点点焊和直流双点点焊进行了对比研究,结果表明:两种单面双点点焊的焊点形状特征相似,均呈碗形,焊点主体位于上板;直流双点点焊在上板输入的热量明显多于交流双点点焊的,而在下板输入的热量明显小于交流双点点焊的,其在Z方向的热量分布主要集中于焊点处;与直流双点点焊相比,交流双点点焊的热影响区晶粒长大更为明显,交流双点点焊对母材具有更为强烈的热作用;直流双点点焊在上板的焊点尺寸明显大于交流双点点焊的,但两者的热影响区宽度基本相同,且直流双点点焊下板热影响区的宽度也略小于交流双点点焊的,直流双点点焊用于生成焊点的热量占比明显高于交流双点点焊的。     

镁合金电阻点焊接头组织结构特点

为了提高镁合金电阻点焊接头的力学性能,采用光学显微镜、激光共聚焦扫描显微镜、x射线衍射仪研究了接头的微观组织和相组成.结果表明,接头主要由熔核和热影响区(HAZ)所构成.熔核一般包括两种不同的组织形态,即熔核边缘的胞状树枝晶和熔核中心的等轴树枝晶.熔核是由大量的α-Mg相和少量的β-Mg17Al12相所组成.相对于未熔化的母材晶粒,热影响区晶粒变粗,并伴随晶界熔化.当焊接电流为23 kA,焊接时间为8个周波,电极力为4.5 kN时,熔核边缘的胞状树枝晶细化,而熔核中心的等轴树枝晶有向等轴晶转化的倾向,且平均晶粒尺寸为12.96μm.     

铍青铜微电阻点焊分流现象分析

采用微电阻点焊方法对0.1 mm厚铍青铜薄片进行了焊接,分析了分流对点焊接头力学性能、熔核尺寸和显微组织的影响规律。结果表明:随着焊点间距增大,分流逐渐减小,接头抗拉剪力和熔核尺寸逐渐增大,当两焊点间距大于15 mm时,几乎不存在分流现象。当以等间距为12 mm顺序点焊时,随着焊点个数的增多,点焊接头抗拉剪力逐渐下降;当从5 mm连续增大距离且顺序点焊时,随着焊点个数的增多,分流现象减小,接头力学性能逐渐升高,最后接头抗拉剪力基本与单点焊相同。分流较大的情况下,焊接接头热影响区为等轴枝晶和胞状晶,熔核底部为细小的等轴枝晶和少量柱状枝晶。     

脉冲电流对亚共晶A-Si合金凝固组织的影响

采用自制的脉冲电源，通过调节脉冲电流峰值，研究了脉冲电流峰值对亚共晶Al-Si合金凝固组织的影响。结果表明；随着脉冲电流峰值的增大，合金的的宏观组织愈加细化；微观组织中，先析出相α-Al枝晶形态趋于向等轴晶转变，而共晶Si组织逐渐粗化。     

外加磁场对镁合金TIG焊电弧形态及焊缝质量的影响

采用组织分析和性能检测的方法，研究了外加纵向直流磁场对镁合金TIG焊电弧形态和焊缝质量的影响。结果表明：磁场可稳定电弧并促使其收缩、旋转，从而使焊接热量集中，熔池搅拌均匀。焊缝由均匀细小且沿一定方向生长的等轴晶组成，其组织为α-Mg和点状β-Mg17Al12相的混合体。焊缝平均显微硬度达到64．1HV0．1，抗拉强度达到210MPa，是母材的84％，比未加磁场时提高了14％。     

AZ31铸造镁合金的物相和显微组织

使用XRD、OM、SEM-EDX以及WD/ED-CMA等技术研究了AZ31铸造镁合金的物相、显微组织及主要元素分布.结果表明：AZ31铸造镁合金由α-Mg基体、共晶体以及弥散分布于晶内的细小析出相组成,是一种典型的铸造离异共晶体组织.α-Mg晶粒为粗大的等轴晶,颗粒直径约为150μm;共晶体由α-Mg与β-Mg17（AlZn）12组成,沿晶界呈不连续网状分布,β-Mg17（AlZn）12为多角形块状和片层类似粗珠光体状;元素Al、Zn主要富集在晶界上,与Mg形成β-Mg17（AlZn）12相,元素Si、Mn与Mg、Al形成Mg2Si、AlMn析出相,弥散分布于晶内,有少量Si固溶于α-Mg基体中,引起α-Mg基体的X射线衍射峰向高角度偏移,且其晶格常数有所减小.     

纯钛/镁合金异种材料电阻点焊接头组织和性能分析

采用电阻点焊技术焊接TA2纯钛板和AZ31B镁合金板。研究了不同焊接参数(点焊电流、点焊时间和电极压力)对焊点拉剪强度的影响,分析Ti/Mg焊点界面区域微观组织构成及显微硬度分布。分析结果表明,Ti/Mg焊点拉剪强度随点焊电流、焊接时间和电极压力的增大呈现先增加后降低的趋势。当采用点焊电流10 kA,焊接时间8周波,电极压力4 kN等参数时,Ti/Mg焊点拉剪力达到最大值3.7 kN。能谱分析表明,Mg/Ti界面反应层由Mg_(17)Al_(12),α-Mg和TiAl_3等相组成,其具有最大显微硬度146 HV。     

快速凝固AZ91D镁合金组织的研究

用光学显微镜和透射电镜观察了普通凝固和快速凝固AZ91D合金的组织，用X射线衍射XRD分析了合金的相组成。结果表明，普通凝固AZ91D合金组织由α-Mg基体和β-Mg1，Al12相组成，晶粒较粗大，而快速凝固AZ91D合金薄带截面组织由靠近辊面的粗大等轴晶区、中部的柱状晶区和自由表面层的细小等轴晶区三部分组成，三层组织均为过饱和α-Mg固溶体，并观察到较高的位错密度。     

快速凝固AZ91D镁合金的相结构及位错

采用TEM和XRD分析技术研究了快速凝固AZ91D镁合金的相结构及位错。实验发现，在急冷快速凝固条件下，AZ91D镁合金惯常发生的L→α-Mg Mg17Al12共晶反应在很大程度上被抑制，形成了以过饱和的α-Mg为主相的快速凝固组织。凝固组织由尺寸为0．8gm～6gm的α-Mg晶粒、离散分布于晶内和晶界上的尺度在5nm-70nm之间的少量的椭球形Mg17Al12和极少量的多角形Al8Mn5颗粒、以及弥散分布于晶内的非常细小的不规则形态β-AlMg相组成。β-AlMg相为从α-Mg晶内过饱和析出的、逐步向Mg17Al12相过渡的亚稳定组态。在a-Mg晶粒内存在着大量的位错缠结和位错胞，位错胞尺寸在0．2μm～0．74μm之间；高密度位错主要存在于在α-Mg的(002)密排晶面上，且呈现出明显的方向性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.