Oxidative coupling of methane with participation of oxide catalyst lattice oxygen

Redox properties of the supported Li₂O/MgO, K₂O/Al₂O₃ and PbO/Al₂O₃ catalysts are studied. New mechanism of the catalyst re-oxidation is suggested. Re-oxidation of the catalyst in the course of steady-state reaction can proceed as an oxidative dehydrogenation of surface OH groups.     

Glass-ceramic from fly ash with added MgO and TiO2

The effects of the addition of MgO and TiO₂ to fly ash on the nucleation and crystal growth mechanisms of the derived glass are investigated with the aid of differential thermal analysis, dilatometry, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phase separation occurs on heating the investigated glass. The glass-ceramic materials obtained contain anorthite (CaOAl₂O₃2SiO₂) and cordierite (2MgO2Al₂O₃5SiO₂) as the main crystalline phases. The morphology of the glass-ceramic material was investigated by SEM and it was consistent with the double-framework structure of the phase-separated glass and it was constituted by a low viscosity phase almost completely crystallised and high viscosity phase scarcely or not crystallised, depending on the heat-treatment.     

Na2O掺杂铝酸钙化合物物相转化与浸出性能

以分析纯试剂CaCO₃、Al₂O₃和Na₂CO₃为原料,在1350℃烧结1 h合成了Na₂O掺杂铝酸钙熟料,并采用XRD、SEM和EDS等方法研究了Na₂O掺杂CaO-Al₂O₃体系铝酸钙化合物的物相演变规律及熟料浸出性能。结果表明:当CaO和Al₂O₃的摩尔比为1.0时,CaO-Al₂O₃体系铝酸钙由CaO·Al₂O₃和12CaO·7Al₂O₃组成,而Na₂O掺杂铝酸钙熟料由CaO·Al₂O₃、12CaO·7Al₂O₃、Na₂O·Al₂O₃和Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀组成。除形成含Na₂O化合物外,熟料中掺杂的Na₂O固溶于12CaO·7Al₂O₃中,而CaO·Al₂O₃中几乎不含Na₂O。随着熟料中Na₂O掺杂量的升高,12CaO·7Al₂O₃和Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀的含量逐渐增加,CaO·Al₂O₃的含量逐渐降低;12CaO·7Al₂O₃和Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀的结晶度逐渐降低,CaO·Al₂O₃的结晶度逐渐升高。Na₂O的掺杂提高了熟料在碳酸钠溶液中的浸出性能,并且使浸出渣中CaCO₃的空间群由R-3CH、P63/MMC两种转变为只含有R-3CH一种。     

混合碱效应对Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2系玻璃结构和热膨胀性能的影响

本文用传统高温熔融法熔制Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂系高铝玻璃,改变碱金属氧化物n(Li₂O)/n(Na₂O)的摩尔比,运用阿基米德排水法、热膨胀仪、DSC、傅里叶变换红外光谱和拉曼光谱等测试手段和仪器,探究了混合碱金属效应对Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂系玻璃结构和热膨胀性能的影响。结果显示:随着n(Li₂O)/n(Na₂O)比例增大,混合碱金属效应对Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂系玻璃的密度和热膨胀系数的影响一致,表现为先增大后减小,当R=0.25(R=n(Li₂O)/[n(Li₂O)+n(Na₂O)],摩尔比)时,出现极值,此时密度达到最大2.447 4 g/cm³,热膨胀系数达到最大7.811 7×10^-6/℃;对玻璃特征温度的影响随着温度的升高而逐渐减弱至消失;对玻璃的析晶能力有一定的提升作用;对玻璃三维骨架结构中的硅氧四面体Qⁿ的影响也各不相同。     

Devitrification of a glass obtained from porphyric sands, MgO (15%) and TiO2 (4%)

A glass of composition: SiO₂ = 59·84%; Al₂O₃ = 11·45%; MgO = 15·34%; TiO₂ = 4·23%; K₂O = 3·80%; Na₂O = 2·48%; CaO = 1·08%; Fe₂O₃ = 1·78%; was prepared from porphyric sands by addition of MgO and TiO₂. The quenched glass is demixed on a very fine scale. The non-isothermal devitrification has been studied. Three-dimensional crystal growth has been observed. The experimental data suggest a mechanism controlled by the crystal-glass interface reaction. The crystal growth activation energy E_c = 467 ± 20 kJ/mole has been evaluated. The temperature of most efficient nucleation is approximately T_N = 720°C.     

锂辉石-氧化钙烧结法提锂的物相重构与动力学

对锂辉石-氧化钙烧结过程进行热力学分析,绘制了各反应Gibbs自由能与温度的关系图。结果表明,Al₂O₃会优先和Na₂O、Li₂O、K₂O反应,然后与CaO反应生成CaO·Al₂O₃,而且烧结温度需高于1060℃以保证LiAlSi₂O₆能够完成晶形转变。并探讨了锂辉石-氧化钙烧结法提锂的反应机理。考察了不同烧结条件对锂浸出率的影响并对熟料进行X射线衍射（XRD）分析表征。实验结果表明,在配料比为1∶1.25、烧结温度1150℃、烧结时间60min时,锂的浸出率达到92.14%,熟料中的主要物相为Ca₂SiO₄与LiAlO₂。利用XRD和扫描电镜-能谱联用仪（SEM-EDS）对熟料与浸出渣的物相、显微形貌及元素分布情况进行了分析表征。为了确定烧结反应的控制性步骤,在最优烧结条件的基础上对烧结过程进行动力学分析,结果表明,锂辉石-氧化钙烧结体系属于球形颗粒三维界面化学反应控制,烧结过程的动力学拟合方程为\mathrm{1}-{(\mathrm{1}-x)}^{\mathrm{1}/\mathrm{3}}=\mathrm{0.00677}t。     

K2O/Al2O3和Na3PO4/MgO固体碱催化合成松香酸蔗糖酯的研究

分别以自制固体碱K₂O/Al₂O₃和Na₃PO₄/MgO为催化剂,1,2-丙二醇为反应溶剂,催化松香与蔗糖合成松香酸蔗糖酯。以酯化率为指标,考察了反应温度、催化剂的负载量、反应时间、松香与蔗糖质量比对松香酸蔗糖酯合成的影响。通过SEM和BET等手段对催化剂进行表征,并对松香酸蔗糖酯的乳化、发泡、表面张力等性能进行测试。结果表明：K₂O/Al₂O₃与Na₃PO₄/MgO比表面积分别为142.52和19.38m²/g;在松香酸蔗糖酯的合成反应中,催化剂K₂O/Al₂O₃的活性高于Na₃PO₄/MgO。K₂O/Al₂O₃为催化剂时,最优合成工艺条件为反应时间2.5h,反应温度125℃,K₂O/Al₂O₃催化剂用量3%,催化剂中K₂O负载量30%,松香和蔗糖质量比1：2,该条件下酯化率达到98%。合成的松香酸蔗糖酯与市场广泛使用的脂肪酸蔗糖酯相比,具有更好的表面活性。     

Pyroxene solid solutions crystallized from CaO-Mgo (Li2O, Fe2O3)-SiO2 glasses

The crystallization characteristics, phase assemblages and solid solution developed from thermally treated glasses based on LiFeSi₂O₆-CaMgSiO₆ system have been investigated.

Varieties of pyroxene solid solutions of diopside, hedenbergite and augite nature are mostly detected by the X-ray analysis of the crystallization products of high CaO, Mg-containing glasses. However, lithium iron pyroxene, lithium ferrite (LiFe₅O₈), lithium ferrate (LiFeO₂) and iron oxides were crystallized in the high Li₂O, Fe₂O₃-containing varieties. In most cases small amounts of lithium disilicate and -quartz were also encountered.

The conditions at which these phases are formed are discussed.     

Effects of methane and oxygen on decomposition of nitrous oxide over metal oxide catalysts

Catalytic activities of various metal oxides for decomposition of nitrous oxide were compared in the presence and absence of methane and oxygen, and the general rule in the effects of the coexisting gases was discussed. The reaction rates of nitrous oxide were well correlated to the heat of formation of metal oxide, i.e., a V-shaped relationship with a minimum at −ΔH_f⁰ around 450 kJ (O mol)⁻¹ was observed in N₂O decomposition in an inert gas. In the case of metal oxides having the heat of formation lower than 450 kJ (O mol)⁻¹, CuO, Co₃O₄, NiO, Fe₂O₃, SnO₂, In₂O₃, Cr₂O₃, the activities were strongly affected by the presence of methane and oxygen. On the other hand, the activities of TiO₂, Al₂O₃, La₂O₃, MgO and CaO were almost independent. The reaction rate of nitrous oxide was significantly enhanced by methane. The promotion effect of methane was attributed to the reduction of nitrous oxide with methane: 4N₂O+CH₄→2N₂+CO₂+2H₂O. The activity was suppressed in the presence of oxygen on the metal oxides having lower heat of formation. On the basis of Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism, the effect of oxygen on nitrous oxide decomposition was rationalized with the strength of metal–oxygen bond.     

金属氧化物对油页岩热解产物收率及组成分布的影响

通过固定床反应器,对4种金属氧化物（Al₂O₃、MgO、CaO、Fe₂O₃）对油页岩热解所得油、气产率及成分的影响进行了研究。结果显示,碱性CaO对油、水、气、焦产率分布影响较为突出,可提高页岩油与半焦产率,并降低热解气产率;而酸性较强的Al₂O₃可同时提高页岩油、热解气和热解水的产率,有利于促进挥发分的析出;比较而言,MgO和Fe₂O₃的作用相对较弱。4种金属氧化物均可提高热解气中H₂、CH₄和C₂的产率;CaO作用下CO₂含量降低,而其他金属氧化物对CO₂的产生有不同程度的促进作用;Fe₂O₃可促进H₂产生;Al₂O₃作用下CH₄含量有所增加。4种金属氧化物均可促进页岩油中芳香烃的产生,并且CaO和MgO两种碱土金属氧化物作用下,短链（C₆~C₁₂）烷烃和烯烃含量均增加,而掺混Al₂O₃时页岩油中仅短链（C₆~C₁₂）烷烃含量增加。对此机理进行推测认为,碱性CaO和MgO首先与以脂肪酸形式存在的有机质进行酸碱反应,得到脱羧活性更高的羧酸盐,后者脱羧所得中间产物具有生成烷烃或烯烃两条可能路径,同时得到碳酸盐;而在具有Lewis酸特征的Al₂O₃作用下,脱羧产物为CO₂,并同时得到饱和烃产物。     

Effect of the order of potassium introduction on the texture and activity of Mo/Al2O3 catalysts in water gas shift reaction

The effect of deposition and order of potassium introduction on the texture and activity of Mo/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts in water gas shift (WGS) reaction was investigated. The samples were synthesised by incipient wetness impregnation of the carrier with aqueous solutions of the corresponding salts followed by drying and calcination after each deposition step. The prepared catalyst precursors were sulphided at 400°C for 2 h with 6% H₂S in H₂ before testing in WGS reaction in a glass flow apparatus at 400°C under atmospheric pressure.

The results show that potassium deposition alone on the bare γ-Al₂O₃ (sample K/Al₂O₃) decreases the specific surface after calcination by blocking the constrictions between the pores in the primary porous texture. In the WGS reaction conditions part of the pores are deblocked and a redistribution in the pore volumes occurs.

The deposition of the Mo (sample Mo/Al₂O₃) also results in a decrease in both specific surface and total pore volume with respect to the bare support. However after catalytic activity test no substantial changes in its texture were observed.

The addition of K to the Mo (sample KMo/Al₂O₃) leads to nonuniformity in distribution of molybdenum–oxygen entities due to partial migration of the MoO_x species to the external surface. The specific surface is not changed during the reaction test.

The deposition of Mo on K/Al₂O₃ contributes to the uniform distribution of oxomolybdenum species in the porous texture of the support. This uniformity is preserved to a high extent in the catalytic reaction as well. The activity in the synthesised samples in the WGS reaction decreases in the order MoK/Al₂O₃ > Mo/Al₂O₃ > KMo/Al₂O₃.     

Subsolidus phase relationships in part of the system Si, Al, Ca/N, O

Subsolidus phase relationships in the region bounded by Si₃N₄, SiO₂, CaSiO₃, 2CaO.Al₂O₃.SiO₂, CaO.Al₂O₃, Al₂O₃ and β'-Si₂Al₄O₄N₄(β₆₀) have been studied. A new quinary phase with composition near to CaO. 1·33Al₂O₃.0·67Si₂N₂O (designated as S-phase) and a complete series of solid solution between S-phase and CaO.2Al₂O₃ were found. Fourteen compatible tetrahedra, of which five contain S-phase, occur in the region explored. They are as follows: X₁-SiO₂-anorthite-mullite; X₁-anorthite-mullite-Al₂O₃; X₁-anorthite-Al₂O₃-β₆₀; X₁-anorthite-β₆₀-Si₃N₄; X₁-anorthite-Si₃N₄-Si₂N₂O; X₁-anorthite-Si₂N₂O-SiO₂; anorthite-Si₂N₂O-SiO₂-CaSiO₃; anorthite-Si₂N₂O-CaSiO₃-gehlenite; anorthite-Si₂N₂O-gehlenite-Si₃N₄; S-anorthite-Al₂O₃-β₆₀; S-Al₂O₃-CaO.2Al₂O₃-gehlenite; S-Al₂O₃-gehlenite-anorthite; S-gehlenite-anorthite-Si₃N₄; S-anorthite-Si₃N₄-β₆₀.     

Catalytic activity of bed materials from industrial CFB boilers for the decomposition of N2O

The correlation between the catalytic activity towards N₂O decomposition and fuel type was studied for the bed materials sampled from the bottom bed of two industrial CFB boilers, a 12 MW_th and a 550 MW_th, burning biomass fuels and wastes, alone or as a mixture. It was found that the elemental composition of the surface of the bed material particles changed according to the composition of the ash from the parent fuel. The measured catalytic activity of the bed material samples increased with the amount of the catalytically active oxides (CaO, MgO, Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃). In the case of limestone addition, the activity of the bed material was influenced by both the elemental composition of the fuel, and the ratio between lime and sulfated lime.     

复合生料无光釉的研制

叙述了复合生料釉的研制过程,讨论了MgO、CaO、ZnO、Al₂O₃、SiO₂等氧化物及Al₂O₃/SiO₂比、烧成制度和其他因素对无光釉的影响。     

The formation of calcium sulfoaluminate hydrate compounds: Part I

The formation of ettringite (3CaO · Al₂O₃ · 3CaSO₄ · 32H₂O) and monosulfate (3CaO · Al₂O₃ · CaSO₄ · 12H₂O) from tricalcium aluminate (3CaO · Al₂O₃) and gypsum (CaSO₄ · 2H₂O) in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions was investigated by isothermal calorimetry and X-ray diffraction analyses. Tricalcium aluminate/gypsum mixtures with a molar aluminate-to-sulfate ratio of 1:3 were hydrated at constant temperatures from 40 to 80°C in deionized water and 200 and 500 mM of NaOH solutions. Ettringite was the only crystalline phase ultimately formed between 40 and 80°C, regardless of whether hydration was carried out in deionized water or sodium hydroxide solutions. The rates of ettringite formation were retarded in sodium hydroxide solutions at all temperatures when compared to hydration in deionized water. The apparent activation energy for the conversion of the tricalcium aluminate/gypsum mixture to ettringite was observed to depend on the concentration of sodium hydroxide.     

碱性氧化物对煤灰熔融特征行为的影响

利用分析纯试剂制备了酸碱比为0.82,但Na₂O、CaO、MgO和Fe₂O₃含量不同的合成灰,并在815℃下在马弗炉中进行灼烧后,对其熔融温度进行测定。同时利用扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪（SEM-EDS）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）对样品微观形貌和矿物组成进行表征。结果表明：随着Na₂O质量分数从4%升高到12%,合成灰变形温度（DT）、软化温度（ST）、半球温度（HT）和流动温度（FT）分别从1225℃、1233℃、1255℃和1297℃下降为1162℃、1174℃、1181℃和1189℃,意味着Na₂O对合成灰具有较强的助熔效果;随着CaO和MgO含量在合成灰中分别增加,DT、ST和HT均单调上升,而FT则呈先下降后上升趋势,说明二者含量变化与合成灰熔融温度呈非线性关系;随着Fe₂O₃质量分数由5%增加至30%,FT由1215℃上升至1308℃,而其他3个熔融特征温度并无显著变化。通过SEM-EDS和XRD表征发现,合成灰中耐熔矿物（SiO₂和CaAl₂Si₂O₈等）和助熔矿物（CaMgSi₂O₆和NaAlSiO₄等）的比例变化和含钠矿物、含钙矿物之间低温共熔反应程度是影响其熔融温度的主要原因。综合对比所有合成煤灰熔融特征温度和化学组成发现,对于具有相同酸碱比的煤灰,DT主要与样品中Na₂O含量和碱土金属总量（CaO+MgO）密切相关影响,而FT主要受Na₂O和Fe₂O₃含量影响。     

Activity enhancement of SnO2-doped Ga2O3–Al2O3 catalysts by coexisting H2O for the selective reduction of NO with propene

Catalytic reduction of NO by propene in the presence of oxygen was studied over SnO₂-doped Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ prepared by sol–gel method. Although SnO₂-doped Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ gave lower NO conversion than Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ in the absence of H₂O, the activity was enhanced considerably by the presence of H₂O and much higher than that of Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃. The presence of SnO₂ and Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ species having intimate Ga–O–Al bondings was found to be essential for the promotional effect of H₂O. The promotional effect of H₂O was interpreted by the following two reasons. The first one is the removal of carbonaceous materials deposited on the catalyst surface by H₂O. The other is the selective inhibition by H₂O of the reaction steps resulting in propene oxidation to CO_x without reducing NO.     

LAS微晶玻璃在离子交换后的去结晶相变化及机械性能表征

Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂(LAS)系微晶玻璃是一种高性能的实用微晶玻璃体系,以Li₂O、Al₂O₃和SiO₂作为主要原料,采用整体析晶法制备了以透锂长石(LiAlSi₄O₁₀)为主晶相的微晶玻璃,并采用低温离子交换单元盐浴的方法,对其进行化学强化。利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜等设备研究了LAS系微晶玻璃化学强化后的表面形貌和机械性能。结果表明,化学强化后此体系微晶玻璃表面出现去结晶相,维氏硬度显著降低,但抗弯强度显著提高,强化10 h时,表面出现约740 nm的非晶相层,抗弯强度达到最大值472 MPa。     

Enhanced activity of metal oxide-doped Ga2O3–Al2O3 for NO reduction by propene

Effect of additives, In₂O₃, SnO₂, CoO, CuO and Ag, on the catalytic performance of Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ prepared by sol–gel method for the selective reduction of NO with propene in the presence of oxygen was studied. As for the reaction in the absence of H₂O, CoO, CuO and Ag showed good additive effect. When H₂O was added to the reaction gas, the activity of CoO-, CuO- and Ag-doped Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ was depressed considerably, while an intensifying effect of H₂O was observed for In₂O₃- and SnO₂-doped Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃. Of several metal oxide additives, In₂O₃-doped Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ showed the highest activity for NO reduction by propene in the presence of H₂O. Kinetic studies on NO reduction over In₂O₃–Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ revealed that the rate-determining step in the absence of H₂O is the reaction of NO₂ formed on Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ with C₃H₆-derived species, whereas that in the presence of H₂O is the formation of C₃H₆-derived species. We presumed the reason for the promotional effect of H₂O as follows: the rate for the formation of C₃H₆-derived species in the presence of H₂O is sufficiently fast compared with that for the reaction of NO₂ with C₃H₆-derived species in the absence of H₂O. Although the retarding effect of SO₂ on the activity was observed for all of the catalysts, SnO₂–Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ showed still relatively high activity in the lower temperature region.     

碱/碱土金属修饰Ni基催化剂的CO2吸附与甲烷化性能

采用分步浸渍法制备了碱/碱土金属修饰Ni基催化剂Ni-M/Al₂O₃ (M=K₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃, MgO, CaO)。探究了碱/碱土金属的添加对改性Ni基催化剂CO₂吸附和甲烷化性能的影响。研究发现,碱/碱土金属的添加提高了Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂表面的碱性活性位点密度,强化了其CO₂吸附性能。碱/碱土金属类型影响Ni-M/Al₂O₃催化剂碱性活性位点的分布、NiO物相的转化及Ni的分散度,进而影响其甲烷化性能。MgO添加使NiO物相转化为与载体呈强相互作用的β型和γ型NiO,降低了催化剂表面的强碱性活性位点比例,有利于CO₂吸附活化。Ni-MgO/Al₂O₃的CO₂吸附容量最高为0.68mmolCO₂/g,其CO₂转化率和CH₄选择性分别高达58.4%和95.4%,其在烟气CO₂捕集与原位甲烷化中极具应用前景。