Extraction of copper from dilute solutions by LIX 64N. Effect of dekalin and tetralin as diluents on the equilibrium and rate of mass transfer

Liquid-liquid equilibrium data and mass transfer rates for the extraction of copper from dilute aqueous sulphate solutions by LIX 64N with dekalin (decahydronaphthalene) and tetralin (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene) as diluents are reported. The stripping of copper from the organic phase was also studied. For an initial copper concentration of 1.5 g dm^?3 extraction efficiency decreases as the concentration of tetralin increases in the diluent mixtures of dekalin-tetralin. This behaviour is explained as a result of the formation of oxime aggregates and the interaction between the oxime and the diluent. Initial rates of extraction and stripping were determined by the single drop technique. The linear relation between initial rates of extraction and the difference of interfacial tension between the extractant in the diluent and the diluent itself holds for the system under investigation.     

Purification of nickel sulphate solutions containing iron,copper, cobalt,zinc and manganese

Acidic nickel-bearing solution containing iron, cobalt, manganese, zinc and copper was processed through a solvent extraction and precipitation technique to obtain a pure nickel sulphate solution. Iron was extracted using 0.2M Cyanex-272 (partially neutralised) as the extractant. Stripping of iron from the loaded organic has also been studied. After iron recovery through solvent extraction the raffinate still contained 0·25 g dm^?3 of iron which was quantitatively separated by a lime precipitation technique. During this iron precipitation there was no loss of cobalt and nickel but copper, manganese and zinc were coprecipitated to some extent. From the iron-free nickel sulphate solution the other impurities were extracted using the same extractant (Cyanex-272) in a single stage. The metal ions from the loaded organic were stripped using a 0·5% (v/v) H₂SO₄ solution in a single stage. The entire operation needs only seven stages: two stages for iron extraction, three stages for iron stripping from the loaded organic, and one stage each for extraction and stripping of other impurities. In the entire operation the loss of nickel was less than 0·5%.     

溶剂萃取法从褐藻浸提液中分离提取褐藻糖胶

用溶剂萃取法分离提取了实际海藻浸提液中的褐藻糖胶. 考察了接触时间、溶剂加入量及萃取剂浓度等对萃取的影响，并与从多糖配制液中的萃取情况进行比较. 考察了无机盐水溶液反萃褐藻糖胶的性能及在溶剂中加入TOA(三正辛胺)对萃取和反萃的影响，结果表明，季铵盐从实际鼠尾藻浸提液中萃取褐藻糖胶受溶剂加入量的影响很大，溶剂加入量越大，萃取率越低；而萃取时间对萃取的影响不大. 海带浸提液的萃取优于鼠尾藻浸提液，而超声破碎法有利于萃取. TOA的加入既有利于褐藻糖胶的萃取也有利于无机盐水溶液反萃褐藻糖胶. 采用溶剂萃取法制备的固体褐藻糖胶的纯度优于乙醇分步沉淀法制备的固体褐藻糖胶的纯度.     

褐藻糖胶的萃取和反萃

研究了无机盐种类和浓度对N263萃取褐藻糖胶的影响. 结果表明,无机盐浓度是影响褐藻糖胶萃取的最主要因素, 褐藻糖胶的萃取率随盐浓度的增加而迅速降低,在无机盐存在下,增加萃取剂浓度并不能增加对褐藻糖胶的萃取. 用盐水溶液反萃不同条件下萃取的褐藻糖胶,结果表明,反萃率随盐浓度的增加而增加,在相同的氯离子浓度下,钠盐的反萃效率优于钙盐,随有机相中褐藻糖胶浓度的增加, 盐的反萃效率降低. 比较了不同溶剂作为稀释剂对用盐溶液反萃褐藻糖胶的影响,表明CCl4作为稀释剂时盐的反萃效率最低.     

Recovery of copper from sulphate medium by Lix-84 in kerosene

The extraction–stripping reaction of Cu(II) by Lix-84 in kerosene from aqueous sulphate medium of pH 2·5 has been investigated. The effects of pH, metal ion, extractant and strip solution concentrations as well as the loading capacity of the extractant were investigated. The number of stages required for the extraction and stripping of copper was also evaluated. The results are used to assess the conditions for purification of industrial waste solutions containing copper through counter-current extraction in a horizontal mixer-settler.     

Extraction of Copper(II) Ions from Chloride and Sulphate Solutions Using Hydrophobic Pyridyl Ketoximes

Hydrophobic pyridyl ketoximes: 1-(2-pyridyl)tridecan-1-one oxime, 1-(3-pyridyl)tridecan-1-one oxime and 1-(4-pyridyl)tridecan-1-one oxime have been synthesized and investigated as extractants of copper(II) ions. Removal of metal ions was conducted from chloride, sulphate, and sulphate/chloride solutions. The influence of pH of aqueous solutions, copper(II), chloride, and sulphate ions and ligand concentration for extraction process were studied. Copper(II) extraction by hydrophobic 2-, 3-, and 4-pyridyl ketoximes from sulphate solutions is not possible. However, addition of chloride ions to initial sulphate media enables metal removal. The oxime of 1-(2-pyridyl)tridecane-1-one was determined as the strongest extractant of the tested oximes, but metal stripping was impossible. For the rest of the studied extractants the stripping process could be done using water or diluted mineral acid.     

Extraction of vanadium(V) from sulfate solutions by ACORGA M5640

ACORGA M5640 (hydroxy‐oxime derivative) has been applied as an extraction reagent for vanadium(V) from sulfate media. The extraction system was studied as a function of contact time, temperature, aqueous pH, diluent of the organic phase, and metal and extractant concentrations. The extraction reaction is endothermic and it is dependent on the organic diluent, aqueous pH and extractant concentration. The data have been analysed numerically to determine the stoichiometry of extracted species and their equilibrium constants. It was found that vanadium was extracted into the organic phase by a complex mechanism which involves the formation of two species (VO₂R and VO₂R. HR, where R represents the extractant). Vanadium stripping by acidic and ammonium hydroxide solutions was also studied. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

The extraction of lactic acid by emulsion type of liquid membranes using alamine 336 in escaid 100

The extraction of lactic acid from aqueous solutions through an emulsion liquid membrane containing Alamine 336 as carrier was investigated. The influence of mixing speed, diluent type, surfactant concentration, extractant concentration, feed solution pH, stripping concentration, phase ratio, and feed concentration were examined. Liquid membrane consists of a diluent (n‐heptane, toluene, kerosene, Escaid 100, and Escaid 200), a surfactant (Span 80) and an extractant (Alamine 336), and Na₂CO₃ were used as a stripping solution. It is possible to extract 91% of lactic acid from aqueous solutions using Alamine 336 in Escaid 100, as an extractant and a diluent respectively.     

Simultaneous solvent extraction of cobalt and magnesium in the presence of nickel from sulfate solutions by Ionquest 801

The simultaneous extraction of Co(II) and Mg(II) from nickel sulfate solutions has been carried out using the organophosphonic extractant Ionquest 801 diluted in Exxsol D‐80. Statistical design and analysis of experiments were used in order to determine the main effects and interactions of the solvent extraction parameters, which were the extraction pH at equilibrium, the temperature, the extractant concentration and the organic/aqueous phase ratio. A statistically designed experiment was also carried out to study the stripping of the Ionquest 801 organic phase loaded with cobalt and magnesium by sulfuric acid solution. The number of stages required for both extraction and stripping processes of cobalt and magnesium was evaluated. The results of continuous counter‐current mini‐plant tests demonstrated the simultaneous recovery of cobalt and magnesium from nickel sulfate solution. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Extraction of copper from aqueous solutions with carboxylic acids

The distribution equilibrium data at 25°C for the extraction of copper from aqueous solutions, containing sodium nitrate or sodium sulphate, by carboxylic acids using toluene, benzene and carbon tetrachloride as diluents have been measured. The carboxylic acids used are n-myristic, n-lauric and n-capric. The results obtained led to the conclusion that the composition of the extracted species corresponds to (CuR₂.HR)₂, being irrespective of both the nature of organic phase and the aqueous phase. The addition of sodium sulphate, instead of sodium nitrate, decreases the extraction efficiency due to the formation a CuSO₄ ion-pair into the aqueous phase. The diluent effect has been related to the activity of the dimerised carboxylic acid in the diluent.     

Extraction of Chloride Ions from Zinc-Bearing Waste Lixivium by Trioctyl Amine (TOA)

This paper presents research on separating Cl^? from zinc-bearing waste lixivium by using trioctylamine as an extractant, 2-octanol as a solvent, and sulfonated kerosene as a diluent. The effects of trioctylamine concentration, organic/aqueous phase ratio, extracting stages, and waste lixivium pH were investigated, and the process of stripping was also discussed. The optimal conditions were achieved. The extraction efficiency, separation factor, and stripping efficiency were calculated with optimal values of 99.47%, 595, and 99.99%, respectively. Besides, the extractant regenerated after stripping was observed without the emulsifying phenomenon. The mechanism of extraction and stripping was also discussed.     

Recovery of carboxylic acids C1?C3 with organophosphine oxide solvating extractants

This study was aimed at examining the use of the organophosphine oxides Cyanex^®921 and Cyanex^®923 for the extraction of formic, acetic and propionic acids from aqueous solutions. The stripping of monocarboxylic acids with water from the loaded extractants was also examined. The studies were aimed at determining the equilibrium conditions for extraction and stripping. Overall, the effect of the kind of extractant was not significant although Cyanex^®921 extracted carboxylic acids slightly better than Cyanex^®923 with 1:1 complexes being formed by both extractants with the acids during extraction. The efficiency of extraction depended on temperature, acid concentration and solvent, with toluene a better diluent for the extractants than octane or Exxsol^®D 220/230. Extraction efficiency increased as the concentration of acid in the feed decreased and, also, as the temperature increased, the amount of acid extracted decreased. The extraction and stripping isotherms were determined. The apparent enthalpy and entropy of the extraction reaction were determined. Distribution data for the transfer of carboxylic acids from aqueous (NaCl) solutions to organic solvents in the presence of trialkylphosphine oxide were determined at 293 K with the distribution ratios increasing as the concentration of NaCl increased. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Separation of Copper and Nickel from Ammoniacal/Ammonium Carbonate Solutions Using ACORGA PT5050

ABSTRACT

ACORGA PT5050 diluted with iberfluid (kerosene-type diluent, mostly aliphatic) was used to coextract copper and nickel from ammoniacal carbonate solutions. The influence of kinetics, temperature, equilibrium pH, and extractant concentration on the extraction of both metals has been studied. It was observed that nickel extraction is very sensitive to aqueous pH and that the extraction falls beyond an equilibrium pH of 9. For a typical solution containing near 3 g/L each of copper and nickel and 60 g/L ammonium carbonate, conditions were established for the coextraction and selective stripping of nickel and copper.     

硫酸化焙烧从锰矿中回收钴—─I.硫酸化焙烧工艺

采用两段硫酸化焙烧工艺对从废弃菱锰矿中回收钴进行了实验研究．详细考查了酸比、焙烧温度、焙烧时间的影响以及硫酸钠在焙烧中的催化作用．实验结果表明，在适宜的工艺条件下，钴的提取率可达９５％，锰的提取率达１００％，而铁的溶出率则低于８％，取得了令人满意的结果．     

Separation of Cobalt and Zinc from Manganese,Magnesium, and Calcium using a Synergistic Solvent Extraction System Consisting of Versatic 10 and LIX 63

Abstract

The Boleo leach solution contains large amounts of manganese (45 g/L), magnesium (25 g/L) and small amounts of cobalt (0.2 g/L) and zinc (1 g/L) in sea water. Due to the high manganese concentration, it is very difficult to separate cobalt and zinc from manganese, magnesium, and calcium using conventional solvent-extraction processes, which has led to the development of a synergistic solvent extraction (SSX) system consisting of Versatic 10 and LIX®63. By adding 0.4 M LIX 63 to 0.5 M Versatic 10, large synergistic shifts were obtained for cobalt (max. ΔpH₅₀ 4.24) and zinc (max. ΔpH₅₀ 1.62). After a single contact at pH 4.5, the extraction of cobalt was almost complete and that of zinc 80%. The extraction of manganese was 1.55%, and almost no magnesium and calcium were extracted, indicating excellent separation of cobalt and good separation of zinc from manganese, magnesium, and calcium. The SSX system was further optimized to reduce the co-extraction of manganese with the synthetic Boleo demonstration plant solution. It was found that with 0.33 M Versatic 10 and 0.30 M LIX 63, the SSX system composition approached optimum. After a single contact at pH 5.5, the extractions of cobalt and zinc were 93% and 70%, respectively, while the manganese concentration in the loaded organic solution was only 0.28 g/L. The extraction and stripping kinetics of cobalt and zinc were rapid. The SSX system was tested in two integrated pilot-plant trials with excellent results. Baja Mining has planned to implement the SSX circuit in their future Boleo plant.     

磷酸三丁酯络合萃取丁酸的研究

用络合萃取法分离极性有机稀溶液 ,具有高效性和高选择性。利用磷酸三丁酯 (TBP)为络合剂 ,分别采用甲苯、异丙基甲酮、正辛醇、煤油作为稀释剂萃取丁酸稀溶液 ,系统研究了不同稀释剂对络合萃取平衡的影响 ,最终从效能、毒性、价格等综合因素考虑 ,选用正辛醇作为稀释剂 ;分析了络合剂浓度、丁酸溶液初始浓度、溶液 pH值以及温度对络合萃取相平衡分配系数的影响 ;利用红外光谱测定了负载有机相中萃合物的结构 ;并进行了有机溶剂的再生研究     

Recovery of copper from ammoniacal/ammonium sulfate medium by LIX 54

The extraction‐stripping reaction of Cu(II) by LIX 54 in Iberfluid from aqueous ammonium sulfate medium at pH 8.5 has been investigated. The effects of pH, metal ion, extractant concentration as well as the loading capacity of the reagent were studied. The extraction equilibrium constant for copper was determined numerically to be 7 × 10⁻⁷. Experimental data can be explained assuming the formation of CuR₂ species in the organic phase (R represents the extractant). Copper stripping was studied using typical spent copper electrowinning solutions as stripping medium. The number of stages required for the extraction and stripping of copper was also evaluated. The results were used to asses the conditions for purification of industrial waste solutions (eg spent etchants) containing copper through counter‐current extraction‐stripping. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Extraction of molybdenum(VI) from sulfate solutions by LIX 622

The application of LIX 622 (oxime derivative) as an extraction reagent of molybdenum (VI) from sulfate media was studied. The extraction system was studied as a function of contact time, temperature, aqueous pH, diluent of the organic phase and metal and extractant concentrations. The extraction is exothermic and it is dependent on the organic diluent, aqueous pH and reagent concentration. The data have been analysed numerically to determine the stoichiometry of extracted species and their equilibrium constants. It was found that molybdenum was extracted into the organic phase by a complex mechanism which involves the formation of three species (MoO₂L₂, MoO₄H₃HL⁺HSO₄⁻ and MoO₄H₂HL, where L represents the extractant). Molybdenum stripping by acidic and ammonium hydroxide solutions was also studied. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Separation of cobalt and nickel from acidic sulfate solutions using mixtures of di(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DP‐8R) and hydroxyoxime (ACORGA M5640)

DP‐8R and ACORGA M5640 extractants diluted in Exxsol D100 were used to co‐extract cobalt and nickel from aqueous acidic sulfate media. The influences of equilibration time, temperature, equilibrium pH and reagent concentrations on the extraction of both metals have been studied. It was observed that both cobalt and nickel extraction are slightly sensitive to temperature but are pH dependent. Metal extraction equilibria are reached within about 5 min contact time. In addition, cobalt extraction depends on the extractant concentration in the organic phase. For a solution containing 0.5 g dm^?3 each of cobalt and nickel and an initial pH of 4.1, conditions were established for the co‐extraction of both metals and selective stripping (with H₂SO₄) of cobalt and nickel. Using the appropriate reagent concentrations the yield (extraction stage) for both metals exceeded 90%, and stripping of cobalt and nickel was almost quantitative. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

2-乙基己基膦酸单(2-乙基已基)酯萃取钴的动力学

引言膦类萃取剂萃取分离钴、镍已应用于工业生产，并在湿法冶金和其它领域得到广泛应用．对膦类萃取剂萃取钴的动力学已有多方面研究~〔1～6〕，但2-乙基已基磷酸单（2-乙基己基)酯（简称P_507,HEHEHP，H_2A_2）萃取钴的动力学研究报道较少~〔4,6〕，尤其缺乏不同水相介质对HEHEHP萃取钴的萃取速度的影响及其机制的探讨．本文在恒定界面池内，研究了HEHEHP-加氢煤油-NaNO_3体系萃取钴的动力学，主要在动力学坪区考察了萃取体系中各种因素和不同水相介质对萃取速度的影响，并对其机理进行探讨．l　实验部分1.1　仪器和试剂恒定界面…