Miscibility study of cellulose acetate/carboxylated poly(vinyl chloride) blend in cyclohexanone by viscosity,ultrasonic velocity,refractive index,and polarizing microscopic methods

The viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, refractive index, and density of cellulose acetate/carboxylated poly(vinyl chloride) (CA/C‐PVC) blends in cyclohexanone, a common solvent, were measured at 30°C. After casting films of the blend for a 50:50 composition, polarizing micrographs were taken. Using the viscosity data, the interaction parameters were computed by employing two different equations. These values indicated that the CA/C‐PVC blend is miscible. This was confirmed by ultrasonic, refractive index, density, and polarizing microscopic methods. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 557–561, 2001     

Solution and solid‐state blend compatibility of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(methyl methacrylate)

The blend miscibility of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(methyl methacrylate) in N,N′‐dimethylformamide solution was investigated by viscosity, density, ultrasonic velocity, refractive index, and UV and fluorescence spectra studies. Differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy were used to confirm the blend miscibility in the solid state. Blends were compatible when the concentration of poly(vinyl alcohol) was greater than 60 wt %. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2415–2421, 2006     

Miscibility studies of hydroxypropyl cellulose/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) in dilute solutions and solid state

The miscibility of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) blends in aqueous solutions was studied using viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, and refractive index techniques at 30°C. The interaction parameters ΔB, μ, and α calculated from viscosity using Sun and Chee methods indicated the miscibility of this blend. This was further confirmed by ultrasonic and refractive index results. The HPC/PVP blend films are prepared by solution casting method and are analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopic techniques that confirmed the complete miscibility. This miscibility is due to the strong intermolecular H-bonding interactions between  OH groups of HPC and CO groups of PVP. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Miscibility studies of sodium alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend in water by viscosity,ultrasonic, and refractive index methods

The miscibility of a sodium alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend in water was studied by viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, and refractive index techniques at 30, 40, and 50°C. Using the viscosity data, interaction parameters μ and α were computed. These values revealed that the blend is miscible when the sodium alginate content is more than 50% in the blend. This was further confirmed by ultrasonic and refractive index methods. It was further observed that the temperature has only a marginal effect on the miscibility of this blend. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 33–39, 2003     

Studies on miscibility of polyacrylamide/polyethylene glycol blends

Miscibility studies have been conducted on solutions of blends of polyacrylamide (PAAm) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) over an extended range of concentrations in water. The ultrasonic velocity, viscosity, density, and refractive index of the blends have been measured for different compositions viz., 0/100, 10/90, 20/80, 30/70, 40/60, 50/50, 60/40, 70/30, 80/30, 90/10, and 100/0 of PAAm/PEG blends at 30°C. The interaction parameters such as μ and α have been evaluated using the viscosity data to probe the miscibility. The obtained results have been confirmed by the ultrasonic velocity, density, and refractive index. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 2048–2053, 2007     

Miscibility studies on chitosan/hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose blend in solution by viscosity,ultrasonic velocity,density, and refractive index methods

The miscibility studies of chitosan (CHI)/hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) blend in buffer solution (0.1M acetic acid + 0.2M sodium acetate) were carried out by viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, density, and refractive index methods at 30, 40, and 50°C, respectively. Using viscosity data, the interaction parameter μ and α were computed. These values revealed that the blend is miscible when the CHI content is more than 50% in the blend. The obtained results were further confirmed by ultrasonic velocity, density, and refractive index study. And also the result revealed that the change in temperature has no significant effect on the miscibility of CHI/HPMC polymer blends. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2738–2742, 2006     

Investigation on miscibility behaviors of elastin‐like polypentapeptide blends with polyvinyl alcohol in aqueous and solid state

The polypentapeptide of elastin, poly(GVGVP) has shown remarkable properties and have great potential for biomedical applications. To explore its applications further, the miscibility behaviors of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/poly(GVGVP) blends have been explored in a very broad composition range. The miscibility behaviors of these blends have been investigated in both solution and solid state using various analytical techniques, including ultrasonic velocity, density, refractive index (RI) and viscosity techniques at 25 °C. The results confirmed the miscibility of the blend up to 40% of the polypeptide. This was further supported by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44624.     

Effect of pH on Properties of Poly(Vinyl Pyrrolidone) + Tri-Sodium Citrate + Guanidine Hydrochloride Aqueous Two-Phase Systems

The experimental results for liquid–liquid equilibrium of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (K30) + tri-sodium citrate + guanidine hydrochloride (5 and 10 w/w%) aqueous two-phase system at 25°C and different pH values (6.2, 7.4, and 10.0) were studied. The partition behavior of guanidine hydrochloride is known to be a function of several factors. Some of them such as guanidine hydrochloride concentration, pH, polymer/salt ratio (w/w), size, and slant of the tie-lines (STLs) are investigated in this study. At higher guanidine hydrochloride concentrations, the binodal was observed to displace. The behavior of the tie-line size (TLS) seems to be somehow different from the influence of the polymeric phase. The increase of GuHCl concentration decreased the STLs, but the slant and size of the equilibrium tie-lines increased with the pH of the two-phase system. The viscosity (η), density (ρ), electrical conductivity (k), and refractive index (n_D) of the poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (K30) + tri-sodium citrate + guanidine hydrochloride + water two-phase systems versus pH were investigated. It was observed that the viscosity and density of the aqueous two-phase system is influenced by the TLS. The density changes between the phases (Δρ) and viscosity changes of the phases (Δη) increased with the increase of the TLS. It was found that linear relations exist between the TLS and the interphase density and viscosity changes.     

Miscibility and interaction studies on some aqueous polymer blend solutions by ultrasonic and rheological techniques

The aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene oxide)–polyacrylic acid, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)–poly(vinyl alcohol), and poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(vinyl alcohol) blends have been studied by ultrasonic, rheological, and viscometric techniques. Extensive investigation over a wide range of concentrations, temperatures, compositions, pH, and shear rates indicate the degree of miscibility, extent of interaction between the polymers, and stoichiometry of the polymer complexes formed by the strong interaction between the polymers in solutions. These investigations indicate the miscibility of poly(ethylene oxide)–polyacrylic acid and poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) blends and the immiscibility of poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(vinyl alcohol) blends in conformity with other reported investigations. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Miscibility of Polycarbonate/Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Polycarbonate/Polyethylene Oxide in Chloroform by Viscosity,Ultrasonic and Refractometric Methods

Abstract

Miscibility studies of polycarbonate/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PC/PVP) and polycarbonate/ polyethylene oxide (PC/PEO) in common solvent chloroform were carried out in different percentages of the blend compositions. The viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, refractive index and density were measured at 30[ddot]C. The interaction parameters were obtained using the viscosity data to probe the miscibility. The obtained results were confirmed by the ultrasonic velocity, density and refractive index measurements.     

Miscibility of polymethylmethacrylate and polyethyleneglycol blends in tetrahydrofuran

The miscibility of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polyethyleneglycol (PEG) blends in tetrahydrofuran (THF) has been investigated by viscosity, density, refractive index, and ultrasonic velocity studies. Various interaction parameters such as polymer–solvent and blend–solvent interaction parameters and heat of mixing have been calculated using the viscosity, density, and ultrasonic velocity data. The results indicated the existence of positive interactions in the blend polymer solutions and that they are miscible in THF in the entire composition range. The study also revealed that variation in the temperature does not affect the miscibility of PMMA and PEG blends in THF significantly. The presence of hydrogen bonding in the blends in the solid state has also been indicated by FTIR studies. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Miscibility studies of epoxy/unsaturated polyester resin blend in chloroform by viscosity,ultrasonic velocity,and refractive index methods

Miscibility studies of blends of epoxy with unsaturated polyester resin in chloroform were carried out by viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, and refractive methods at 30°C. By using viscosity data, the interaction parameters were computed, which indicated that epoxy/unsaturated polyester resin blends were miscible. The miscibility was further confirmed by the ultrasonic velocity and refractive index methods. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2970–2972, 2003     

Synthesis and characterization of (3,4-diphenyl-2,5-dimethyl)phenyl–poly(vinyl silicon) oils

(3,4-Diphenyl-2,5-dimethyl)phenyl–poly(vinyl silicon) oils (DPDMP–C-gums) have been synthesized by Diels–Alder reaction of polyvinyl silicon oil (C-gum) with 3,4-diphenyl-2,5-dimethylcyclopentadienone (DDCP) in diphenyl ether at reflux temperature under normal pressure. The structure of the prepared compounds were characterized by ¹H-NMR, IR, and UV spectra, and some of their properties, such as color, viscosity, refractive index, and thermooxidative stability of the DPDMP–C-gums, were obtained. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Ultrasonic investigation on compatibility of PVC-modified liquid natural rubber blends

The extent of compatibility of the blend solutions poly(vinyl chloride)–liquid natural blends (PVC–LNR), PVC–expodized LNR-20 (PVC–ELNR-20), and PVC–ELNR-50 has been studied using an ultrasonic technique. The variation of ultrasonic velocity with composition is nonlinear in the case of blends of PVC–LNR and PVC–ELNR-20, showing incompatibility. The ultrasonic velocity versus composition plot for PVC–ELNR-50 showed linear behavior showing compatibility. The above behavior was confirmed by heat of mixing calculations as well as ultrasonic attenuation measurements. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 785–790, 1998     

Immiscibility of Silicone Rubber and Polymethylmethacrylate

Polymer blends of silicone polymer with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) have been prepared by solution blending, and their miscibility has been investigated by using physical techniques like viscosity, refractive index, density and ultrasonic velocity for blend solutions at different percentages of the blend composition. All the measurements are made at 30°C. The results are discussed.     

Aqueous‐solution and solid‐film properties of poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), gelatin,starch, and carboxymethylcellulose polymers

With the density and viscosity results for five polymers—poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), gelatin (Ge), starch (St), and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)—measured in aqueous solutions at different temperatures, we have computed the excess molar volumes and activities. Smaller excess molar volumes for PVA solutions are attributed to specific types of interactions, whereas for other polymers, these data are quite large, indicating dispersion‐type interactions. The activity data of the polymer solutions vary widely, depending on the nature of the polymers and their intermolecular interactions. The freestanding film properties of the polymers indicate that Ge and PVA produce stable films, whereas brittle films can be obtained for PVP and St. The mechanical strength properties of PVA and CMC have been found to be suitable for membrane fabrication. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

Physicochemical characterization of hydrogels based on polyvinyl alcohol–vinyl acetate blends

Hydrogels made of polyvinyl alcohol–vinyl acetate and its blends with water soluble polymer were studied in terms of swelling behavior, microstructure, and dynamic mechanical properties. Hydrogels prepared by blending polyvinyl alcohol–vinyl acetate with either polyacrylic acid or poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) exhibited a strong pH dependency. When poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) was used for blending, an unusual pH dependency was observed. An increase in the equilibrium water content in all systems resulted in an increase in the freezable water as determined by DSC. Critical point drying led to a striated surface on polyacrylic acid–polyvinyl alcohol–vinyl acetate hydrogels, whereas a porous structure was observed on the freeze‐dried poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)–polyvinyl alcohol–vinyl acetate gels. Hydrogels with elevated storage modulus were obtained when either polyvinyl alcohol–vinyl acetate alone or polyacrylic acid–polyvinyl alcohol–vinyl acetate blends were thermally treated at high temperatures (i.e., 150°C). Low storage modulus was observed for both poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and poly(4‐vinyl pyridine)‐containing hydrogels. Temperature dependency of storage modulus from 20 to 60°C was observed only for poly(4‐vinyl pyridine)–polyvinyl alcohol–vinyl acetate hydrogels. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 3578–3590, 2001     

Viscometric studies of poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) in water and in water and 0.01% bovine serum albumin at 283.15, 288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K

Viscosity and density studies for 0.01–0.14% (w/w) poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) (PVP) in water and in water and 0.01% bovine serum albumin (BSA) were conducted at 283.15, 288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K. The viscosity coefficients and the activation‐energy, free‐energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes were calculated from viscosity data for viscous flow. On this basis, PVP–PVP, PVP–BSA, PVP–water, and BSA–water interactions and PVP and BSA shape factors were investigated and rationalized in terms of the water structure. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1001–1015, 2003     

Mechanochemical synthesis and characterization of poly(vinyl chloride)-block-poly(vinyl alcohol) copolymers by ultrasonic irradiation

Mechanical degradation and mechanochemical reaction in heterogeneous systems of the solid poly(vinyl chloride)-poly(vinyl alcohol) aqueous solutions have been studied by ultrasonic irradiation at 30 °C. The rate of decrease in the viscosity-average degree of polymerization of the degraded poly(vinyl chloride) was much faster than that of the degraded poly(vinyl alcohol). Mechanochemical reaction occurred by free radicals produced from the chain scissions of both polymers by ultrasonic waves. The copolymer was obtained and the molar ratio of the vinyl chloride and the vinyl alcohol units in its copolymer can be determined. In addition, the changes in the composition of the total block copolymer, the unreacted poly(vinyl chloride), and the unreacted poly(vinyl alcohol) were obtained. Received: 1 October 1998/Revised version: 9 January 1999/Accepted: 13 January 1999     

A Viscometric Study of the Miscibility Behaviour of Poly(N-Vinyl Pyrrolidone) Blends

The miscibility behaviour of blends of poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and vinyl chloride–vinyl acetate (VCVAc) copolymer has been investigated on the basis of a viscometric approach. PVP is found to be miscible with PVC over the entire composition range, as is evident from the high values observed for the intrinsic viscosity of transfer. This is further supported by the single glass transition temperature observed in differential scanning calorimetry studies of the blend films. Blends of PVP with VCVAc copolymer exhibit microphase separation which is shown clearly in the scanning electron micrographs of the films. PVAc/PVP blends show interaction only at low PVAc contents, but in general are immiscible. © of SCI.