温度和溶解氧对生物活性炭处理钢铁工业排水的影响

研究了温度和溶解氧对生物活性炭处理钢铁工业排水的影响。研究结果表明:生物活性炭对污染物的去除效果良好,在20～25℃时,对浊度、COD、氨氮、铁和锰的平均去除率分别为78.7%、38.3%、82.6%、70.1%和75.7%,但去除率随温度的降低而下降,特别是当水温低于15℃时,下降较明显。适当提高溶解氧可以提高生物炭对COD和氨氮的去除效果,但对铁锰去除的影响不大。适宜的进水溶解氧的质量浓度宜控制在5～6mg/L,小于理论需氧量7.68 mg/L。     

曝气生物滤池处理印染废水挂膜启动研究

采用不经二沉池沉淀的二级生化出水启动生物活性炭装置。启动挂膜过程中研究了装置对COD、NH3-N及色度的去除效果和进、出水的DO、pH值变化。试验结果表明:生物膜成熟后,生物活性炭装置对COD、NH3-N及色度均有较好的去除效果,稳定运行时COD的去除率保持在65%以上,NH3-N的去除率保持在70%以上,出水中未检测到色度。通过考察装置进、出水DO和pH值变化,可以判断硝化细菌的生长状况。研究结果显示:挂膜过程中进、出水DO差值变小时,硝化细菌生长状况良好;挂膜过程中出水pH值变小时,硝化细菌生长状况良好。     

生物活性炭深度处理焦化废水的研究

采用生物活性炭技术深度处理焦化厂生化后出水。结果表明,焦化厂生化后出水（COD为200mg／L、色度为900度）经生物活性炭处理后,COD降为46．9mg／L、色度降至25．8度,达到国家工业再生用水水质标准（COD小于60mg／L,色度小于30）;并与颗粒活性炭深度处理焦化废水相比,生物活性炭法处理焦化废水COD及色度的去除率分别提高了13．4％和5．2％,且生物活性炭使用寿命是颗粒活性炭的3．3倍,生物活性炭的吨水材料费为1．4元,比颗粒活性炭低3．26元。生物活性炭法是一种有效、低成本的焦化废水深度处理方法。     

利用生物活性炭提高微生物燃料电池产电性能

通过比较三组微生物燃料电池（MFC）的产电性能,考察使用生物活性炭（BAC）对提高MFC产电性能所起的作用。它们分别是：在阳极室内未投加活性炭的、投加了柱状活性炭的和投加了小颗粒活性炭的3种MFC。投加时机是在电池启动阶段,此时微生物在活性炭上驯化出生物膜,即形成生物活性炭,目的是辅助阳极富集更多微生物。结果表明,投加了小颗粒活性炭的MFC在产电性能和污水处理上具有优势。该电池最大容积功率密度达到1540 mW/m³ ,COD去除率达到了88%。     

Treatment of wastewater from acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) resin manufacturing by biological activated carbon (BAC)

Background: The wastewater originating from the production of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) resin is a toxic and refractory industrial wastewater. The purpose of this work is to investigate the characteristics of adsorption and biodegradation of biological activated carbon (BAC) for ABS resin wastewater. Results: More than 80% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and organic nitrogen (Org‐N) was removed after the 100th run in BAC with the help of bioregeneration, and the treatment efficiency of BAC was higher than that of adsorption and biodegradation alone. The initial Org‐N was mainly transformed into NH₄⁺‐N, and the transform efficiency reached 65% after the 100th run. After bioregeneration, the COD and TOC removal efficiencies of BAC reactor reached 88.97% and 86.26%, respectively. The BAC had different bioregeneration efficiencies of 94.41, 64.82, 61.05 and 40.04% for 3, 3‐imminodipropiononitrile, 3, 3‐oxydipropiononitrile, α, α‐dimethyl‐benzylalcohol and acetophenone, respectively, which mainly resulted from the different polarity of the compounds. Conclusion: BAC could protect microorganisms from shock loadings of toxic, refractory and complicated ABS resin wastewater. The mechanism of the organic pollutants removal by BAC consisted of three phases including adsorption, bioregeneration and stability. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

生物活性炭砂垫层对饮用水生物安全性控制的研究与应用

水厂臭氧生物活性炭工艺长期运行存在生物泄漏问题,包括颗粒物、老化生物膜和无脊椎动物等,这会形成供水生物安全的潜在威胁。在生物活性炭滤池增加砂垫层是一种经济实用的调控生物泄漏技术措施,但其实际应用效果和局限性尚不清晰。文中总结了近年来生物活性炭-砂垫层控制生物泄漏的效果,从炭砂滤池调控生物安全性、工艺参数、与现有活性炭滤池工艺的适应性、经济可行性等方面探讨了炭砂滤池在缓解微生物泄漏和保证出水水质等方面的可行性,并对炭砂滤池工艺未来的研究趋势提出了建议。     

碳管膜曝气膜生物反应器处理高浓度氨氮污水的研究

对以煤基微孔碳管为组件的碳膜曝气膜生物反应器(MABR)处理高浓度氨氮污水进行了实验研究。碳膜同时起到生物膜载体和无泡曝气的双重作用。氧气和营养物分别从生物膜的两侧进入膜内。本实验进行150d,分阶段对不同溶解氧(DO)条件,不同进水浓度和不同水力停留时间(HRT)下,MABR的硝化、反硝化同时去除COD的性能进行研究。研究表明,在溶解氧为0.8 mg/L的条件下,TN有最佳去除效果,NH3-N、TN和COD去除率分别为87.88%、86.5%和87.64%。NH3-N的去除率随DO的升高而增大,去除率可达99.7%,但更高的溶解氧(>1.6 mg/L)对去除率影响甚微。高进水负荷实验于16d内,进水NH3-N浓度增大4倍,至214.25 mg/L,去除率仍保持92%以上。HRT由20h逐渐降低至8h时,去除率略有降低,但去除负荷增长2倍以上。说明该MABR装置有良好的脱氮能力和较高负荷下的污水处理能力。     

Evaluation of a pilot scale dual media biological activated carbon process for drinking water

This study was carried out to optimize a dual media BAC (biological activated carbon) process for DOC removal and DBPs (disinfection by-products) control. Pilot scale tests were coducted at the Tukdo water treatment plant in Seoul, Korea. The dual media BAC process is highly efficient in the removal of DOC and THMFP, and is more capable of sustaining microorganisms than a single layer filter. The bottom layer of the sand filter functioned as a screen for turbidity, microorganisms, and other biological material. Total DOC removal efficiency was 13 to 25%, and the corresponding THMFP (trihalomethane formation potential) removal efficiency was approximately 20 to 33%. Turbidity and DOC leakage continued for 40 min after backwashing in all reactors. Breakthrough occurred from 24-72 hours in each reactor. Ten species of microorganisms were identified in the activated carbon filled in BAC reactors. The predominant species were Clavibactor and Corynebacterium and microbial species were simple at the lower end.     

复合生物反应器亚硝酸型同步硝化反硝化脱氮

Sequence hybrid biological reactor （SHBR） was proposed, and some key control parameters were investigated for nitrogen removal from wastewater by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification （SND） via nitrite. SND via nitrite was achieved in SHBR by controlling demand oxygen （DO） concentration. There was a programmed decrease of the DO from 2.50 mg·L^-1 to 0.30 mg·L^-1, and the average nitrite accumulation rate （NAR） was increased from 16.5% to 95.5% in 3 weeks. Subsequently, further increase in DO concentration to 1.50 mg·L^-1 did not destroy the partial nitrification to nitrite. The results showed that limited air flow rate to cause oxygen deficiency in the reactor would eventually induce only nitrification to nitrite and not further to nitrate. Nitrogen removal efficiency was increased with the increase in NAR, that is, NAR was increased from 60% to 90%, and total nitrogen removal efficiency was increased from 68% to 85%. The SHBR could tolerate high organic loading rate （OLR）, COD and ammonia-nitrogen removal efficiency were greater than 92% and 93.5%, respectively,, and it even operated under low DO concentration （0.5 mg·L^-1） and maintained high OLR （4.0 kg COD·m^-3·d^-1）. The presence of biofilm positively affected the activated sludge settling capability, and sludge volume index （SVI） of activated sludge in SHBR never hit more than 90 ml·L^-1 throughout the experiments.     

SBR好氧污泥颗粒的脱氮性能研究

The sequencing batch reactor （SBR） was started up by seeding the anaerobic granular sludge and the aerobic granular sludge was successfully cultivated. The performance characteristic of the aerobic granules for nitrogen removal was investigated in detail. The experimental results demonstrated the relationship between operational parameters [dissolved oxygen （DO） and pH] and variation of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, ammonium （NH4^＋-N） and total nitrogen （TN）. In continuous flow pattern, COD was too low in the reactor at the later stage of a cycle, which restrained denitrification and decreased the removal of nitrogen, while in discontinuous flow pattern, the carbon source could be supplemented in time, which improved denitrification and increased the removal of TN from 66% to 81%.     

镁改性活性炭强化活性污泥处理混合污水研究

基于序批式活性污泥法(SBR)工艺,将镁盐改性活性炭(MgO-PAC)与传统活性炭(PAC)混合而成MPAC材料,用于处理生活与工业混合污水。通过连续30 d的运行实验,探讨了MPAC材料对生活与工业混合污水中COD、NH4^+-N和TP的去除效果以及对污泥的比耗氧速率、沉降性能和微生物多样性的影响。结果表明,投加MPAC材料对污水中COD的去除率提升了12.7百分点,对TP的去除率提升了17.5百分点,对NH4^+-N的去除率超过86.4%。投加MPAC后处理效果更好的重要原因,在于MPAC使得活性污泥的沉降性能和比耗氧速率得到明显改善,也提升了污泥的微生物丰度。MPAC对活性污泥处理生活与工业混合污水具有强化作用。     

低温下碳源对同步硝化反硝化的影响

为了提高生物脱氮效率,采用序批式生物反应器(SBR)处理模拟废水。在pH=7.0—8.5、温度10—15℃、溶解氧(DO)为3—5 mg/L、污泥浓度(MLSS)为(3 500±200)mg/L、ρ(NH4+-N)为50—70 mg/L条件下,分别考察蔗糖、醋酸钠和乙醇作为碳源对SBR工艺同步硝化反硝化(SND)脱氮效果和胞外聚合物(EPS)的影响。结果表明,蔗糖作为碳源时,当进水COD为370 mg/L时,COD去除率达到86%,SND率为88.3%,ρ(EPS)为659 mg/L;当醋酸钠作为碳源时,COD去除率达83.9%,SND率为68.8%,ρ(EPS)为742 mg/L;当乙醇作为碳源时,COD去除率仅为72.8%,SND率为58%,ρ(EPS)为736 mg/L。与醋酸钠和乙醇相比,蔗糖更适合作为低温下SBR工艺同步硝化反硝化的碳源。     

Performance evaluation of a modified step-feed anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process for organic and nutrient removal

A pilot scale modified step-feed process was improved to increase nutrient(N and P)and organic removal operations from municipal wastewater.It combined the step-feed process and a method named "University of Cape Town(UCT)".The effect of nutrient ratios and inflow distribution ratios were studied.The highest uptake efficiency of 95% for chemical oxygen demand(COD)has been achieved at the inflow distribution ratio of 40/35/25.However,maximum removal efficiency obtained for total nitrogen(TN)and phosphorus at 93% and 78%,respectively.The average mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS)was 5500 mg·L~(-1).In addition,convenient values for dissolved oxygen(DO)concentration,and p H were obtained throughout different stages.The proposed system was identified to be an appropriate enhanced biological nutrient removal process for wastewater treatment plants owing to relatively high nutrient removal,sturdy sludge settle ability and COD removal.     

Removal of estrogens from water using activated carbon and ozone

Estrogens (estron: E1; estradiol: E2; estriol: E3) are major water pollutants. For the removal of estrogens, activated carbon (AC) and ozone treatments were employed, and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and pH of a single solution and multiple solution systems were investigated. The removal of estrogens increased with the amount of AC. The percentage of removed estrogens by AC in the single solution system was greater than that in the ternary solution system. The estrogens were completely removed using ozone, which also reduced COD and pH. The removal of estrogens increased the water quality and decreased the amount of organic carbon.     

生物活性炭对含吲哚和吡啶废水的去除研究

考察了三种不同生物活性炭对含吲哚和吡啶的模拟废水的去除效果。三种生物活性炭由沥青基球形活性炭（PSAC）、煤质柱状炭（EAC）和椰壳颗粒炭（GAC）循环挂膜制得,分别简称B-PSAC、B-EAC和B-GAC。生物活性炭的运行可分为三个阶段,活性炭的吸附阶段、活性炭的挂膜阶段以及生物活性炭阶段,考察指标为吲哚和吡啶的浓度。结果表明：三种生物活性炭对吲哚的去除率都在96%以上;B-GAC对吡啶的去除率最好,一般在90%以上,B-PSAC次之,约为75%,B-EAC去除效果最差。     

Removal of dissolved oxygen from water using a Pd-resin based catalytic reactor

The removal of dissolved oxygen (DO) from water was studied experimentally in a Pd-resin base catalyst reactor using purified hydrogen gas as a reducing agent. The effects of various operating conditions, such as hydrogen and water flow rates, height of the catalytic resin bed, temperature, pH value and run time, on the removal of DO, had been studied extensively. The results shows that DO could be removed by the reactor from ppm to ppb levels at ambient temperature. Increases of temperature, H₂ gas rate and the height of the catalytic resin were helpful to improve the DO removal rate. The change of pH value from 4 to 12 resulted in no effect on DO removal. Reaction time was the key factor to control the DO removal efficiency. Only when the reaction time was longer than 2.3 minutes under the experimental conditions, could a very low DO level be achieved.     

兰炭基活性炭和高分子树脂吸附焦化废水

采用兰炭基活性炭(BAC)和高分子树脂静态吸附焦化废水,研究投加量、树脂种类、pH、吸附时间等因素对COD去除率的影响,探讨BAC吸附过程的吸附等温线和吸附特征。结果表明,在不调节pH条件下,经过7.0 g BAC吸附90 min和1.5 g D301R树脂吸附30 min后,焦化废水COD可降至167 mg/L,去除率达94.14%。Langmuir和Freundlich两种吸附模型对吸附过程都有较好的拟合效果。     

Electrochemical pretreatment of heavy oil refinery wastewater using a three-dimensional electrode reactor

The pretreatment of heavy oil refinery wastewater (HORW) was experimentally investigated using a three-dimensional electrode reactor (TDER) with granular activated carbon (GAC) and porous ceramsite particle (PCP) as the combination particle electrode and DSA^® type anodes as the anode. The results showed that higher chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was obtained in TDER comparing with the two-dimensional electrode reactor (without particle electrodes packed), and combination particle electrode was favorable to improve the COD removal efficiency and reduce the energy consumption. The treated HORW under the optimal experimental condition (GAC percentage = 75%, current density = 30 mA/cm², pH not adjusted and treatment time = 100 min) presented that the removal efficiencies of COD, total organic carbon and toxicity units were 45.5%, 43.3% and 67.2%, respectively, and the ratio of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand to COD was increased from 0.10 to 0.29, which is beneficial for further biological treatment. Furthermore, the application of electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to characterize polar compounds in HORW and their oxidation products was well demonstrated to reveal the composition variation.     

生物强化在颗粒活性炭处理微污染水源水中的作用

采用水力循环方法将人工驯化培养后的微生物固定于活性炭上,以达到生物强化的目的.结果表明,经生物强化后的生物活性炭对TOC及AOC的去除效果均优于普通活性炭,其中TOC的平均去除率提高9%,对AOC的去除率可提高10%～30%.采用超声波振荡技术对活性炭上附着菌的生长情况进行研究发现,水力循环法固定于活性炭上的附着菌,牢固程度与稳定运行期间活性炭上自然生长的附着菌相差不大,对氨氮去除的持久性明显高于自然生长的附着菌.     

高锰酸钾预氧化—O3/BAC组合工艺处理长江陈行水库原水

以长江陈行水库原水为研究对象,探讨高锰酸钾预氧化-O3/BAC组合工艺对水中有机物、消毒副产物前驱物的去除效果,并评价该工艺出水生物稳定性。结果表明,生物活性炭出水CODMn均值为0.63 mg.L-1,平均去除率68.9%,UV254均值为0.005 cm-1,平均去除率89.0%;高锰酸钾预氧化-O3/BAC组合工艺可以有效去除水中氯化消毒副产物前驱物,对THMFP和HAAFP的去除率分别为66.2%和84.2%;该工艺出水AOC质量浓度为47μg.L-1,,生物稳性较好。