对几种洁净煤发电技术及其经济性能的探讨

在现有文献的基础上 ,介绍了目前最有发展前景和竞争力的 4种洁净燃煤发电技术 ,即常压循环流化床燃烧 (CFBC) ,增压流化床联合循环 (PFBC -CC) ,整体煤气化联合循环 (IGCC) ,加脱硫、脱硝装置的超临界机组 (SPB +FGD) ,对它们的技术经济性能 (如热效率、造价、环保性能、调峰性能、技术成熟程度等 )进行了综合分析和比较 ,以便为我国发展洁净煤发电技术提供参考。     

循环流化床锅炉磨损问题初析

循环流化床燃烧技术是 80年代在锅炉上得到成功应用的清洁煤燃烧技术 ,提高可靠性、经济性和文明生产程度贯穿了循环流化床燃烧技术的发展历史。本文作者通过对循环流化床锅炉受热面磨损问题分析 ,系统地剖析了其产生的原因和机理 ,同时提出一些CFB锅炉受热面的防磨措施。     

增压流化床锅炉床下点火启动过程的研究与应用

分别在实验室规模常压模拟增压流化床燃烧室和１５ＭＷｅ ＰＦＢＣ－ＣＣ联合循环中试电站６０ｔ／ｈ蒸 发量的ＰＦＢＣ锅炉上进行了增压流化床锅炉床下点火启动特性的试验研究和应用实践．试验了热烟气点 燃流化床的煤种适应性;研究了加煤床温、埋管受热面、热烟气温度和流化风量等参数对床层冷启动和热 启动过程的影响规律．验证了为增压流化床锅炉设计的启动系统中带有气封结构风室的可靠性和烟气分 布的均匀性。考察了增压流化床在深床运行中实施压火后,能再次热启动的条件及所需的燃油量和煤量 的变化。将热烟气床下点火技术和热烟气与主燃风的同风室结构应用于中国第一座ＰＦＢＣ－ＣＣ中试电站, 取得了点火过程稳定可靠和安全的效果．     

大型CFB锅炉降低启动用油探索研究

随着循环流化床(CFB)锅炉容量的增大,启动点火用油也因为启动床料的增加而不断升高,介绍了神华亿利能源有限责任公司通过近2年对影响启动点火用油的因素进行试验,冷态启动用油大幅度下降,同时也提出了进一步降低点火用油的四种改造方案,对国内大型CFB(循环流化床)锅炉的点火启动具有借鉴作用.     

部分煤气化结合流化床燃烧的联合循环(PGFBC-CC)方案综合性能比较

本文作者在对各种PGFBC—CC系统进行深入分析的基础上，进行归纳总结，尝试对PGFBC—CC系统进行了分类，将PGFBC—CC系统归纳为典型的四个方案：两个方案基于增压流化床燃烧炉(PFBC)，另两个方案基于出常压流化床燃烧炉(AFBC)，并对它们进行性能计算、参数分析，从供电效率、经济性、环保方面综合比较了这四方案的优劣，提出了适合我国国情的PGFBC—CC方案。     

循环流化床燃烧——一项实用洁净燃煤技术

本文对循环流化床燃烧这项燃煤新技术的特点、发展特点作了概述，介绍了一种百叶窗分离、分级循环的新炉型，对加速发展我国循环流化床燃烧技术的需要和途径作了探讨     

Refurbishment priorities at the Russian coal-fired power sector for cleaner energy production—Case studies

The paper aims to present the current status of the coal-fired power sector in Russia, the prospects for renovation activities based on Clean Coal Technologies (CCT) and two case studies on potential refurbishment projects. Data were collected for 180 thermoelectric units with capacity higher than 100 MWe and the renovation needs of the power sector, among the retrofitting, repowering and reconstruction options, were estimated through a multi-criteria analysis. The most attractive system to renovate a power plant between the Supercritical Combustion (SC) and the Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) technologies was evaluated. The application of each of the aforementioned technologies at the Kashirskaya and Shaturskaya power plants was studied and their replication potential in the Russian coal-fired power plant park was examined.Nowadays, the installed capacity of coal-fired power plants in the Russian Federation is 29.3 GWe, while they account for about 19% of the total electricity generation in the area. The low efficiency and especially the advanced age are the determinant factors for renovation applications at the Russian units. Even in the more conservative modernization scenario, over 30% of the thermoelectric units have to be repowered or reconstructed. Concrete proposals about the profitable and reliable operation of two Russian thermoelectric units with minimized environmental effects were elaborated. A new unit of 315 MWe with supercritical steam parameters and reburning for NO_x abatement is envisaged to upgrade Unit 1 of Kashirskaya power station, while new Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boilers of the same steam generation is the most promising renovation option for the boilers of Unit 1 in Shaturskaya power station.     

循环流化床锅炉的现状与前景

循环流化床燃烧技术是国际80年代在锅炉上得到成功应用的清洁煤燃烧技术。安全性、提高可靠性和经济性贯穿了循环流化床燃烧技术的发展历程。围绕分离器的形式和布置，循环床燃烧技术已经历了三代的发展，作者认为冷却型紧凑布置的循环床燃烧技术是未来的发展方向。     

循环流化床动态灰平衡计算方法

本文建立了以煤燃烧成灰为床料的循环流化床总体质量平衡数学模型。它采用将固体颗粒划分为若干个直径档的方法来描述宽筛分特性；尽可能全面地考虑了进出流化床系统的物质流，以增强模型的通用性。由于考虑了给风流量同流化床压降间的耦合关系，并建立了诸多操作量和部件特性与流化床运行参数间的动态作用关系，使得本模型能够更真实、全面地模拟流化床的实际运行情况。通过试验数据，模型得到部分验证。     

循环流化床锅炉水冷壁管束的磨损及预防

循环流化床燃烧技术是近二十年迅速发展起来的一种洁净煤燃烧技术.循环流化床锅炉具有煤种适应性强、燃烧效率高、污染物排放低和负荷调节性能好等优点,是目前推广应用的炉型之一.但是,由于炉内有大量的床料及循环物料,煤在物化状态下低温循环燃烧,造成烟气中含有大量的飞灰颗粒,这些灰粒高速冲刷水冷壁管、对流受热面等部位,使其壁面受到剧烈磨损,发生局部的严重破坏,甚至导致停炉事故.目前随着过热器和省煤器防护技术的成熟,磨损得到较好的控制,但是水冷壁管束的磨损控制还在摸索中.因此,了解飞灰磨损规律,找出主要磨损部位及原因,选择合理的防磨措施,进行合理的技术改造,保持锅炉最佳方式运行,使磨损损害减少到最小程度,无论从安全或经济上都是非常必要和及时的.     

Research and Development on PFBC—CC in China and Jiawnag Pilot plant Project

ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｎＰＦＢＣ－ＣＣｉｎＣｈｉｎａａｎｄＪｉａｗａｎｇＰｉｌｏｔＰｌａｎｔＰｒｏｊｅｃｔＮｉｎｇｓｈｅｎｇＣａｉ；ＭｉｎｇｙａｏＺｈａｎｇ；ＤａｎＬｉ；ＷｅｎｔｉｎｇＦｕ（ＴｈｅｒｍａｌＥｎｅｒｇｙＥｎｇｉｎ...     

The Simulation of Influence of Different Coals on the Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler‘s Combustion Performance

The combustion performance of the boiler largely depends on the coal type. Lots of experimental research shows that different fuels have different combustion characteristics. It is obvious that fuel will change the whole operating performance of Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC). We know even in a pilot-scale running boiler, the measurement of some parameters is difficult and costly. Therefore, we developed the way of simulation to evaluate the combustion performance of Chinese coals in CFB. The simulation results show that, different coals will result in different coal particle diameter and comminution depending on their mineral component and the change will affect the distribution of ash in CFBC system. In a word, the computational results are in accordance with experimental results qualitatively but there are some differences quantitatively.     

The simulation of influence of different coals on the circulating fluidized bed Boiler’s combustion performance

The combustion performance of the boiler largely depends on the coal type. Lots of experimental research shows that different fuels have different combustion characteristics. It is obvious that fuel will change the whole operating performance of Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC). We know even in a pilot-scale running boiler, the measurement of some parameters is difficult and costly. Therefore, we developed the way of simulation to evaluate the combustion performance of Chinese coals in CFB. The simulation results show that, different coals will result in different coal particle diameter and comminution depending on their mineral component and the change will affect the distribution of ash in CFBC system. In a word, the computational results are in accordance with experimental results qualitatively but there are some differences quantitatively.     

循环流化床锅炉静态特性分析

根据循环流化床锅炉的工作特点,结合已有研究,分析了循环流化床锅炉的静态特性,为循环流化床控制系统的设计、调试以及稳定运行提供必要的理论基础。     

多管文丘里循环流化床烟气脱硫冷态气流流场试验研究

针对实际工业应用的多管文丘里循环流化床烟气脱硫装置,按照冷态模化试验的相似准则建立了冷态模化试验台.通过在试验台入口通道加装不同形式导流板、改变文丘里管群管径分布,利用颗粒图像速度仪(PIV)对不同几何结构条件下多管文丘里内的流量分布进行了测量,同时测量了不同工况下试验台的阻力损失.结果表明,单侧进风、入口通道内无导流装置时,等径文丘里管群各管流量存在明显偏差,采取加装入口导流板或改变文丘里管管径分布均能达到使多管文丘里管各管均流的目的,从而改善脱硫塔内的脱硫性能.流线型入口导流板不仅能使各文丘里管均流,而且不会明显增加入口段阻力损失.所得试验结果对多管文丘里循环流化床烟气脱硫的工业应用具有重要的指导价值.     

Estimation of bed expansions in a freely-bubbling three-dimensional gas-fluidized bed

Knowledge of bed expansions is important in the design and operation of gas–solid fluidized beds. This paper presents a study on the estimation of expanded bed height in a large three-dimensional gas-fluidized bed with a square section of 0·61×0·61 m². All experiments were performed at the freely bubbling mode and the bed expansions were recorded by a video camera. Bed materials were used 593 μm raw perlite and 1233 μm sand falling within the categories of Geldart's Groups B and D, respectively. The bed height at minimum fluidization ranged from 0·0398 to 0·3176 m, while the excess air velocity from 0·034 m s⁻¹to 0·7453 m s⁻¹. Equations related to the bed expansion were given using a modified form of two-phase theory of fluidization. A correlation for the average bed expansion (void fraction) was also presented that has been derived from the principal form found successful in gas–liquid systems as follows: R=0·5482 d^−0·129_p(U_o−U_mf)^0·111 with an average deviation of less than 1%. The experimental findings were compared with previously reported results and were discussed in the light of available correlations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

循环流化床锅炉洗煤泥输送系统概述

以一座 3 0 0MW燃用洗煤泥的循环流化床锅炉电厂为例 ,介绍了循环流化床锅炉洗煤泥输送系统的配置情况     

Investigation of the bubble behaviour at the free surface of a large three-dimensional gas fluidized bed

Gas fluidization is generally associated with the formation of bubbles that critically influence the performance of fluidized bed processes (FBPs). Therefore, in the design, simulation and operation of FBPs, it is very essential to know the behaviour of the bubbles at the free surface. The size and growth of bubbles play an important role for determining properties such as bed expansion, solids entraiment, in-bed heat transfer and solid mixing. This paper presents a study on the behaviour of bubbles at the free surface of a large three dimensional gas-fluidized bed with square section of 61×61 cm². Measurements were carried out to determine the effects of bed height and excess air velocity on the bubble eruption diameter, frequency and bubble fraction. All experiments were performed at freely bubbling mode and the flow characteristics of bubbles were recorded by a video camera. Bed materials used were 593 μm raw perlite and 1233 μm sand falling within the categories of Geldarts Groups B and D, respectively. The fixed bed height ranged from about 8–18 cm for raw perlite and 9–26 cm for sand. The excess air velocity was varied between 0·5 and 1·75 cm s⁻¹ for raw perlite and 13 and 25 cm s⁻¹ for sand. Equations related to the bubble count, frequency, flow area shape factor and through-flow coefficient were given using a modified form of two-phase theory of fluidisation. Observations were made to validate the two-phase theory for two different particles. The flow area shape factor was in the range of 0·47–0·81 for raw perlite and 0·20 to 0·57 for sand, with mean values of 0·6 and 0·4, respectively. The through-flow coefficient was found to be between −0·68 and 2·82 for raw perlite and between 3·27 to 15·87 for sand, and was larger than predicted values of classical bubble models. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

链条炉改造为沸腾炉的有效途径

根据链条炉改装沸腾炉的设计、实践经验,针对沸腾炉运行中存在的燃烧效率低的技术难题,总结了改装代化设计中的几个问题。     

大型CFBB燃烧系统的工程模块化仿真模型

介绍了工程模块化建模方法 ,并在STAR— 90一体化仿真支撑系统下 ,开发了CFBB燃烧系统的主要过程的仿真算法 ,并建立了大型CFBB燃烧系统的工程模块化仿真模型 ,进行了仿真试验。对大型CFBB燃烧系统仿真模型开发过程中需要注意的问题 ,提出了见解。