Fundamental Study on New Method of Reducing Iron Ore-Coal Pellet in Cocurrent Shaft Furnace

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CO/CO2气氛下含碳球团还原动力学模型及其应用

分析了ＣＯ／ＣＯ２气氛下含碳球团的还原步骤,以此为基础建立了含碳球团还原动力学的微分方程组,并编制了相应的计算机程序,在验证了该数学模型准确性的基础,对ＣＯ／ＣＯ２气氛中含碳球团的还原行为进行计算机模拟,该模型全面考虑了ＦＡＳＴＭＥＴ工艺条件下还原过程中的各种影响因素,模拟计算结果与献「１」的实测结果相符合,证明了用此模型可以优化含碳球团的直接还原工艺条件。     

白云鄂博铁球团矿异常还原膨胀的机理

通过对比白云鄂博铁矿、精矿及还原前后球团矿的显微结构,对白云鄂博球团矿异常还原膨胀的机理进行研究。研究结果表明,球团矿气孔中挥发分的爆发扩大了基体裂块间的孔隙,加快了还原气体的扩散,增加了反应面积,使还原速度加快,从而导致了球团矿恶性膨胀。白云鄂博球团矿的“挥发分膨胀理论”是一种全新的理论,对抑制白云鄂博球团矿的恶性膨胀具有重要指导意义。     

Numerical Analysis of Complicated Heat and Mass Transfer inside a Wustite Pellet during Reducing to Sponge Iron by H2 and CO Gaseous Mixture

Heat and mass transfer through a wustite pellet during converting to sponge iron was investigated.Pellet was reduced by agaseous mixture containing CO and H_2.The grain model was considered to simulate gas-solid reaction rate.A finite volume method(FVM)was implemented for solving the governing equations.The heat transfer mechanism around the pellet includes radiation and convection and within the pellet,effective heat transfer is considered as a blend of particles conduction and intraparticle radiation.Heat and mass distribution along the radius of pellet for two cases of reducing gases composed of pure H_2 and pure CO was investigated.Local fractional reduction through the pellet was plotted to examine the heat and mass transfer behavior within the pellet and find their relevance with reduction degree.Afterwards,the impacts of pertinent parameters including gas ratio,pellet size and porosity were studied.     

Reduction behavior and mechanism of Hongge vanadium titanomagnetite pellets by gas mixture of H2 and CO

Hongge vanadium titanomagnetite(HVTM)pellets were reduced by H_2-CO gas mixture for simulating the reduction processes of Midrex and HYL-III shaft furnaces.The influences of reduction temperature,ratio ofφ(H_2)toφ(CO),and pellet size on the reduction of HVTM pellets were evaluated in detail and the reduction reaction kinetics was investigated.The results show that both the reduction degree and reduction rate can be improved with increasing the reduction temperature and the H_2 content as well as decreasing the pellet size.The rational reduction parameters are reduction temperature of 1050°C,ratio ofφ(H_2)toφ(CO)of 2.5,and pellet diameter in the range of 8-11 mm.Under these conditions(pellet diameter of 11mm),final reduction degree of 95.51% is achieved.The X-ray diffraction(XRD)pattern shows that the main phases of final reduced pellets under these conditions(pellet diameter of 11 mm)are reduced iron and rutile.The peak intensity of reduced iron increases obviously with the increase in the reduction temperature.Besides,relatively high reduction temperature promotes the migration and coarsening of metallic iron particles and improves the distribution of vanadium and chromium in the reduced iron,which is conducive to subsequent melting separation.At the early stage,the reduction process is controlled by interfacial chemical reaction and the apparent activation energy is 60.78kJ/mol.The reduction process is controlled by both interfacial chemical reaction and internal diffusion at the final stage,and the apparent activation energy is 30.54kJ/mol.     

Modelling novel coal based direct reduction process

Abstract

The present paper develops a one-dimensional model of a novel coal based iron ore direct reduction process. In this process, a mixture of iron ore, coal fines and small amount of binder is made into pellets and these are placed in a bed. Air is forced upward through the pellet bed and provides oxygen for the volatiles and part of the coal in the pellets to be burnt. Initially the pellet bed is heated from the top. As the temperature of the top level of pellets increases, they start to evolve pyrolytic matter which is ignited and, as a consequence, the pellets at lower levels in the bed are heated. In this way, a flame propagates downward through the bed. The iron ore reacts with the gases evolved from the coal (including volatiles) and carbon in the coal and undergoes reduction. The model presented in the article simulates the processes occurring in the solid and gaseous phases. In the solid phase, it uses a novel porous medium model consisting of porous pellets in a porous bed with two associated porosities. The model includes equations for energy balance, reactions of iron oxide with carbon monoxide and hydrogen, coal pyrolysis and reactions between the gas components in the voids. The model shows that a rapidly increasing temperature front can travel downward through the bed if the air is supplied for long enough. The predictions of the modelling are discussed and compared with observations obtained from an experimental rig.     

碱度对白云鄂博矿球团矿还原膨胀性能的影响

高比例球团矿冶炼是高炉炼铁发展的趋势。由于化学成分、矿物组成和结构的差异，不同企业生产或所用的球团矿还原膨胀的原因各不相同且相对复杂。面向保障矿产资源安全供给的国家重大战略需求，选择白云鄂博铁精矿球团矿作为研究对象，根据球团矿铁氧化物还原理论，从热力学方面深入研究碱度对球团矿还原膨胀性能的影响机理，并结合XRD结果来探究钙结合相在球团矿生产中的变化规律以及对球团矿还原膨胀的影响，找到满足高炉冶炼对球团矿还原膨胀率要求的合理碱度，从而提高白云鄂博铁精矿球团矿在包钢冶炼生产中的比例。完善特殊矿球团矿还原膨胀理论，为复杂共生矿高效冶炼提供理论支撑。研究结果表明，随着碱度的提高，球团矿的膨胀率呈现出先升高后降低的规律，碱度为0.8时，其膨胀率最大，达到75.743%,其外形如同花瓣开花，无法维持原来的球型。综合不同碱度球团矿含铁品位的高低和还原膨胀的大小，得到制备球团矿的最优碱度为1.4。随着碱度的提高，成品球的液相生成量先降低后升高，碱度为0.8时液相生成量最少。球团矿膨胀率先增加是因为球团矿的结晶度提高，晶粒粗大，晶体结构逐渐趋向有序，为铁晶须的生长奠定了基础；膨胀率后减小是因为生成了铁酸...     

高铝铁矿焙烧球团非等温还原研究

采用CO、H_2对高铝铁矿焙烧球团在高温同步热分析仪(NETZSCH STA 409C/CD)中进行非等温还原.结果表明:焙烧球团经CO还原后,随着设定温度由1 273 K升高到1 473 K,最终还原度由32.21%仅增加到46.78%;而经H_2还原后,随着设定温度由1 273 K升高到1 573 K,最终还原度由81.93%增加到100%.在纯氢气还原条件下,高铝铁矿焙烧球团中的铁氧化物是可以被彻底还原的.     

Application of artificial neural network model to predict reduction degradation index of iron oxide pellets

Abstract

The reduction degradation index (RDI) is an important metallurgical property of iron ore pellets used for the production of RDI from shaft furnace or for use in blast furnaces. In order to develop a control strategy, a neural network model has been developed to predict the RDI of pellets from 13 input variables, namely feedrate of green pellets, bed height, burn through temperature, firing temperature, specific corex gas consumption, bentonite, moisture and carbon content in green pellets and Al₂O₃, SiO₂, CaO, MgO and FeO in fired pellets. The RDI of pellets was more sensitive to variation in MgO, CaO, bentonite and green pellet carbon content. The predicted results were in good agreement with the actual data.     

Effects of Temperature and Atmosphere on Pellets Reduction Swelling Index

 After taking into account the conditions of the domestic iron resources and the non-coking coal resources, the process of coal gasification-shaft furnace is an effective way to develop direct reduction iron in China. The following tasks are very critical to choose suitable process of shaft furnace and gasification, including the production of oxidized pellets with excellent comprehensive properties as well as the study of the reaction behavior and mechanism of swelling. The results showed that the oxidized pellets of using domestic magnetic iron concentrate as raw materials have favorable comprehensive properties, including higher mechanical strength both before and after reduction, faster reduction rate and lower reduction swelling index (RSI). All of these properties can meet the shaft furnace yielding requirement. When the temperature was below 1223 K, the pellets′ RSI was lower than 20%. With increasing of the content of H2 in atmosphere, the pellets reaction rate accelerated, crushing strength enhanced and RSI decreased. The RSI dropped to 10.26% at 1323 K in 100% H2 atmosphere, and it is up to 39.88% in 100% CO atmosphere. The iron grains mainly presented in platelike when pellets were reduced by H2, however, in CO atmosphere the iron grains were precipitated in flocculent. The whisker shape of iron grains and heating effects of reduction reaction are the major factors leading to the poor pellets strength and increase of RSI. Appropriately controlling the temperature and increasing the ratio of H2 to CO in atmosphere are good for dropping the RSI.     

Comparison of isothermal and nonisothermal reduction

Experimental investigation of the isothermal and nonisothermal reduction of low silica hematite pellets in H₂/CO mixture between 600 and 1234°C shows that the reduction rate in H₂ rich gas mixture for nonisothermal condition is lower than for isothermal case at comparable temperatures. On the basis of the two period reduction model, some of the physical and chemical characteristics of pellets and reducing gas is calculated. Because of the advantage shown for isothermal reduction, a new technique for direct reduction of pellets is suggested.     

配加蒙古精矿对球团矿性能的影响

对蒙古精矿在包钢624 m2带式球团的合理利用进行了全面研究。研究表明,随着蒙古精矿配比增加,球团矿品位提高,还原膨胀率增加,当配比小于20%时,还原膨胀率小于20.0%,主要是由于还原后球团矿矿物组成中析出大量金属铁,在浮氏体(FexO)转变为铁的阶段,铁晶粒自浮士体表面向外长出晶须,晶须的生长让晶粒产生位移或晶粒开裂,导致球团结构疏松发生膨胀。通过添加适量矽石,可显著降低球团还原膨胀率,当配加30%～50%的蒙古精矿时,可通过添加1.0%～2.0%的矽石,将球团还原膨胀率降低至20%以内,球团矿质量满足高炉冶炼生产要求。     

Oxidation of iron ore at moderate and high temperatures

The oxidation of magnetite and titanomagnetites in iron-ore sinter at moderate (400–1000°C) and high (1000–1350°C) temperatures is subjected to physicochemical analysis. The oxidation kinetics is studied on briquets of Olkhovsk magnetite concentrate and Kachkanar titanomagnetite concentrate, as well as samples of unfluxed Kachkanar pellets and pellets fluxed to a basicity of 1.3. At moderate temperatures, the limiting stage in oxidation is the diffusion of the reagent to sections of the surface smaller than the total spherical surface. At high temperatures, in both isothermal and nonisothermal conditions, the limiting stage in oxidation is the diffusion of oxygen in pellet pores. From the kinetic equations for isothermal oxidation, the apparent activation energy with the specified degree of conversion is calculated; its variation is associated with change in the type of reagent diffusion through the layer of reduction products. The apparent diffusion coefficients of oxygen in Kachkanar pellets are determined at 500–1000°C. A method has been developed for determining the degree of pellet oxidation as a function of the time and the temperature in nonisothermal conditions. This method may be used to calculate the oxidation of the pellets in roasting on conveyer machines. The results may be used to determine the degree of oxidation in the roasted pellet bed and to optimize the heat-treatment parameters in roasting systems.     

内配废塑料对含碳球团直接还原的影响

节能减排是钢铁工业目前面临的重要挑战,而废塑料作为一种可再生清洁能源和还原剂替代焦粉、无烟煤等化石燃料在炼铁工业中已经获得大量关注。把废塑料、褐铁矿粉、无烟煤以及黏结剂混合制取含碳球团,在管式加热炉内做直接还原实验。废塑料在高温下裂解释放热量,为球团的预热和直接还原提供外加热源。同时,与无内配塑料含碳球团对比,内配废塑料的含碳球团孔隙率增大,这样有利于反应中还原气体的传质,从而促使含碳球团的还原率随之提高。对影响含碳球团直接还原的因素如C/O摩尔比、还原时间、内配废塑料种类及其质量分数进行实验研究。实验结果表明:在实验设定条件下,含碳球团直径10mm,还原温度1 350℃,内配质量分数为4%的聚碳酸酯(PC)在还原时间6min时,球团孔隙率最高,达74%;此时还原率最高,达98.89%。含碳球团还原体系在反应过程中,内配一定比例的废塑料,可以缩短还原时间,降低还原温度,提高球团的还原效率。     

冶金尘泥含碳球团直接还原机制的试验研究

以气固反应相继发生动力学模型为基础开展冶金尘泥含碳球团直接还原试验,考察还原速率、还原率以及还原气氛等表征还原特性的特征参数在整个还原过程的变化,研究冶金尘泥含碳球团的还原行为及过程的作用机制.结果表明:冶金尘泥含碳球团的还原过程由孕育启动期、快速反应期和反应结束期组成,反应进程快,3～5 min就能达到碳气化和铁氧化...     

Reduction Behaviour of Iron Ore–Coal Composite Pellets in Rotary Hearth Furnace (RHF): Effect of Pellet Shape,Size, and Bed Packing Material

Reduction of iron ore–coal composite pellets in multi-layers at rotary hearth furnace (RHF) is limited by heat and mass transfer. Effect of various parameters like pellet shape, size, and bed packing material that are supposed to influence the heat and mass transfer in the pellet bed, have been investigated, on the reduction behaviour of iron ore–coal composite pellets at 1250 °C for 20 min in a laboratory scale RHF. Reduced pellets have been characterised through weight loss measurement, estimation of shrinkage, porosity, and qualitative, quantitative phase analysis by XRD. A significant difference in the degree of reduction is observed layer-wise in the pellet bed with the variation in pellet shape and size. Pellet bed without any packing material or packed with coal have demonstrated higher degrees of reduction compared to the pellet bed packed with graphite and sand.     

Role of Heat Transfer in Early Stage Decarburization of DRI in Slag

The gas generation from reactions between direct reduced iron (DRI) pellets and steelmaking slags is known to take place in two stages; (1) the reaction of FeO and carbon within DRI, i.e., pellet internal reaction, followed by (2) the reduction of slag FeO with DRI carbon at the pellet?Cslag interface, if any carbon remains from the first step. To understand the controlling mechanism of the reaction between FeO and C inside DRI, the rate of the gas release and the temperature of pellets suspended in a slag-free atmosphere were quantified. The results were used to determine the apparent thermal conductivity of DRI that showed values of approximately 0.5 to 2 W.m^?1.K^?1 for a temperature range of 573?K to 1273?K (300?°C to 1000?°C). Furthermore, it was found that the experimental gas evolution rates are consistent with the values predicted by a heat?Ctransfer based model, confirming that the FeO-C reaction within pellet is controlled by the rate of heat transfer from the slag to the DRI pellet.     

环冷机上球团冷却过程的仿真与优化

为了探索环冷机关键结构参数和操作参数对球团冷却效果及过程节能降耗的优化途径,运用双能量方程建立了某球团厂的环冷机球团料层内部气、固相非平衡传热模型,应用"未反应核模型"建立了料层内部的主要化学反应(磁铁矿氧化)的反应速率计算模型,基于Matlab平台实现了对不同操作条件下球团冷却过程的数值仿真。对多个设计工况的仿真结果表明:以球团产量、冷却效果不变为约束,当料层厚度达原厚度的2倍时,环冷机3段排气温度分别提高50、71、33℃,并可节约用风23.6%,即适当增加料层厚度有利于能量回收和节约用风。     

Low Temperature Reduction Degradation Characteristics of Sinter, Pellet and Lump Ore

 The reduction degradation characteristics of typical sinter, pellet and lump ore were tested with the reducing gas conditions simulating two kinds of iron-making processes. The results show that, in the same condition of gas composition and temperature, the reduction degradation degree (RDI＜3.15 mm) of sinter is high, RDI＜3.15 mm of lump ore is low and RDI＜3.15 mm of pellet is in the middle level. With two kinds of gas composition simulating different iron-making processes, the reduction degradation indices (RDI) of three kinds of iron ores all present the tendency of “inverted V-shape” in the temperature range from 450 to 650 ℃, and the RDI reach the maximum value at 550 ℃. The reduction degradation degrees of iron ores are extended when mixing the gas with hydrogen to increase the reduction potential, and the influence extent is discrepant for different iron ores. Colligating the increase amplitude of grains in small size fraction, the influence of reducing gas on lump ore is the greatest, the influence on sinter is the second, and the sensitivity of pellet on the reducing gas properties change is relatively small. As for the degradation form, lump ore and sinter both present the degradation of cracking, and the distribution of small grains generated from the cracking is in the range from 0.5 to 6.3 mm uniformly. The lump ore presents surface cracking, while sinter presents integral cracking. The pellet presents the degradation of surface stripping, and the proportion of grains smaller than 0.5 mm is the highest, which is up to 90% in the grains smaller than 3.15 mm.     

Modeling of Thermochemical Behavior in an Industrial-Scale Rotary Hearth Furnace for Metallurgical Dust Recycling

Metallurgical dusts can be recycled through direct reduction in rotary hearth furnaces (RHFs) via addition into carbon-based composite pellets. While iron in the dust is recycled, several heavy and alkali metal elements harmful for blast furnace operation, including Zn, Pb, K, and Na, can also be separated and then recycled. However, there is a lack of understanding on thermochemical behavior related to direct reduction in an industrial-scale RHF, especially removal behavior of Zn, Pb, K, and Na, leading to technical issues in industrial practice. In this work, an integrated model of the direct reduction process in an industrial-scale RHF is described. The integrated model includes three mathematical submodels and one physical model, specifically, a three-dimensional (3-D) CFD model of gas flow and heat transfer in an RHF chamber, a one-dimensional (1-D) CFD model of direct reduction inside a pellet, an energy/mass equilibrium model, and a reduction physical experiment using a Si-Mo furnace. The model is validated by comparing the simulation results with measurements in terms of furnace temperature, furnace pressure, and pellet indexes. The model is then used for describing in-furnace phenomena and pellet behavior in terms of heat transfer, direct reduction, and removal of a range of heavy and alkali metal elements under industrial-scale RHF conditions. The results show that the furnace temperature in the preheating section should be kept at a higher level in an industrial-scale RHF compared with that in a pilot-scale RHF. The removal rates of heavy and alkali metal elements inside the composite pellet are all faster than iron metallization, specifically in the order of Pb, Zn, K, and Na.