含Nb微合金钢时效过程中双硬化峰的形成

运用热模拟方法,结合萃取复型、硬度测量及透射电子显微镜观察(TEM)等方法,研究了含Nh微合金钢经850℃热变形并弛豫不同时间后、水淬并在525℃时效时的硬度变化及析出行为。结果表明：变形奥氏体弛豫一定时间淬火后,在时效过程中出现双硬化峰现象;而奥氏体变形后直接淬火或长时间弛豫(1000s)则没有第一个硬化峰出现。对比C—Mn钢的分析结果证明Nh是产生硬化峰的重要原因。电镜观察的初步结果显示,变形奥氏体中形成的细小析出在时效过程中逐渐长大,已粗化的析出颗粒在525℃等温时效时变化不明显;而经过γ→α相变后α相中过饱和的Nb在时效时会重新析出,形成第二个硬化峰。     

Mo钢、Nb-Mo钢变形后弛豫及时效过程中的析出行为

利用热模拟技术、硬度测量及透射电镜分析了Mo钢和Nb-Mo钢在经历热变形弛豫后525 ℃时效时的硬度变化及析出过程,结果表明,含0.31 wt%Mo的钢在高温变形后的弛豫过程中没有析出,但在随后的时效过程有沉淀析出;而Nb-Mo钢不但发生应变诱导析出,而且在随后的时效仍有沉淀析出,硬度变化有起伏.通过能谱分析发现,析出物为含Nb、Mo的碳氮化合物.     

过弛豫对含Nb微合金钢时效行为的影响

运用热模拟技术,通过硬度测量及透射电镜(TEM)观察,分析了含Nb微合金钢奥氏体变形后长时间弛豫对低温(525℃)时效行为的影响.结果表明,硬度值在时效初期一直下降,到120min后,开始缓慢回升,到1200min基本保持不变.高温析出的Sb(C,N)粗化后即使长时间时效,颗粒并没有明显长大.时效后期的硬度值上升是由于Nb在α相中再析出造成的.比较过弛豫试样与未变形直接淬火试样的硬度值,发现两者变化趋势类似.     

组织细化的控制相变技术机理研究

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上模拟了不同的弛豫析出控制相变（RPC）工艺过程，结合金相、SEM、TEM以及EBSD技术研究了不同变形温度，变量量以及弛豫时间对含Nb,Ti低碳微合金钢最终组织细化的影响。此外Fe-Ni合金被用来研究弛豫过程的位错亚结构变化以析出行为。结果表明，经RPC工艺处理后，贝氏体束可得到明显的细化。弛豫过程中同时存在位 错弛豫，多边形化形成位错胞状亚结构以及应变诱导析出，这两者是引起最终贝氏体组织细化的主要原因。当两种因素互相协调并促进时，细化效果最佳，在本模拟条件下，最佳控制工艺为850℃变形后弛豫60－200s左右。     

新型医用钛合金Ti7Nb10Mo的时效硬化行为

用XRD、TEM及硬度测试等方法研究了Ti7Nb10Mo合金在时效过程中的硬化行为。结果表明:随时效温度和时间的变化,合金展现出不同的硬化效应,300~450℃温度下时效,合金硬度出现双峰时效现象,且呈上升趋势,500~650℃温度下时效,合金的硬度达到峰值后一直下降,这主要是由于在固溶态β+少量ω相基体中不断析出α和α″相,且在时效过程中ω相不断析出及分解。     

预变形对2E12铝合金时效析出过程的影响

通过DSC热分析、显微硬度测试、透射电镜分析等研究了预变形对2E12铝合金时效析出过程的影响。结果表明：2E12铝合金表现为双阶段时效硬化特征,预变形降低了合金时效第1阶段硬化效果,提高了合金峰时效硬度,缩短了峰时效时间;随预变形量的增加,合金峰时效硬度增大,峰时效时间提前。增加预变形量使合金中析出的板条状S相更为细小、弥散。预变形引入位错对沉淀析出有利,位错环纯刃型位错为S相析出提供有利位置,促进球状S相形核。预变形产生位错结构有利于I型S相析出,并延缓II型S相析出     

预应变和预时效对Al-Mg-Si合金烘烤硬化性能的影响

采用硬度和单轴拉伸测试,结合差示扫描量热法(DSC),分析预时效、预应变和预应变后预时效3种预处理工艺对Al-Mg-Si合金自然时效的抑制及烘烤硬化性能的影响。结果表明:预时效能有效抑制合金的自然时效,提高烘烤硬化效果(BHR),但预时效时间为10 min时,烘烤前强度较高,并且烘烤后塑性降低;预时效前加入预应变不仅能进一步抑制合金的自然时效,且在烘烤强度明显增加的同时保持合金伸长率较高,其中合金经5%预应变及5 min预时效的烘烤硬化性能最好。预处理后合金的DSC曲线中原子团簇的溶解峰消失,且β″相析出峰提前,说明预处理可抑制合金在自然时效过程中原子团簇的形成,加速烘烤过程中β″强化相的析出从而抑制自然时效,增加烘烤效果。     

时效对Mg-Zn-Zr合金组织性能的影响

研究了Mg-Zn-Zr合金在438K和473K时效过程中的硬化软化现象。合金在时效初期（2h左右）出现了一次明显的时效硬化峰，之后硬度急剧下降；在10h左右又出现小幅二次硬化现象，随着时效时间的增加，材料不断软化。微观结构分析表明，初次时效峰是合金中析出MgZn5．X沉淀相及板条状组织所致。随后MgZn5．X沉淀相及板条状组织开始溶解减少。合金硬度下降,位错组织的形成是导致合金二次硬化的关键因素。在时效过程中沉淀相的溶解以及晶界宽度的增大导致合金软化。     

等温弛豫对微合金钢中非平衡组织热稳定性的影响

含Nb微合金钢在奥氏体区变形后等温弛豫可得到以贝氏铁素体为主的组织．弛豫时间适中,析出颗粒基本分布在位错线上并钉扎位错．在随后的650和700℃再加热过程中,非平衡组织向平衡组织演化．弛豫60s的样品热稳定性最高;弛豫1000s的样品,组织演化进行得最快,再加热前的预应变可加速演化过程．发生的组织演化是以板条内位错多边形化、板条间小角晶界逐渐消失和发生再结晶形成多边形铁素体的次序进行的：再加热等温过程伴随有硬度的起伏,弛豫样品出现两个硬化峰．显微组织的热稳定性在很大程度上取决于它的形成过程．     

Al-3.6Cu-1.6Mg-0.1Zr铝合金的时效析出与硬化机理分析

通过硬度检测、DSC热分析和透射电镜(TEM)观察,研究了人工时效制度对Al-3.6Cu-1.6Mg-0.1Zr合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明,在160、175和190℃进行人工时效时,对应峰值硬度的时效时间分别为32、24和16 h,硬度峰值随时效温度的提高而下降。在160、175℃时效后,时效硬化曲线呈现明显的双阶段硬化特征。研究表明,第一阶段的硬化主要是由于GPB区的形成;第二阶段的硬化可归结为S'相的析出。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.