Flexible Homes,Flexible Care,Inflexible Organisations? The Role of Telecare in Supporting Independence

‘Telecare’ involves the use of information and communications technologies to provide support for vulnerable individuals living in the community. The UK government wishes to make telecare available in all homes that need it by 2010. This expansion is seen as central to the improvement of older people's independence and quality of life by enabling them to live at home whenever possible. The paper discusses the range of initiatives now in place to facilitate the introduction of telecare in the UK. It argues that while there is now experience of telecare through pilot and demonstration schemes, moving to mainstream service delivery is far from straightforward. Using a case study of a telecare scheme, along with supplementary data from other schemes, the paper explores the reasons why it may be hard to meet government objectives. These include the organisational and cultural characteristics of local care institutions and the complexity of scheme objectives. It draws conclusions on the challenges in meeting aspirations for mass telecare over the next decade and on the future role of the housing stock in care provision.     

在线租房质量感知对城市居住体验的影响研究

随着互联网技术的发展,在线租房平台为人们提供了新型的租房模式。基于问卷调研和数据分析,本文重点分析通过在线租房平台获得的实体房源质量感知对居住体验的影响,得到以下研究结果:在线租房质量感知由信息完整性、服务保障性、价格透明性、城市引导性构成,它显著影响租房满意度和居住幸福感;房屋租赁企业可通过优质服务、优选房源等提高租房业务的运营效益,倒逼房屋租赁市场的健康发展。     

上海市既有住区适老化水平调查研究

作为我国主要的养老模式,居家养老对城市大众性养老基地的适老化水平提出了新的要求。通过2010-13年间连续3次面向上海住区的调研,文章对里弄、公房、商品房与保障房等既有住区的适老化现状进行了比较分析。调研发现:建成住区居住环境的适老化基础普遍薄弱,无论是内、外居住环境还是养老服务设施均存在适老化改造需求,各类住区的适老性矛盾既具有显著的共性、也存在鲜明的差异,亟待通过深化认识基础、推进适老化改造、优化养老服务资源配置,以及建立健全相应法规体系等举措逐步加以改善。     

Defining and measuring housing affordability using the Minimum Income Standard

Abstract

There is growing concern about a crisis in housing affordability in the UK, renewing longstanding debates about what constitutes ‘affordable’ housing. The growing use of the private rented sector by low income households has also led to increased interest in understanding the impact of housing costs on living standards. This paper builds on existing work on ‘residual income’ measures of housing affordability, accepting that what households can afford to pay for housing is related to their ability to cover other costs, and so not directly proportional to income. It proposes a new approach to defining and measuring housing affordability, based on the Minimum Income Standard (MIS). The paper then uses data from the Family Resources Survey (2008/09 to 2015/16) to examine housing affordability within the rented sector across the UK, exploring the value of this measure both in revealing the scale of the ‘problem’ and assessing the likely impact of suggested interventions.     

Monitoring residential quality for the elderly using a geographical information system

The population in Europe, and even more so in The Netherlands, is ageing rapidly. Concurrently, in the light of severe budget deficits, the Dutch government's elderly care service policy has reduced the number and the capacity of elderly care services, such as old people's homes and nursing homes. The consequence of this national policy, with regard to housing for the elderly, is that the elderly need to remain independent in their own residential neighbourhood for more years than they did in the past. However, in urban and suburban areas, the elderly who live independently face an increasing number and range of problems, such as poor quality of dwellings, disappearance of neighbourhood facilities, increasing fear of crime, etc. In order to maintain the quality of the daily living environment of the elderly, urban planners and policy makers need to have access to proper information about processes and developments in the residential environment of the elderly. This information is related to physical and social characteristics of the residential area and its inhabitants. The use of modern information technologies to handle the associated multidimensional data, information and knowledge is therefore necessary. The objective of this paper is to discuss some critical topics related to the development of a computer‐based system for public policy making concerning the quality of the residential environment for the elderly. Successful implementation of this system depends on a careful preliminary assessment of the type of system required to meet the demands of the end‐user(s). The creation of an accurate functional design is essential and should be discussed in both the context of the technical requirements and the context of the end‐user(s). Therefore, perspectives of different people involved should be taken into account for the development of public policy analysis systems. This has resulted in a new information tool. In the paper, this tool, coined RELEVANT (REsidential Location Evaluation and ANalysis Tool), a GIS‐based system for public policy analysis in the field of residential monitoring in the city of Amsterdam, is presented. The essential components of this policy support system—data, models and user interface—will be outlined in more detail. The added value of the GIS‐like functions in this system is assessed as well with a particular view to transferability of the method used.     

A model study on affordable steel residential housing in China

The main research purpose of this paper is to acquire a series of designed concept of “affordable housing” in key geographical areas of East China through the development of innovative, economical, flexible, reproducible and affordable residential houses using intensive steel solutions. Toward this goal, both the residential housing conditions and the development of steel residential building in China are widely investigated. Affordable housing in China is then, based on the investigation, defined as green humanized multi-storey housing comprised of medium-small type dwellings whose construction cost is not much higher than that of traditional reinforced concrete buildings and the maintenance cost is low. Taking this definition as a guiding ideology, detailed architectural and structural design of a steel affordable housing model in terms of a collective housing form with repeatable living units has been carried out. Comparisons of project cost and energy consumption between the designed steel residential housing and the corresponding reinforced concrete building show that the former is not more expensive and consumes less energy than the latter.     

The development of IT-supported residential services: a conceptual model of influences and constraints

An understanding of the potential and the complexity of IT-supported residential services is essential in order to realize it, especially if one will foresee some of its implications, such as constraints by and influences on the institutions, the markets and the power structure in society. Since our society appears to us as mainly artificial, the creation of IT-supported residential services can be seen as a matter of design. Design in that sense to study how things ought to be and not how they are. The paper describes a conceptual model, and the methodology behind it, of the complex domain of IT-supported service infrastructures for residential living. The model indicates how the residents and the institutions, such as the municipalities, the housing companies, the service providers and the IT-industry, will sanction, prevent or modify the market of residential services.     

‘They Seem to Divide Us’: Social Mix and Inclusion in Two Traditional Urbanist Communities

Mixed tenure communities have become an important element of UK housing policy in recent decades. Whilst valued by policy-makers for generating a range of benefits, particularly for residents living in social rented housing, the empirical literature suggests that tenure mixing is neither a sufficient nor a reliable remedy for addressing issues associated with concentrations of poverty, disadvantage and social exclusion. This paper reports on a doctoral research study that considered tenure mixing practices at two traditional urbanist communities in the UK: Poundbury, Dorchester, and New Gorbals, Glasgow. Conceptually, the paper uses Young's critiques of residential segregation and the integration ideal to evaluate the two communities. Methodologically, it draws on qualitative interviews with residents, planners and social housing providers. The research findings contradict many aspects of Young's ideal and highlight the complex and multidimensional nature of integration in practice. Reflecting on these findings, the paper identifies five housing policy and research priorities that might usefully be pursued in future work.     

Starters in the housing market in an urban region: The case of the Randstad Holland,a diversified housing‐shortage area

The access of newly formed households to their first independent dwelling is a useful indicator of the provision of housing for households with a weak position in the housing market. This is particularly the case in a densely populated urban region, where the housing market is tight. However, starters in the housing market do not form a homogeneous group. They differ by age, household composition, and socio‐economic status. Particularly when there are two wage earners in the household, access may be gained to more expensive dwellings. This article examines the housing situation of starters in five types of residential environment in the Randstad Holland: metropolitan areas, strongly, moderately, and weakly urbanised areas, and growth areas. The metropolitan areas contain many small and inexpensive dwellings and thus accommodate many non‐working (often student) starter households. In the least urbanised municipalities dual‐earner married couples are strongly represented among starters. All residential environments play an important part in the housing of starters, who usually locate in the residential environment where they had already been living. Particularly in the metropolitan and (strongly) urbanised areas so‐called substitute dwellings, such as rented rooms, caravans and houseboats, are important in accommodating newly formed households. They help ease the pressure on the stock of inexpensive housing. Starters living in suburban areas tended to move directly from the parental home into their first independent dwelling.     

Residential Satisfaction Among Public Housing Residents Living in Social-Mix Housing Complexes: The Case of the Seoul Metropolitan Area,Korea

Abstract

This study asks how a social mix policy that mixes public housing with private housing in the same housing complex is associated with residential satisfaction among public housing residents in Korea. We also ask if mixture types between public and private housing make a difference in the residential satisfaction of public housing residents. By analyzing the 2011 Korea Housing Survey for Public Housing Residents, we find that living in the independent type that includes only public housing and the random-mix type that randomly mixes public housing with private housing in the same building is positively related to residential satisfaction among public housing residents. The empirical analysis also shows that the levels of social conflict among residents are the lowest in the random-mix type.     

住宅套内辅助空间设计探析

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,其对住宅套型的功能、空间布局及舒适性的要求也越来越高,并且体现在对厨房、卫生间等住宅辅助空间的创新上.主要从门厅、厨房、家政服务间、卫生间及储藏间等几个方面分析了此类空间的设计要点及对现代住宅套型设计的重要性.     

人居环境理论视角下的农村住房建设探析

住房是农民的核心财产,是人居环境理论中的五大要素之一。为更好地实现居住与环境的融合,本文通过实地调查和分析发现,新一轮住房建设在巩固以往建房成果的同时,亦存在诸如需求量大、"两违"、忽视节能和地域文化保护不力等问题,影响了农村人居环境长远发展。原因与缺乏科学规划以及审批制度、住房权利、建设标准不完善相关。农村住房建设应该脱离纯粹的建筑行为,融入人居环境建设的理念,在居住规划、居住流转、地域文化以及社区管理等领域相互协调,提升居住质量。     

Causes and Consequences? Exploring the Shape and Direction of the Housing System in the UK Post the Financial Crisis

The impacts of the global financial crisis continue to reverberate around the world. This paper explores its impacts in the UK in general and England in particular in relation to the housing market and housing policy. It examines the underlying trends which were already in place before the financial crisis and the impact of the crisis and the government's policy responses on the housing and mortgage markets. The paper argues that the crisis mainly exacerbated already long established tensions while the current policy solutions have ameliorated, but not fully, resolved these pressures.     

老龄化背景下的底层住宅适应性设计研究

目前随着我国老龄化进程加快,老年人的居住问题日趋突出。两代人分居毗邻居住已经成为老年人倾向的主要居住模式。针对这些情况,根据老年人的生理和心理需求,该文提出住宅小区底层住宅老人化的规划模式。将多层、高层建筑的底层住宅专供老年群体,与楼上的子女毗邻居住。对底层住宅进行分割设计,使之适合老年人的居住需求,既解决老龄化背景下的老年人居住问题,又减轻了底层住宅的销售压力。     

The credit crunch and subsidized low-income housing: the UK and US experience compared

This paper examines how the mortgage crisis and subsequent recession have affected subsidized rental housing in the United Kingdom and the United States. These two nations approach the housing needs of low-income households in very different ways and to very different degrees. In the UK, non-profit housing associations are pivotal to the production and management of affordable rental housing; in the US, the affordable housing system revolves mostly around a single program, the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit. Yet the crisis destabilized key parts of both countries’ subsidy systems and raised important questions about their sustainability in the future. The UK responded sooner and arguably more effectively than the US to the crisis. However, over the longer term, the prospects for affordable housing development are likely to be more difficult in the UK than in the US.     

住宅的智能网络应用探索

住宅的智能网络随着社会信息化的发展正在改变人们生活与工作习惯,也对传统住宅提出了新的居住方式。人们对住宅居家不只是生成空间需求,更关注的是安全、舒适的住宅环境。住宅的智能网络已成为衡量居住安全性和生活舒适度主要标准,对当前推进城镇化住宅建设中倡导和谐社会住区起到重要作用。     

促进社会融合的中国低收入住区渐进式更新模式——“磁性社区”初探

针对当前我国城市低收入者面临的社会隔离、就业难、生活条件差等问题,归纳总结了欧美发达国家在解决低收入者居住问题上所经历的公共住房、混合住区、多元社区三个阶段的经验;并结合我国国情指出,大量的廉租房建设不能从根本上解决低收入者的问题,在当前无法实现居住混合与社会混合相结合的情况下,我国应该走一种以多元化混合社区为目标的过渡模式.以此为基础,提出了促进我国社会融合的低收入住区渐进式更新模式——“磁性社区”,探讨了“磁性社区”开放混合与动态生长的两个特点,并从社区边界、公共交通、功能业态、住宅类型和设施布局等方面提出“磁性社区”的更新方向,希望为解决我国低收入者的生存与发展问题提出一条发展思路.     

居住空间中的模糊情感——浅谈集合住宅的情感性空间设计

集合住宅已成为中国域市中最为主要的一种居住形态,如何在这种形态下创造宜人的居住空间是时下讨论的热点。本文从居住的情感需求出发,探讨一种能容纳居住者行为情感需求的居住空间模式,并提出弹性多义的居住空间模式构架的一种构想。     

A Study on Planning Strategies for Urban Housing Block Development

As a city is the carrier of human society and housing is an important part of a citizen's life and survival, the citizens' choice of their housing mode will inf luence the material and spiritual life of the individuals, families, and society. In view of the diversification of values and investments, people are eager for a harmonious relationship between the community and the city. As a kind of compact and efficient housing mode, the housing block highlights the organic link of the community within the city in an open and shared living environment. This paper reviews the development of housing blocks in various countries and summarizes the characteristics of housing blocks through a comparison with traditional gated residential quarters and urban blocks. It then analyzes the current diffi culties of housing block development in China from aspects such as the planning concept, planning system, management mode, and development mode and accordingly proposes planning principles and strategies in hope of providing theoretical supports for the development and construction of housing blocks in China.     

探索日本资源循环型住宅技术手法对居住模式与行为空间的影响

本文以资源循环型住宅理念为指导,以日本大阪燃气有限公司开发的Next21实验住宅为例,介绍在全生命周期的各个阶段中应用的设计手法和技术应用。以及从日本住宅长期援助计划的技术体系策略中居住舒适度的重要性出发,针对我国应用资源循环型住宅技术设计的居住体验模式进行了实地调研和分析。通过居住者的使用体验、需求反馈的调研分析,进一步研究了我国现有住宅使用情况。从而为资源循环型住宅在我国的本土化设计方法提供了理论基础。