废弃盐穴地下储气库稳定性研究

国际上公认盐岩体是地下能源（石油、天然气）储存最理想的介质，作为储气库的盐岩溶腔，一般都是根据设计要求通过水溶开采形成。目前，国内外鲜见利用地下废弃盐岩溶腔作为天然气储气库的先例。通过对ABAQUS有限元的二次开发，对某废弃盐岩溶腔的储气库围岩和岩柱的蠕变变形规律及腔顶蠕变损伤区的范围进行数值模拟，并对废弃溶腔作为储气库时的工作压力和储库套管鞋高度设计作了有益的探讨，这对指导工程实践具有一定的指导意义。     

盐岩地下储气库地表沉降风险失效概率的计算分析

盐岩地下储气库在运营过程中,因盐腔蠕变体积收缩引起地表沉降变形,从而对盐矿区地面设施(如建筑物、桥梁、路基等)产生不良影响,为了评估该影响,建立盐岩地下储气库地表沉降风险失效概率的计算方法,即：首先通过数值计算获得盐岩储气库的体积收缩率,然后通过SRAKA SCHOBER矿山法获得盐腔体积收缩引起的地表沉降,并建立地表沉降风险功能函数表达式,最后采用基于随机变量的蒙特卡洛方法可计算获得盐腔体积收缩引起的地表沉降风险失效概率。将该方法应用于金坛盐岩地下储气库,有效获得储气库体积收缩引发的地表沉降对盐矿区地面建筑的影响,为储气库区地面设施风险安全控制提供理论依据。     

地下水封石油洞库水封准则研究

水封准则是地下水封石油洞库设计与运行管理的基础。为获取工程应用更加简便实用的地下水封石油洞库水封准则,基于裂隙水流动阻力效应的研究,建立了气压推动裂隙水迁移的油汽逃逸模型;根据裂隙水迁移启动的临界条件,推导了铅直裂隙和倾斜裂隙中裂隙水满足油汽封存的临界水封厚度计算公式,讨论了临界水封厚度条件下洞库的原油水封效果。利用气液两相流数值分析成果和工程实际监测成果,论证了提出基于临界水封厚度的地下水封石油洞库水封准则的正确性。     

盐岩地下储库气体泄漏量的计算方法

为分析评估盐岩储气库泄漏事故灾害,借鉴现有输气管道气体泄漏率计算模型和压力容器泄压模型,提出一种适合于盐岩储库气体泄漏量的计算方法,与典型试验对比验证所提出计算方法的有效性;并以金坛盐岩地下储库为例,分析得到泄漏孔径、运营压力、井管长度对气体泄漏率的如下影响规律：气体泄漏率随着注采井套管破裂孔径的增大而逐渐增大,随着盐岩储气库运营压力的增大而线性增加,并随着井管管长的增大而逐渐减小。另外,应用所提出的模型对盐岩储库的气体泄漏速率和泄漏质量随时间的变化进行评估。     

Norwegian oil and gas storage in rock caverns-Technology based on experience from hydropower development

Underground storage in rock caverns is widely used in Norway for many different petroleum products,such as crude oil,fuel,propane and butane.Basically,the caverns for such storages are unlined,i.e.containment is ensured without using any steel lining or membrane.The main basis for the storage technology originates from the extensive hydropower development in Norway.As part of this activity,about 4500 km of tunnels and shafts have been excavated,and around 200 large powerhouse caverns have been constructed.The hydropower tunnels are mainly unlined,with hydrostatic water pressure on unlined rock of up to 1000 m.Some of the projects also include air cushion chambers with volumes of up to 1×10⁵m³and air pressure up to 7.7 MPa.Many lessons which are valuable also for underground oil and gas storage have been learnt from these projects.For a storage project to become successful,systematic,well planned design and ground investigation procedures are crucial.The main steps of the design procedure are first to define the optimum location of the project,and then to optimize orientation,shape/geometry and dimensions of caverns and tunnels.As part of the procedure,ground investigations have to be carried out at several steps integrated with the progress of design.The investigation and design procedures,and the great significance of these for the project to become successful will be discussed.Case examples of oil and gas storage in unlined rock caverns are given,illustrating the relevancy of experience from high-pressure hydropower projects for planning and design of unlined caverns for oil and gas storage.     

地下水封石油洞库施工期监控量测与稳定性分析

现场监控量测是确保大型地下工程建造和运营安全的重要手段。地下水封石油洞库在中国刚刚起步,不但缺少监测方案设计原则、实施方法等方面的规范标准,还缺少对相关监测数据分析方面的研究。以国内首个正在实施的大型地下水封石油洞库建设项目为依托,首先介绍了适用于大型地下水封石油洞库的监测原则与实施方法,该原则和方法充分考虑工程特征、地质情况和经济适用性;其次介绍了洞库监测结果:洞室大部分监测断面的洞周围岩收敛变形、拱顶沉降、内部位移和围岩松动圈分别处于4~8 mm、3~6 mm、4~8 mm和0.9~1.8 m区间范围内,锚杆应力和接触应力值大部分控制在50 MPa和0.5 MPa以内;而后分析了监测数据:1黄岛地下水封石油洞库围岩变形和支护受力较小、岩体稳定性良好、设计支护方案合理;2综合全面的监控量测结果可准确地反映地下水封石油洞库稳定性特征;3监测数据显示地下水封石油洞库稳定性表现出显著的时空演化特征。该研究可为中国地下水封石油洞库监测技术和稳定性评价研究提供重要依据。     

惠州地下水封油库三维非恒定渗流场研究

水封地下油库渗流场的分布是油库区地下水管理和油库运行方案的基本依据之一。为了解惠州水封地下油库区地下水在施工期和运行期的变化情况,应用三维非恒定流数值方法对复杂水文条件下的洞库区渗流场进行模拟,分析了不同初始地下水位条件对洞库区围岩渗流场的影响,探讨了施工期水幕系统不注水条件对油库运行的影响。研究表明:储油主洞开挖期间,水幕系统不注水将导致洞库围岩出现大范围的非饱和区,从而影响洞库多品种油品的储存。运行期水幕注水时的水封效果良好,洞库区围岩在进行灌浆处理后的涌水量较小。     

水封油库地下水位动态变化特性数值研究

为认识水封石油洞库区地下水位的动态变化过程,以黄岛地下水封石油洞库的基本地质条件为依据,采用饱和非饱和非恒定流数值分析方法,对水封油库在施工期和运行期可能出现工况下的地下水位变化情况进行了全过程数值仿真计算,分析了不同时期洞库区附近岩体的地下水位分布特点及变化过程。研究表明水封油库区内的地下水位变化过程主要受岩体渗透系数、洞库开挖方式和运行方式的影响;当洞库区岩体渗透系数大于 m/s 时,洞顶上方岩体中的地下水将被疏干,必须设置水幕系统来保证洞库的水封效果。     

盐岩地下油气储库设计参数优化研究

 针对盐岩地下油气储库在不同地质条件下腔体几何参数、围岩内腔体布局、套管靴高度等设计参数对储库结构稳定性、密闭性和使用性等方面的影响进行数值计算,分析提出盐岩地下油气储库设计参数优化准则。在盐丘、厚盐层地质条件下为减小对油气储库围岩损伤影响,应采用中部扩大圆柱形腔体;为减小对腔体收敛、地面沉降影响,应采用顶部扩大圆柱形腔体;在薄盐层地质条件下为保证腔体稳定性,应采用长短轴比为7/3的椭球形腔体。围岩内腔体布局应保证腔体间矿柱间距在盐丘、厚盐层地质条件下大于3倍腔体直径,在薄盐层地质条件下大于2倍腔体直径;最小顶板厚度应综合考虑在最大允许内压条件下腔体不泄露、不发生坍塌、地面无严重沉降等因素综合确定。为保证储库的密闭性,腔体顶部套管鞋顶部应位于腔体顶部盐体蠕变容许影响范围之外。     

基于强度折减法的盐岩地下储库腔群安全稳定性研究

将强度折减理论引入到盐岩地下储气库库群的安全稳定性研究中,提出库群失效破坏的临界标准。静力分析以塑性区贯通作为失效破坏临界判据,长期流变分析中失效破坏的临界判据包括塑性区贯通以及腔体体积收缩达到极限值。腔群整体安全系数计算通过搜索折减系数F,将岩体力学强度参数按F进行折减,使模型计算结果正好达到库群失效破坏的临界标准来实现。以金坛盐岩地下储气库为例,利用FLAC3D软件建立库群数值模型,根据强度折减理论对其进行静力分析和长期流变分析,获得不同条件下的库群整体安全系数。计算表明：静力分析中,随着折减系数的不断增大,腔周塑性区不断发展,腔群的整体安全系数为2.25;长期流变分析中,随着折减系数的增大,储库腔群的主要破坏因素由体积收缩逐渐转变为塑性区的发展贯通,在与静力分析相同的数值模型及内压条件下,库群运行50 a的整体安全系数为1.83。同时,探讨安全系数同矿柱间距、压强工况以及库群破坏模式之间的关系,为类似盐岩储气库库群安全运营和稳定性评价提供科学依据。     

Storage in lined hard-rock cavens: results of a pilot study

Spiraling natural gas consumption has increased the demand for high-pressure underground gas storage facilities. The proven methods of gas storage in porous geological formations and salt caverns are limited to locations with suitable geological conditions. At present, innovative techniques for high-pressure underground gas storage in lined hard rock caverns are being investigated in order to increase the number of potential sites and raise supply security. Because of the permeability of the generally jointed hard rock masses, these caverns have to be sealed by a lining system. This paper reports the results of a feasibility study of high-pressure gas storage in lined hard rock caverns. The paper commences with a look at the potential uses of hard rock caverns for gas storage, and pertinent design requirements. A preliminary concept for the caverns and the gas plant is discussed, with specific emphasis on geological boundary conditions, rock mechanics and construction. The paper concludes with a discussion of technical and economic feasibility considerations for this storage concept.     

Experimental study of water curtain performance for gas storage in an underground cavern

An artificial water curtain system is composed of a network of underground galleries and horizontal boreholes drilled from these galleries.Pre-grouting measures are introduced to keep the bedrock saturated all the time.This system is deployed over an artificial or natural underground cavern used for the storage of gas（or some other fluids） to prevent the gas from escaping through leakage paths in the rock mass.An experimental physical modeling system has been constructed to evaluate the performance of artificial water curtain systems under various conditions.These conditions include different spacings of caverns and cavern radii located below the natural groundwater level.The principles of the experiment,devices,design of the physical model,calculation of gas leakage,and evaluation of the critical gas pressure are presented in this paper.Experimental result shows that gas leakage is strongly affected by the spacing of water curtain boreholes,the critical gas pressure,and the number and proximity of storage caverns.The hydraulic connection between boreholes is observed to vary with depth or location,which suggests that the distribution of water-conducting joint sets along the boreholes is also variable.When designing the drainage system for a cavern,drainage holes should be orientated to maximize the frequency at which they encounter major joint sets and permeable intervals studying in order to maintain the seal on the cavern through water pressure.Our experimental results provide a significant contribution to the theoretical controls on water curtains,and they can be used to guide the design and construction of practical storage caverns.     

大型地下石油洞库自然水封性应力-渗流耦合分析

根据地质条件,地下水封石油洞库可以选择自然水封或人工水封方式。以中国首个大型地下水封石油洞库为背景,开展了岩石三轴压缩试验和现场水文试验,获得了洞库围岩变形特征和渗透特性,采用应力-渗流耦合理论,分析了该地下石油洞库的自然水封性与稳定性。岩石三轴实验表明,岩体受剪作用下体积变化情况与剪胀性密不可分。现场水文试验表明,洞库渗透系数存在一定的不确定性。通过数值分析得出如下结论：自然水封条件下,洞库水位将不满足水封要求;地下水封洞库实现水封条件的水头受水力梯度和岩体渗透性影响;洞库施工期涌水量与渗透系数存在着分形关系;施工期各洞室拱顶沉降为19～32 mm,水平收敛为16～35 mm。研究成果为中国首个大型地下水封石油洞库工程建设提供了科学依据。     

盐岩中能源(石油和天然气)地下储存库稳定性评价标准研究

由于盐岩属于一类特殊的岩体，储存库的稳定性分析的评价标准与其他岩体有差别，在各国并没有统一的标准和设计规范，多数是用数值计算的方法来评价储存库的稳定性。主要做法是根据具体的储存库及其岩体力学特性，预先设置储存库稳定性的一些标准，然后对盐岩及其相关的岩石进行大量的试验研究，得到所需要的计算参数，最后通过数值计算来确定储存库的稳定性。系统地提出了盐岩中能源储存库的稳定性研究的内容和评判标准，这些标准归纳起来有3个方面，即：(1)储存库稳定性标准如不允许出现片邦，不允许出现蠕变破坏、安全矿柱和地面沉降控制准则；(2)储存库密封性标准如最大内压控制准则；(3)储存库可使用性标准如储存库体积收敛性。同时给出一个算例，以说明如何评价储存库的稳定性，并说明对储存库稳定性评判标准可以根据具体的情况做必要的修改。     

地下水封洞库岩体渗透系数估算研究

 在分析现有主要岩体渗透系数估算模型适宜性的基础上,根据地下水封洞库区岩体渗透性特征,依据烟台LPG洞库岩体渗透系数测试数据,以岩石质量指标(RQD)、岩体完整性指标(RID)、裂隙宽度指标(AD)、岩石渗透性指标(LPD)为建模指标,建立地下水封洞库岩体渗透系数估算模型--RMP模型,并采用该RMP模型估算青岛地下水封洞库区14个钻孔277段岩体的渗透系数。研究结果表明,青岛地下水封洞库岩体渗透系数空间分布随机性较大,其中57.04%的渗透系数集中于10－4 m/d≤K＜10－3 m/d的区间内。研究成果对地下水封洞库工程的水幕系统设计和水封效果评价具有一定理论意义和工程参考价值。     

地下水封石油洞库渗水量预测与统计

渗水量规模与空间分布特征是地下水封石油洞库建设中的关键问题。以中国首个大型地下水封石油洞库项目为背景,采用经验公式、有限元法计算和现场实测等方法研究了该洞库渗水量规模和空间分布特征。在大量现场岩体渗透性试验基础上,获得了可靠的岩体渗透系数,采用经验公式和数值计算等方法对洞库渗水量规模和空间分布特征进行了预测。根据现场揭露的渗水形态,统计了洞库渗水量规模,获得了渗水量空间分布特征,调查了渗水部位地质特征,据此提出了渗水量控制标准和有针对性的工程注浆防渗对策。通过对比预测与统计结果,讨论了渗水量规模预测方法适用性和渗水量空间分布特征离散性等问题。研究成果为提高中国地下水封石油洞库建设水平提供了理论支持,并为复杂条件下地下工程渗流特性研究提供了工程实例。     

海岛地下水封洞库围岩稳定性及水封可靠性研究

为提高我国的石油储备量及海岛资源利用率,在海岛环境建造地下水封油库成为了一种新的思路。海岛环境相比于内陆具有更好的水力条件,且可作为港口,便于油品运输。以某海岛地下水封油库为依托,基于流固耦合理论,采用有限元数值模拟方法对海岛环境建造地下水封洞库的围岩稳定性和水封可靠性进行研究。结果表明:在海岛环境建造地下水封洞库围岩的应力和位移均较小,可以满足围岩稳定性要求;在不设置水幕系统情况下,开挖地下洞库会在洞库上方形成明显的降落漏斗,部分洞库顶部甚至发生疏干现象,无法满足水封可靠性要求;在设置水幕系统后,地下洞库上方可形成较大厚度的地下水覆盖层,可以满足水封可靠性要求。该成果对在海岛环境下建造地下水封洞库的研究具有借鉴意义。     

Geotechnical requirements of subsurface repositories in mines,rock and salt caverns for interim or final disposal of hazardous wastes

The storage of hazardous wastes in subsurface facilities, i.e. in mines, salt caverns and hard rock caverns, offers a high degree of security potential. This is because the contaminants are entombed in geological formations of the deep underground a long way from the biosphere. In order not to prejudice the security offered by the geological barriers certain geotechnical demands have to be met with respect to stability, tightness and sealing in the construction of these subsurface waste repositories. Furthermore, prior to their emplacement, wastes have to be conditioned to exclude the possibility of reactions between the wastes and between the wastes and the surrounding material, e.g. rock or lining. Depending upon the intended function of the subsurface facility, i.e. for interim or final storage, different demands are pertinent with respect to the emplacement technology and the facility seal. In the following paper the geotechnical security objectives for subsurface repositories for interim and final storage are discussed and technical concepts for the construction and operation of mined, salt and hard rock caverns presented. The possibilities for using current mine operations and abandoned underground spaces for the storage of hazardous wastes are discussed.     

Latest technology of underground rock cavern excavation in Japan

Four major projects with large-scale rock underground caverns are discussed in this report; two hydropower stations, one underground oil storage facility and one underground museum in Japan. The technology applied to the construction of these caverns have some unique characteristics and can be applied to various other underground uses for different purposes and applied to larger-scale underground rock caverns with different geological and in situ stress conditions. Generally, construction of an underground cavern is comprised of five major activities: geological investigation; cavern stability analysis; initial rock support design; excavation works; and redesign of rock support according to the observational construction method. Weighted factors allocated among these factors should be established based on the rock properties and the purpose of the underground cavern use, which would define the major characteristics of the construction project. This report discusses some of major characteristics of these projects in Japan.     

地下石油洞库水封性评价方法体系及应用

水封性评价是地下水封石油洞库建设的关键科学问题。围绕地下石油洞库水封性评价,提出了地下水封石油洞库水封性评价的水文地质概念模型,总结了水封性评价中地下水、岩体性质与地质环境和洞库工程特征3个方面基础数据,分析了三者之间关系;分析了经验法、数值分析法和试验法三大类评价方法的特点和对应的适用范围,提出了评价方法"三适应"选用原则:评价方法与建设阶段、评价目标和参数要求相适应,提出了水封性评价流程,分析了不同评价阶段所应采用评价方法和重点的评价内容;以具体工程为背景,介绍了评价方法体系的应用情况,并着重介绍了经验法、裂隙网络法和现场试验法在水封性评价中的使用情况。研究成果对提高地下水封石油洞库水封性评价水平具有重要参考价值。