Hierarchical 3D multiphysics modelling in the design and optimisation of SOFC system components

This paper presents a novel bottom-up modelling approach to aid in the design and optimisation of the Research Centre Jülich type integrated module components. The approach is demonstrated by employing the air pre-heater component. A feasibility study considering the thermo fluid, thermo mechanical behaviour of the physical air pre-heater design compared to a simplified design is introduced. Analogue design simplifications are performed to the afterburner and pre-reformer components. The results reveal that a simplified design can be feasible for thermo fluid flow analyses, but are not representative for mechanical analyses. The integrated module considering the simplified system components is simulated in 3D, considering the multiphysics that occur within each component. The predictions of the air pre-heater component obtained from the integrated module analysis are compared to the stand-alone air pre-heater simulation results. The results are in very good agreement. The approach is proven to be useful for the optimisation of the integrated module. Moreover, the investigation of local processes, critical regions can be visualised. The methodology demonstrates the effective simulation of large scale systems in 3D.     

Thermoelectric power generation using Li-doped NiO and (Ba,Sr)PbO3 module

A prototype of oxide thermoelectric (TE) module by p–n coupled oxide elements has been fabricated for the first time, for the application of power generation at high-temperatures in air. For the single couple, the π-shaped joints of sintered bodies of Li-doped NiO (p-type) and (Ba, Sr)PbO₃ (n-type) were used. TE performance of both single couple and the module were investigated in the temperature range from 440 to 1060 K. The maximum output power from a single couple was 7.91 mW with the operating temperature difference of 552 K. The assembled module with four elements showing almost four times larger power, 34.4 mW, than that of a single element. The reliability of this oxide couple at high-temperature in air, and an application of module for the power generation using the waste heat from a stove are also reported.     

空气预热器热点检测系统的研究

针对现场环境,用低照度CCD获取空气预热器金属部件在不同温度下图像信息,通过小波包变换,以最佳子空间下每层熵值总和作为特征向量元素,按分解顺序排列每层熵值总和,获得图像的特征。采用具有距离特征的类别可分性判据,对空气预热器不同的工作状态(正常、发生火情)进行识别,试验表明,该方法准确有效。图3表1参7     

Theory and experimental validation of cross-flow micro-channel heat exchanger module with reference to high Mach aircraft gas turbine engines

This study explores the design, analysis, and performance assessment of a new class of heat exchangers intended for high Mach aircraft gas turbine engines. Because the compressor air that is used to cool turbine blades and other components in a high Mach engine is itself too hot, aircraft fuel is needed to precool the compressor air, cooling is achieved with a new heat exchanger. The heat exchanger consists of a large number of miniature, closely-spaced modules. Within each module, the fuel flows through a series of parallel micro-channels, while the air flows externally over rows of short, straight fins perpendicular to the direction of fuel flow. A theoretical model was developed to predict the thermal performance of the module for various operating conditions. To confirm the accuracy of the model, a single module was constructed and tested using water to simulate the aircraft fuel. The theoretical model was used to predict the air temperature drop, water temperature rise, and heat transfer rate for each fluid stream. Comparisons between theory and experiment show good overall agreement in exit temperatures and heat transfer rates. This study shows the theoretical model is a reliable tool for predicting the performance of heat exchanger modules under actual fuel and air turbine engine conditions and for the design of aircraft heat exchangers of different sizes and design envelopes.     

Experimental investigation of the performance of the solar tunnel dryer for drying bananas

The multi-purpose solar tunnel dryer was used to dry bananas under the hot and humid weather conditions of Thailand in order to investigate its performance. The dryer comprises a plastic sheet-covered flat plate collector and a drying tunnel. The dryer is arranged to supply hot air directly to the drying tunnel using three fans powered by a 53 W solar cell module. The products to be dried are spread in one layer on a plastic net in the drying tunnel to receive energy from both the hot air supplied by the collector and incident solar radiation. This dryer can be used to dry up to 300 kg of ripe bananas in each drying batch. In investigating the performance of the dryer, seven drying tests were conducted at the Royal Chitralada Projects in Bangkok during March–May 1995. Teh temperature of the drying air from the collector varied between 40 and 65°C during drying and the bananas could be dried within 3–5 days, compared to the 5–7 days needed for natural Sun drying. In addition, the bananas being dried in the solar tunnel dryer were completely protected from rain, insects and dust, and the dried bananas were of high quality in terms of flavour, colour and texture. As the fans are powered by the solar module, the dryer could be used in rural areas where there is no supply of electricity from grid. The pay-back period of the dryer is estimated to be about 3 years when the dryer is locally produced.     

大型循环流化床锅炉的结构布置与试验研究

现有的锅炉布置形式在循环流化床（CFB）大型化过程中受到多方面的限制。目前，大型（CFB）锅炉以炉膛为中心、周边布置分离器的结构布置方案，在锅炉容量进一步增大时极易造成布风不均及众多分离器布置困难的问题。因而提出了一种以分离器为中心的模块化布置方案，并在一个冷态试验台上进行了系统的试验研究。初步试验结果表明：这种特殊结构布置的CFB锅炉不仅能够正常运行，而且确实具有若干传统CFB结构不具备的优点。     

盐溶液与空气接触的除湿单元模块性能研究

在实验测量的基础上,分析了使用Celdek规整填料和溴化锂除湿溶液的叉流除湿模块的全热效率及除湿效率的影响因素,给出了两个效率的经验关联式,使用该经验关联式计算的全热效率和除湿效率的数值与实验结果的平均偏差分别为6.3%和6.0%。通过与文献中逆流除湿器的实验结果对比,该经验关联式的预测结果与实验结果很好的符合,也可用于预测逆流除湿器的性能。     

垃圾焚烧炉二次配风优化数值研究

为研究焚烧炉二次助燃风的作用,以某厂生活垃圾焚烧炉为研究对象,建立了生活垃圾焚烧炉的三维数值模型,采用计算流体力学软件FLIC和FLUENT对炉排上的固相燃烧和炉膛内的气相燃烧过程进行了耦合模拟。结果表明:当焚烧炉不设置二次助燃风时,烟气在喉口和一次烟道内混合不均匀,可燃成分会沿后拱形成贴壁流,使得炉壁局部热负荷较高,易发生烧损现象,燃烧的不均匀也对污染物的消减不利;当在炉膛两侧设置二次风,尤其是旋流二次风时,流场得到较好的组织,可使喉口区域形成多个旋流区,二次燃烧效果比较好,并且湍动能、烟气路径长度和停留时间都较优,有利于可燃成份的充分燃烧和污染物的消减。     

空气/水双冷型PV/T一体化组件实验与模拟研究

提出一种空气/水双冷型PV/T一体化组件,搭建2套测试平台开展PV/T组件的空冷、水冷、空气-水复合冷却实验,研究不同工作模式下组件的性能表现。实验结果表明：3种工作模式均可对光伏组件进行有效冷却,空冷、水冷、复合冷却模式组件综合效率分别为76.05%、74.51%、84.83%,其吸热板温度较无工质冷却模块分别可降低19.08、27.58和35.16℃。为进一步分析设计参数对PV/T组件电热特性的影响,利用ANSYS构建组件的三维数值模型,并通过实验数据验证模型的准确性。模拟显示：采用双风道翅片式结构可有效提升组件电热性能;随着环境温度的升高（10～40℃）,组件的综合效率由61.85%增至80.31%。     

Performance evaluation of a solar-powered flat-plate multichannel liquid desiccant air conditioning system

There has been a limited application of liquid desiccant (LD) dehumidification systems in space air conditioning until now. The key elements responsible for this restricted implementation are leakage of desiccant solution, corrosion of components, and solution carryover along with the processed air to the space to be conditioned. To remove these problems, an evacuated tube solar heat collector-driven multichannel liquid desiccant air conditioning system has been proposed and experimentally investigated. In this study, dehumidification and regeneration rate, their effectiveness, cooling effect of the dehumidifier, and indirect evaporative cooling unit have been analyzed. The results obtained indicate that the process air has been dehumidified and cooled by 6.32 g kg⁻¹ and 5.26°C, respectively. The regeneration rate and effectiveness have been obtained to be 0.26 g s⁻¹ and 0.31, respectively. In terms of the cooling effect, the system output of 0.703 and 0.130 kW has been obtained from the dehumidifier and indirect evaporative cooling unit of the system, respectively. The proposed system validates the possibility of the novel solar-powered liquid desiccant air conditioning system concept and provides growth and development of the LD air conditioning technology for space air conditioning.     

Effect of radiant spectral characteristics on performance of a near-infra-red heating module

We simulated the heat transfer phenomena of the heating module that is primarily based on the radiant energy in the near-infra-red(NIR) domain. In the module, the power emitted by the lamp filament is distributed to the lamp glass, reflector, and the target medium, which are cooled by an air flow. The radiant heat transfer is simulated by using the ray-tracing scheme, in which the spectral characteristics of the emission and the materials are incorporated. The heat transport from the lamp glass to the cooling air is analyzed by using the finite volume method. As the lamp-filament temperature rises in the range of 3000–3400K, the NIR radiant power on the target medium increases. However, the lamp-glass temperature also rises, and the proportion of the NIR power to the entire radiation has a peak in the temperature range. The spectral distributions of the absorbed energies in all the components in the module are highly non-uniform, and a monochromatic model of the radiant heat transfer may result in a significant discrepancy.     

循环流化床中心二次风的设计及实验研究

介绍了在炉膛中央设置水平布置杆式二次风和竖直布置柱式二次风两种结构。在冷态循环流化床上,研究了中心二次风的布置形式和布置高度,以及二次风率对床内沿高度方向的颗粒浓度分布的影响,并与同样高度的常规壁面二次风进行了对比。实验发现,空气分级后二次风下方的颗粒浓度随二次风率的提高而增大。二次风高度的增加伴随着底部密相区向上延伸。几种二次风布置形式中,水平杆式二次风结构布置时底部浓度最大。通过对射流的示踪发现,在高二次风速时中心二次风扩散到壁面区域,而在中心区域则缺少二次风气体,这不利于对中心区域的氧气补充。而水平杆式中心二次风射流在横向动量的作用下,射流进入床内时发生偏转,能够在床内形成较大的扩散面。另外,还讨论了中心二次风进一步在实际循环流化床锅炉中的应用所需要注意和解决的问题。     

多联机不停机除霜的蓄热模块设计及实验研究

多联机热泵空调除霜技术一直是行业内的研究热点。通过仿真模拟对比了螺旋结构和平铺矩阵结构的蓄热模块对制冷剂管路放热的情况,选用了综合性能更优的平铺矩阵结构的蓄热模块与一台10HP多联机热泵空调器进行除霜匹配初步试验,结果表明,该独立蓄热模块不需要消耗热泵本身循环的热量,除霜期间完全不影响室内换热器的供热需求,除霜时间短,两次除霜间隔时间内,蓄热模块能顺利蓄热,实现了真正不停机除霜。     

关于大气预混式模块铸铁锅炉的一些探讨

文章对大气预混式模块铸铁锅炉的优越性进行了论述,分析了该类锅炉的节能性,应大力推广大气预混式模块铸铁锅炉.     

Multi-Objective Design Optimization of Hollow Fiber Membrane-Based Liquid Desiccant Module Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

ABSTRACT

Hollow fiber membrane-based liquid desiccant air dehumidification is an effective method for air dehumidification. The benefit of this technique is that the carryover problem of air mixing with desiccant solution can be avoided. Optimal design of the hollow fiber membrane-based liquid desiccant module is presented in this paper. Two objective functions are total entropy generation and total annual cost. However, a lower entropy generation often corresponds to a higher cost of the designed hollow fiber membrane module. To balance the total entropy generation and the total annual cost of hollow fiber membrane-based liquid desiccant modules, the multi-objective particle swarm algorithm is developed for the optimal hollow fiber membrane module design problem. The geometric variables like length of fiber, inner diameter of fiber, number of fiber and packing fraction effect on the total entropy generation and total annual cost are studied. The optimal structural parameters of a hollow fiber membrane-based desiccant module are obtained using multi-objective particle swarm algorithm.     

Numerical investigation of the air flow through a bundle of IP-SOFC modules

The integrated-planar solid oxide fuel cell (IP-SOFC) consists of ceramic modules which have electrochemical cells printed on the outer surfaces. The cathodes are the outermost layer of each cell and are supplied with oxygen from air flowing over the outside of each module. The anodes are in direct contact with the ceramic structure and are supplied with fuel from internal gas channels. An IP-SOFC power plant will contain many modules closely packed together in an array inside a pressure vessel. The air flow is also used to cool the modules. This paper describes a three-dimensional numerical method for simulating the air flow. It uses an explicit time-marching scheme that incorporates a preconditioning method to increase the rate of numerical convergence at low flow velocities. The numerical method is used to simulate the air flow through an array of IP-SOFC modules. The scheme is straightforward to implement and can predict the recirculating flows existing between the modules within an array. The calculation procedure is used to investigate the effect of different sized gaps between modules on the local heat and mass transfer coefficients. The results show the effect of the module arrangement on the flow field and how increasing the gap between modules improves the heat and mass transfer at the module surfaces.     

Performance evaluation of a hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) (glass-to-glass) system

In this paper, an attempt is made to evaluate the thermal performance of a hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) air collector system. The two type of photovoltaic (PV) module namely PV module with glass-to-tedlar and glass-to-glass are considered for performance comparison. The results of both PV modules are compared for composite climate of New Delhi. Analytical expression for solar cell, back surface, outlet air temperatures and an overall thermal efficiency are derived for both cases. It is observed that hybrid air collector with PV module glass-to-glass gives better performance in terms of overall thermal efficiency. Parametric studies are also carried out.     

Natural convection solar dryer with biomass back-up heater

A direct-type natural convection solar dryer and a simple biomass burner have been combined to demonstrate a drying technology suitable for small-scale processors of dried fruits and vegetables in non-electrified areas of developing countries. From a series of evaluation trials of the system, the capacity of the dryer was found to be 20–22 kg of fresh pineapple arranged in a single layer of 0.01-m-thick slices. The overall drying efficiency of the unit was calculated to be 9%. During the same trial, the drying efficiency of the solar component alone was found to be 22%. Other trials estimated the efficiency of the burner in producing useful heat for drying to be 27%. Key features of the biomass burner were found to be the addition of thermal mass on the upper surface, an internal baffle plate to lengthen the exhaust gas exit path and a variable air inlet valve. Further modifications to further improve the performance of both the solar and biomass components of the dryer are suggested.     

Correlations for solar air heater duct with dimpled shape roughness elements on absorber plate

An experimental investigation has been carried out for a range of system and operating parameters in order to analyse the effect of artificial roughness on heat transfer and friction characteristics in solar air heater duct which is having dimple shaped elements arranged in angular fashion (arc) as roughness elements on absorber plate. Duct has an aspect ratio (W/H) of 11, relative roughness pitch (p/e) range of 10–20, relative roughness height (e/D_h) range of 0.021–0.036, arc angle (α) range of 45–75° and Reynolds number (Re) ranges from 3600 to 18,000. A considerable increase in heat transfer and friction loss has been observed. The experimental data have been used to develop Nusselt number and friction factor correlations as a function of roughness parameters and operating parameters.     

双流化床提升管二次风对其循环流率的影响规律

双循环流化床提升管二次风特性是影响颗粒循环流率的重要因素。设计并搭建了双循环流化床冷态实验台,通过实验分析了二次风风速、送风方式、风口高度及风口数目对颗粒循环流率的影响。实验表明:对于物料固定粒径、固定静床高时,颗粒循环流率随着二次风速的增加而增加,风速达到一定值后,颗粒循环流率的增加趋势趋于平缓;风速一定时,径向送风比切向给风时颗粒循环流率大,4个二次送风口比2个送风口时颗粒循环流率稍大;二次风口在距布风板15cm时比20cm时颗粒循环流率明显增加,且风口高度对颗粒循环流率的影响随着风速的增加逐渐明显。