Identification of organic compounds in leachate from a waste tip

Two different types of leachate from a municipal waste tip have been analyzed. The first type of leachate was collected from a waste tip in the acidification stage. The organic load of this leachate was high and consisted mainly of free volatile acids (over 95% of the TOC). Volatile amines and ethanol were also present (0.8 and 0.7% of the TOC respectively). The leachate was extracted with hexane and the extract was analyzed with infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer combination. In the extract alcohols, hydrocarbons, esters, terpenes and phthalates have been identified. High molecular weight compounds were present only in a low concentration.The second type of leachate was collected from a waste tip in the methane fermentation stage. The organic load was relatively low. An important part of the organics was identified as high molecular weight compounds. About 32% of the organic carbon consisted of compounds with a molecular weight over 1000. Acids, amines and alcohols could not be detected. This means that the organic compounds present were end products of degradation processes.Furthermore there was a remarkable difference in heavy metal content between the two types of leachate.     

MIC反应器处理抗生素发酵废液的研究

采用逐步提高抗生素浓度和有机负荷(OLR)的方法,考察改进型内循环厌氧反应器(MIC反应器)对含万古霉素(VA)发酵废液的处理效果,并对微生物群落进行分析。结果表明,污泥经过驯化后,MIC反应器对VA发酵废液有较好的处理能力,当进水VA浓度为70 mg/L左右、水力停留时间(HRT)为4 d时,对MIC反应器运行没有抑制效应,此时COD去除率约为90%,VA去除率达到90%以上;当HRT为2 d、进水OLR为25 kgCOD/(m³·d)时,MIC反应器对VA发酵废液的COD去除负荷最大,为19. 5 kg/(m³·d)。通过微生物多样性检测结果发现,细菌群落在门水平上的优势菌为Bacteroidetes和Firmicutes。     

Hydrogen and methane production from household solid waste in the two-stage fermentation process

A two-stage process combined hydrogen and methane production from household solid waste was demonstrated working successfully. The yield of 43 mL H(2)/g volatile solid (VS) added was generated in the first hydrogen production stage and the methane production in the second stage was 500 mL CH(4)/g VS added. This figure was 21% higher than the methane yield from the one-stage process, which was run as control. Sparging of the hydrogen reactor with methane gas resulted in doubling of the hydrogen production. pH was observed as a key factor affecting fermentation pathway in hydrogen production stage. The optimum pH range for hydrogen production in this system was in the range from 5 to 5.5. The short hydraulic retention time (2 days) applied in the first stage was enough to separate acidogenesis from methanogenesis. No additional control for preventing methanogenesis in the first stage was necessary. Furthermore, this study also provided direct evidence in the dynamic fermentation process that, hydrogen production increase was reflected by acetate to butyrate ratio increase in liquid phase.     

碱的类型对剩余污泥碱性发酵及脱水性能的影响

在温度35℃、pH=10条件下,对比研究了14 d内剩余污泥在KOH、NaOH、Ca(OH)2和Na2CO3这4种碱性条件下的水解产酸性能、脱水性能、氨氮和正磷酸释放情况以及污泥减量情况.结果表明:剩余污泥在4种碱性条件下表现出不同的水解产酸能力、脱水性能、以及污泥减量情况.污泥水解能力排序为Na2CO3＞NaOH≈KOH＞Ca(OH)2;产酸能力排序为NaOH＞KOH≈Na2CO3＞Ca(OH)2;脱水性能排序为Ca(OH)2＞Na2CO3＞NaOH≈KOH,氨氮和正磷酸盐释放量排序均为为Na2CO3＞ NaOH≈KOH＞Ca(OH)2.剩余污泥在Na2CO3条件下挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)去除率最高;但在NaOH条件下总悬浮固体(TSS)去除率最高.     

城市生活垃圾资源化技术的探讨

城市生活垃圾的处理对于保护环境、协调人口、资源、环境可持续发展有着重要的意义．笔者主要从资源化的角度对城市生活垃圾的处理新技术——低温干馏燃烧法、渗沥液回流、厌氧发酵技术的原理及应用进行了阐述．     

含油量对泔脚废油脂定向生产奇数碳VFAs的影响

奇数碳挥发性脂肪酸(OCFA)作为厌氧消化过程的中间代谢产物,是合成聚羟基烷酸(PHAs)和生物脱氮除磷(BNR)的优质碳源。为了提高OCFA在泔脚废油脂厌氧发酵液中的占比,研究了含油量对其厌氧发酵定向生产OCFA的影响。以废弃肥肉代表的脂类为发酵底物,泔水浮油和煎炸废油为添加物,厌氧池末端的剩余污泥为接种物,探讨了在含油量为0~20 g/L的情况下挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)浓度和OCFA占比(OCFA/VFAs)的变化规律,以及对发酵过程中溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)、溶解性蛋白质、多糖等的影响。结果表明,当含油量为10 g/L时,VFAs浓度和OCFA最高占比均有所提高,相较于含油量为0 g/L时,分别提高了57.6%、5.9%。且通过响应面法确定最佳发酵工况为发酵时间=7.6 d和含油量=11.2 g/L,OCFA占比最高可达73.5%。     

高分子防水卷材CP胶粘剂

本文简介了CP胶粘剂的组份、性能、用途、生产工艺、施工要点及胶接原理。     

浅析铝塑复合板滚筒剥离和180°剥离的相关性

从基本的力学原理和对比实验两方面出发,进行分析和研究滚筒剥离和180°剥离检测方法之间的相关性,以确定180°剥离检测方法能否取代滚筒剥离成为建筑幕墙用铝塑复合板剥离强度的检测方法。     

城市建筑垃圾固废物处置的现状及未来

介绍了我国建筑垃圾的处理现状和工艺,并对未来我国建筑垃圾及固废处理提出优化建议.     

建筑垃圾管理:一个有待重视的领域

随着我国经济的高速发展,建筑垃圾不断增加,已占了城市固体垃圾的很大一部分比例。提出了对建筑垃圾应该加强管理,从建筑垃圾产出的源头要做减量化的工作,在建筑垃圾的下游应该做资源化的管理,这对于建筑业的可持续发展有着重要的意义。     

The pardess: an Israeli symbolic landscape

One of the most significant symbolic landscapes of the Zionist revival in Israel is the pardess — the citrus grove. The particular landscape of citrus groves in Israel conveys both religious symbolism and modern secular nationalistic values. The Israelis' images of the citrus grove landscape are reflected in the iconic use of this landscape in a variety of cultural expressions, from children's literature to advertising. Economic and political forces are increasingly threatening and destroying vast areas of citrus groves in the centre of Israel. In the wake of massive construction and development, this essay describes the cultural values that are being challenged by urbanization.     

GFRP复合材料加固带壁柱砖墙抗剪性能试验研究

通过5片带壁柱的墙体试件（其中包括1个对比墙）,主要研究了玻璃纤维复合材料（Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer,GFRP）加固后的墙体抗剪性能。结果显示,通过GFRP的加固,带壁柱砖墙的极限荷载、极限位移和抗剪刚度都有提高,但提高幅度随加固形式的不同而异。同时,如果对墙体进行不对称加固时,会有明显的墙体扭转及GFRP剥离现象,此时加固效果差。     

德国建筑废弃物层级管理及其对中国的启示

分析德国建筑废弃物层级管理的基本框架内容,从防止产生、再利用、再生利用、处置等方面剖析影响建筑废弃物各层级管理有效实施的因素,在此基础上提出我国的建筑废弃物管理应借鉴德国的成熟经验,通过明确和细化我国建筑废弃物管理的层级结构,优先强调建筑废弃物的源头预防与控制,构建健康有序的再生建筑产品市场,合理运用经济工具规制建筑废弃物处置来有效推进建筑废弃物的层级管理。     

城市垃圾处理方法及趋势

介绍了目前我国城市垃圾处理方法的原理及各自的优缺点,综合比较后,针对我国基本国情,以及科学技术的发展,提出焚烧将在我国以后垃圾处理中占主导地位,而困扰焚烧技术发展的瓶颈主要包括后续烟气处理和燃烧热值不高问题。     

固体废弃物在建筑工业中的资源化利用

固体废弃物的增加已经成为环境污染和阻碍城市可持续发展的主要因素,本文在研究文献的基础上,探讨了煤矸石、建筑废弃物、农作物秸秆在建筑材料中的资源化利用。指出了这些固体废弃物处理过程中主要存在的问题、对人类生态环境带来的危害,并展望了其应用前景。     

汶川地区地震后城市垃圾综合处理策略探讨

城市废墟清理和垃圾处理是地震后城市重建工作的首要内容。从地震灾害对汶川地区的影响出发,分析震后城市垃圾处理的特殊性,研究城市废墟中垃圾的来源分类与构成。在深入研究国内外城市震后垃圾处理经验的基础上.针对汶川地区自身特点,提出在灾后重建过程中垃圾处理的主要内容及综合处理策略,从而指导灾后的重建工作。