基于核最小噪声分离变换的高光谱遥感影像特征提取研究

高光谱遥感影像具有高维非线性的特点,线性特征提取方法容易造成信息丢失和失真。在最小噪声分离变换(MNF)线性特征提取算法的基础上,引入核方法,提出核最小噪声分离变换(KMNF)高光谱遥感影像非线性特征提取方法。KMNF通过核函数,将样本映射到高维特征空间,在特征空间中运算线性MNF,实现原始空间中的非线性KMNF算法。进行基于KMNF的高光谱影像特征提取实验,分析样本个数对KMNF特征提取的效果,发现样本数量对KMNF特征提取的结果影响很小,较少的样本数即可达到较多样本时特征提取的效果。对比KMNF与MNF特征提取的效果,分析它们降维的效率与保留的信息量,发现KMNF总体降维效率与MNF相当,且体现出高光谱图像的非线性特征;在KMNF和MNF特征提取的基础上,利用SVM进行高光谱图像分类,KMNF+SVM的分类精度优于MNF+SVM。     

Efficient compression algorithm for hyperspectral images based on correlation coefficients adaptive 3D zerotree coding

The authors propose an efficient compression algorithm for hyperspectral images, which is based on the correlation coefficients adaptive asymmetric tree three-dimensional (3D) set partitioning in hierarchical trees (AT-3DSPIHT) coding of the asymmetric 3D wavelet transform (A3D-DWT) coefficients. According to the characteristics of the correlation coefficients between adjacent spectral bands, a binary tree spectral band grouping algorithm is carried out to divide the adjacent spectral bands into different mode groups. Along with this, an appropriate A3D-DWT with the corresponding decomposition levels and a proper AT-3D zerotree are determined adaptively. Several airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer images are used to evaluate the proposed algorithm. Compared with the state-of-the-art 3D-DWT based algorithms, the proposed adaptive AT-3DSPIHT achieves the best compression performance at lower bit rates. Moreover, at the low correlated adjacent bands, the proposed algorithm also outperforms the 2DSPIHT algorithm.     

A multiscale feature fusion approach for classification of very high resolution satellite imagery based on wavelet transform

A novel methodology based on multiscale spectral and spatial information fusion using wavelet transform is proposed in order to classify very high resolution (VHR) satellite imagery. Conventional wavelet‐based feature extraction methods employ single windows of a fixed size, which are not satisfactory as the VHR imagery contains complex and multiscale objects. In this paper, spectral and spatial features are extracted based on a set of concentric windows around a central pixel in order to integrate the information across different windows/scales. The proposed method is made up of three blocks: (1) the conventional wavelet‐based feature extraction methods are extended from single band processing to multispectral bands, and from single window to multi‐windows, (2) two multiscale fusion algorithms are proposed to exploit the multiscale spectral and spatial information and (3) a support vector machine (SVM), a relatively new method of machine learning, is used to classify the multiscale spectral–spatial feature sets. The proposed classification method is evaluated on two VHR datasets and the results show that the multiscale approach can improve the classification accuracy in homogeneous areas while simultaneously preserving accuracy in edge regions.     

形态小波域声呐图像谱聚类去噪算法研究

针对声呐图像噪声污染严重的问题,在基于形态小波的声呐图像去噪方法中引入了谱聚类算法以实现低信噪比下图像的去噪.给出基于形态中点小波的声呐图像去嗓法,在此基础上引入谱聚类的概念,针对谱聚类能快速实现数据分类的特点,对形态中点小波分解后的高频小波系数进行分类,使得包含噪声与细节信号部分的小波系数得以分离.对分离后的两类小波...     

Denoising and dimensionality reduction of hyperspectral imagery using wavelet packets,neighbour shrinking and principal component analysis

After dimensionality reduction of a hyperspectral datacube using principal component analysis (PCA), the dimension-reduced channels often contain a significant amount of noise. To overcome this problem, this letter proposes a method that can fulfil both denoising and dimensionality reduction of hyperspectral data using wavelet packets, neighbour wavelet shrinking and PCA. A 2D forward wavelet packet transform is performed in the spatial domain on each of the band images of a hyperspectral datacube, the wavelet packet coefficients are then shrunk by employing a neighbourhood wavelet thresholding scheme, and an inverse 2D wavelet packet transform is performed on the thresholded coefficients to create the denoised datacube. PCA is applied on the denoised datacube in the spectral domain to obtain the dimension-reduced datacube. Experiments conducted in this letter confirm the feasibility of the proposed method for denoising and dimensionality reduction of hyperspectral data.     

Neural Network Based Terrain Classification Using Wavelet Features

Terrain perception technology using passive sensors plays a key role in enhancing autonomous mobility for military unmanned ground vehicles in off-road environments. In this paper, an effective method for classifying terrain cover based on color and texture features of an image is presented. Discrete wavelet transform coefficients are used to extract those features. Furthermore, spatial coordinates, where a terrain class is located in the image, are also adopted as additional features. Considering real-time applications, we applied a neural network as classifier and it is trained using real off-road terrain images. Through comparison of the classification performance according to applied feature sets and color space changes, we can find that the feature vectors with spatial coordinates extracted using the Daub2 wavelet in the HSI color space have the best classification performance. Experiments show that using the wavelet features and spatial coordinates features improves the terrain cover classification performance. The proposed algorithm has a promising results and potential applications for autonomous navigation.     

一种基于2D-DWT和2D-PCA的人脸识别方法

提出了一种联合图像二维离散小波变换（2D-DWT）和二维主成分分析（2D-PCA）的人脸识别方法。首先通过2D-DWT将当前图像分解成四个子图像,其中一子图像对应原图像的主体部分（低通部分）,其余三个子图像则对应图像的细节部分（高通部分）。在此基础上,采用2D-PCA方法分别对每一子图像进行特征提取。此外,文中还提出了一种简单有效的方法对各子图像中所提取的特征进行融合,根据所得到的特征进行人脸识别。同其他基于小波分解的人脸识别方法相比,所提出的方法能更充分地利用人脸图像的有用判别信息,并得到更好的识别结果。     

Fast 3D wavelet transform on multicore and many-core computing platforms

The three-dimensional wavelet transform (3D-DWT) has focused the attention of the research community, most of all in areas such as video watermarking, compression of volumetric medical data, multispectral image coding, 3D model coding and video coding. In this work, we present several strategies to speed up the 3D-DWT computation through multicore processing. An in depth analysis of the available compiler optimizations is also presented. Depending on both the multicore platform and the GOP size, the developed parallel algorithm obtains efficiencies above 95 % using up to four cores (or processes), and above 83 % using up to 12 cores. Furthermore, the extra memory requirements is under 0.12 % for low resolution video frames, and under 0.017 % for high resolution video frames. In this work, we also present a CUDA-based algorithm to compute the 3D-DWT using the shared memory for the extra memory demands, obtaining speed-ups up to 12.68 on the many-core GTX280 platform. In areas such as video processing or ultra high definition image processing, the memory requirements can significantly degrade the developed algorithms, however, our algorithm increases the memory requirements in a negligible percentage, being able to perform a nearly in-place computation of the 3D-DWT whereas in other state-of-the-art 3D-DWT algorithms it is quite common to use a different memory space to store the computed wavelet coefficients doubling in this manner the memory requirements.     

Hybrid Watermarking and Encryption Techniques for Securing Medical Images

Securing medical data while transmission on the network is required because it is sensitive and life-dependent data. Many methods are used for protection, such as Steganography, Digital Signature, Cryptography, and Watermarking. This paper introduces a novel robust algorithm that combines discrete wavelet transform (DWT), discrete cosine transform (DCT), and singular value decomposition (SVD) digital image-watermarking algorithms. The host image is decomposed using a two-dimensional DWT (2D-DWT) to approximate low-frequency sub-bands in the embedding process. Then the sub-band low-high (LH) is decomposed using 2D-DWT to four new sub-bands. The resulting sub-band low-high (LH₁) is decomposed using 2D-DWT to four new sub-bands. Two frequency bands, high-high (HH₂) and high-low (HL₂), are transformed by DCT, and then the SVD is applied to the DCT coefficients. The strongest modified singular values (SVs) vary very little for most attacks, which is an important property of SVD watermarking. The two watermark images are encrypted using two layers of encryption, circular and chaotic encryption techniques, to increase security. The first encrypted watermark is embedded in the S component of the DCT components of the HL2 coefficients. The second encrypted watermark is embedded in the S component of the DCT components of the HH₂ coefficients. The suggested technique has been tested against various attacks and proven to provide excellent stability and imperceptibility results.     

Optimizing predictive models for leaf chlorophyll concentration based on continuous wavelet analysis of hyperspectral data

Recent studies have demonstrated that the decomposition of hyperspectral data using wavelet analysis is able to generate wavelet coefficients that can be used for estimating leaf chlorophyll (chl) concentrations. However, there is considerable scope for refining such techniques and this study addresses this issue by identifying the optimal spectral domain for use in constructing predictive models. Leaf reflectance spectra were simulated with the PROSPECT model (a model of leaf optical properties spectra) using randomly selected values for the input parameters. From reflectance and first derivative spectra different spectral wavelength domains were extracted, ranging from 400–450 to 400–2500 nm, using increments of 50 nm for the upper wavelength limit. Using the data for each wavelength domain, continuous wavelet decomposition was applied using 53 different wavelets, in turn. The resulting wavelet coefficients, from scales 1 to 128, were used as independent factors to construct predictive models for leaf chl concentration. Wavelet coefficients (at a specific scale generated by a given wavelet) in the chl absorption region remain constant when using spectral wavelength domains of 400–900 nm and broader, but narrower domains cause variability in the coefficients. Lower scale wavelet coefficients (scales 1–32) contain little information on chl concentration and their predictive performance does not vary with the spectral wavelength domain used. The higher scale wavelet coefficients (scales 64 and 128) can capture information on chl concentration, and predictive capability increases rapidly when the spectral wavelength domains vary from 400–700 to 400–900 nm but it can decrease or fluctuate for broader domains. In terms of accuracy and computational efficiency, models derived from the spectral wavelength domain 400–900 nm which use wavelet coefficients from scale 64 are optimal and a range of wavelet functions are suitable for performing the decomposition. The importance of optimizing the spectral wavelength domain highlighted by these findings has broader significance for the use of wavelet decomposition of hyperspectral data in quantifying other vegetation biochemicals and in other remote sensing applications.     

A wavelet-based image denoising using least squares support vector machine

The least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) is a modified version of SVM, which uses the equality constraints to replace the original convex quadratic programming problem. Consequently, the global minimizer is much easier to obtain in LS-SVM by solving the set of linear equation. LS-SVM has shown to exhibit excellent classification performance in many applications. In this paper, a wavelet-based image denoising using LS-SVM is proposed. Firstly, the noisy image is decomposed into different subbands of frequency and orientation responses using the wavelet transform. Secondly, the feature vector for a pixel in a noisy image is formed by the spatial regularity in wavelet domain, and the LS-SVM model is obtained by training. Then the wavelet coefficients are divided into two classes (noisy coefficients and noise-free ones) by LS-SVM training model. Finally, all noisy wavelet coefficients are relatively well denoised by soft-thresholding method. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that our method can obtain better performances in terms of both subjective and objective evaluations than those state-of-the-art denoising techniques. Especially, the proposed method can preserve edges very well while removing noise.     

Analysis of wavelet packet and statistical textures for object-oriented classification of forest-agriculture ecotones using SPOT 5 imagery

Textural features of high-resolution remote sensing imagery are a powerful data source for improving classification accuracy because using only spectral information is not sufficient for the classification of objects with within-field spectral variability. This study presents the methods of using an object-oriented texture analysis algorithm for improving high-resolution remote sensing imagery classification, including wavelet packet transform texture analysis, the grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and local spatial statistics. Wavelet packet transform texture analysis, with the method of optimization and selection of wavelet texture for feature extraction, is a good candidate for object-oriented classification. Feature optimization is used to reduce the data dimensions in combinations of textural sub-bands and spectral bands. The result of the classification accuracy assessment indicates the improvement of texture analysis for object-oriented classification in this study. Compared with the traditional method that uses only spectral bands, the combination of GLCM homogeneity and spectral bands increases the overall accuracy from 0.7431 to 0.9192. Furthermore, wavelet packet transform texture analysis is the optimal method, increasing the overall accuracy to 0.9216 using a smaller data dimension. Local spatial statistical measures also increase the classification total accuracy, but only from 0.7431 to 0.8088. This study demonstrates that wavelet packet and statistical textures can be used to improve object-oriented classification; specifically, the texture analysis based on the multiscale wavelet packet transform is optimal for increasing the classification accuracy using a smaller data dimension.     

Hyperspectral image classification using a spectral–spatial random walker method

This article proposes a spectral–spatial method for classification of hyperspectral images (HSIs) by modifying traditional random walker (RW). The proposed method consists of suggesting two main modifications. First, to construct a spatial edge weighting function, low-frequency edge weighting function is proposed. In this function, the detail weights are removed. Second, to enhance the classification accuracy, a fusion of spectral and spatial Laplacian matrix in RW is suggested. This fusion can improve the classification performances compared to traditional RW using only spatial Laplacian matrix. In comparison with some of the state-of-the-art RW and spectral–spatial classifier methods, the experimental results of the proposed method (spectral–spatial RW) show that the proposed method significantly increases the classification accuracy of HSI.     

A multiscale urban complexity index based on 3D wavelet transform for spectral–spatial feature extraction and classification: an evaluation on the 8-channel WorldView-2 imagery

The three-dimensional wavelet transform (3D-WT) processes a multispectral remotely sensed image as a cube and hence it is able to simultaneously represent variation information in joint spectral–spatial feature space. The urban complexity index (UCI) built on the 3D-WT is defined by comparing the amount of spectral and spatial variation, since natural features have relatively smaller spatial changes than spectral changes but urban areas show more variation in the spatial domain. The calculation of the UCI is subject to the selection of window sizes; therefore, in this study, a multiscale UCI (M-UCI) is proposed by integrating the UCI features in different moving windows and decomposition levels. The performance of the M-UCI was evaluated on two WorldView-2 data sets over urban and suburban areas, respectively. Experimental results showed that the M-UCI was effective in integrating multiscale information contained in different windows and gave higher accuracies than the single-scale UCI. In experiments, the proposed M-UCI was compared with a pixel shape index (PSI), which is a texture measure extracted from the spatial domain alone. It was revealed that the PSI was more effective for the classification of urban areas than natural landscapes, whereas the M-UCI was applicable for both urban and natural areas since it represented the joint spectral–spatial domains.     

小波包信息熵特征矢量光谱角高光谱影像分类

目的 针对高光谱数据波段多、数据存在冗余的特点,将小波包信息熵特征引入到高光谱遥感分类中。方法 通过对光谱曲线进行小波包分解变换,定义了小波包信息熵特征矢量光谱角分类方法(WPE-SAM),基于USGS光谱库中4种矿物光谱数据的分析表明,WPE-SAM可增大类间地物的可区分性。在特征矢量空间对Salina高光谱影像进行分类计算,并讨论了小波包最佳分解层的确定,分析了WPE-SAM与光谱角制图(SAM)方法的分类精度。结果 Salina数据实例计算表明：小波包信息熵矢量能较好地描述原始光谱特征,WPE-SAM分类方法可行,总体分类精度(OA)由SAM的78.62%提高到WPE-SAM的78.66%,Kappa系数由0.769 0增加到0.769 5,平均分类精度(AA)由83.14%提高到84.18%。此外,通过Pavia数据验证了WPE-SAM分类方法具有较强的普适性。结论 小波包信息熵特征可较好地表示原始光谱波峰、波谷等特征信息,定义的小波包信息熵特征矢量光谱角分类方法(WPE-SAM)可增大类间地物可区分性,有利于分类。实验结果表明,WPE-SAM分类方法技术可行,总体精度及Kappa系数较SAM有一定的提高,且有较强的普适性。但WPE-SAM方法精度与效率有待进一步提高。     

基于双树复小波分解的Boosting集成学习土地覆被分类研究

近年来,集成学习（Ensemble Learning,EL）分类方法成为土地覆被分类的研究热点,尤其是Boosting集成分类方法具有分类精度高、泛化能力强,在土地覆被分类中得到了显著的应用。但是,Boosting集成分类方法对噪声很敏感,如果训练样本含有噪声时,Boosting算法可能会失效,这是该方法的局限性。为了解决Boosting集成方法在土地覆被分类中存在的问题,有效克服噪声的影响,减少分类结果中的“椒盐”现象和提高分类精度,提出了基于双树复小波分解的Boosting集成学习分类方法。该方法对影像的光谱波段进行一层双树复小波分解,降低图像的噪声,将分解后的各波段作为Boosting集成学习的输入,得到最终的分类结果。实验先后比较了GBDT、XGBoost、LightGBM 3种Boosting集成学习算法在SPOT 6和Sentinel-2A影像上的分类效果。结果表明：(1)在SPOT 6影像上,3种Boosting集成算法总体分类精度均高于90%;DTCWTLightGBM分类总体精度最高,达到94.73%,Kappa系数为0.93,比LightGBM总体精度提高了1.1%...     

Denoising of multicomponent images using wavelet least-squares estimators

In this paper, we study denoising of multicomponent images. The presented procedures are spatial wavelet-based denoising techniques, based on Bayesian least-squares optimization procedures, using prior models for the wavelet coefficients that account for the correlations between the spectral bands. We analyze three mixture priors: Gaussian scale mixture models, Bernoulli-Gaussian mixture models and Laplacian mixture models. These three prior models are studied within the same framework of least-squares optimization. The presented procedures are compared to Gaussian prior model and single-band denoising procedures. We analyze the suppression of non-correlated as well as correlated white Gaussian noise on multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing data and Rician distributed noise on multiple images of within-modality magnetic resonance data. It is shown that a superior denoising performance is obtained when (a) the interband covariances are fully accounted for and (b) prior models are used that better approximate the marginal distributions of the wavelet coefficients.     

Extracting multi-features and optimizing feature space with sparse auto-encoder over WorldView-2 images

Feature selection of very high-resolution (VHR) images is a key prerequisite for supervised classification. However, it is always difficult to acquire the features which have the highest correlation to the type of land cover for improving classification accuracy. To address this problem, this paper proposed a methodology of feature selection using the results of multiple segmentation via genetic algorithm (GA) and correlation feature selection (CFS) integrating sparse auto-encoder (SAE). Firstly, 61 features, including spectral features and spatial features, are extracted from the results of multi-scale segmentation over a WorldView-2 image in Xicheng District, Beijing. Then, 40-dimensional features and 30-dimensional features are derived from the selection with GA+CFS and the optimization with SAE, respectively. Thirdly, the final classification is achieved by logistic regression (LR) based on different subsets of features extracted from the WorldView-2 image. It is found that the result of feature selection could contribute to increase in the intra-species separation and reduction in the inner-species variability. Adding extra lower-ranked features appeared to reduce the accuracy of classification. The results indicate that the overall classification accuracy with 30-dimensional features reached 87.56%, and increased 5.61% compared to the results with 61-dimensional features. For the two kinds of optimized features, the Z-test values are all greater than 1.96, which implied that feature dimensionality reduction and feature space optimization could significantly improve the accuracy of image land cover classification. The texture features in the wavelet domain are the most important features for the study area in the WorldView-2 image classification. Adding wavelet and the grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) information, especially for GLCM features in wavelet, appeared not to improve classification accuracy. The SAE-based method can produce feature subsets for improving mapping accuracy more efficiently.     

Joint spectral-spatial hyperspectral image classification based on hierarchical subspace switch ensemble learning algorithm

In this paper, a novel spectral-spatial hyperspectral image classification method has been proposed by designing hierarchical subspace switch ensemble learning algorithm. First, the hyperspectral images are processed by fast bilateral filtering to get the spatial features. The spectral features and spatial features are combined to form the initial feature set. Second, Hierarchical instance learning based on iterative means clustering method is designed to obtain hierarchical instance space. Third, random subspace method (RSM) is used for sampling the features and samples, thereby forming multiple sub sample set. After that, semi-supervised learning (S²L) is applied to choose test samples for improving classification performance without touching the class labels. Then, micro noise linear dimension reduction (mNLDR) is used for dimension reduction. Afterwards, ensemble multiple kernels SVM(EMK_SVM) are used for stable classification results. Finally, final classification results are obtained by combining classification results with voting strategy. Experimental results on real hyperspectral scenes demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively improve the classification performance apparently.     

基于谱图小波变换的图像压缩编码方法

针对小波变换图像压缩编码方法在高压缩比下得到的重构图像质量往往较差的问题,提出了一种基于谱图小波变换的编码方法.该方法首先将图像转化成图,利用谱图小波变换分解图得到谱图小波系数,这些系数的能量随着尺度的增加而衰减,然后根据谱图小波系数的特性对SPECK算法进行改进,最后对谱图小波系数进行量化,利用改进的SPECK算法对量化后的系数进行压缩编码,并在图像数据量压缩的同时从稀疏系数中恢复原始图像.实验结果表明,该编码方法对自然图像的压缩具有高效性,相比小波变换的压缩方法,重建图像的PSNR有所提高且变化平稳,与此同时还得到更大的压缩比.