Effects of spatially variable weathered rock properties on tunnel behavior

Design parameters commonly used in numerical modeling for tunnel stability analyses tend to be representative (or average) values of global-scale properties. However, the spatial variability of design parameters, such as geotechnical and geological properties, greatly affects the behavior of tunnels during and after construction as well as their long-term responses. Thus, this study presents a simple but robust procedure for stochastic numerical analyses using the finite difference method (FDM) and explores the effects of spatially variable weathered rock properties on various tunnel behaviors, such as deformation, elastic-plastic interface, ground reaction curve, and failure mechanism. It was found that the inherent spatial variability of stiffness and strength parameters affects the deformation behavior of tunnels and even changes its failure mechanism: Elastic modulus for the Mohr-Coulomb model and geological strength index (GSI) for the Hoek-Brown model play a key role in deformation characteristics. Considering the wide range of spatial variability in in-situ deposits, the accurate estimation of elastic modulus and GSI is very important. The spatial variability of the ground can affect the ground reaction behavior and can bring on an unfavorable ground reaction curve (GRC). It can cause an increase in the tunnel support pressure, and can induce a larger displacement than the homogeneous case. The shear failure mechanism of the tunnel can be significantly affected by a large relative correlation length. It is suggested that we should estimate and consider the variability of rock properties accurately as part of a routine tunnel design framework.     

一种渗流吸水诱发岩体强度弱化的有限体积数值计算方法

传统的渗流数值计算方法难以较真实地描述岩石材料性能劣化和渗透性演化机制。该文提出了一种渗流吸水诱发岩体强度弱化的有限体积数值计算方法。利用高斯散度定理采用有限体积法求解水在岩体中的渗流过程及岩体的变形破坏过程,建立了基质吸水引起岩体模量及强度弱化的理论模型及相应的数学表述。基于考虑吸水弱化算法的各向同性孔隙渗流模型,模拟了低、高两种边界流体压力下某粉砂岩试样的吸水软化过程和不同吸水时间下试样的单轴压缩过程。数值算例表明:边界流体压力越高,试样达到整体饱和状态的时间越快;渗流初期以自由水渗流填充孔隙为主,渗流后期以孔隙内自由水向基质吸水的转化为主;边界流体压力对渗流速率具有明显控制作用,但对基质吸水速度无影响;随着吸水时间的增加,试样的强度（黏聚力、内摩擦角）逐渐减小至残余值,得到的基质吸水含量随时间变化的数值解与理论解基本一致,表明了数值算法的计算精度,可以用于隧道突水、围岩稳定性等实际岩体工程问题的渗流-应力耦合效应分析。     

J型加筋壁板结构轴压试验及承载能力数值预测

设计了复合材料J型加筋板轴压试验件形式和加载方式,试验研究了其承载能力和破坏形式,讨论了轴压下复合材料加筋板件承载能力预测的有限元建模和分析方法,数值分析了加筋板屈曲和后屈曲模式,结果表明如果不考虑损伤累积对结构承载能力的影响,预测值将明显偏高;而通过引入逐步破坏准则,考虑了基体破坏、纤维基体剪切失效以及纤维断裂等损伤累积对结构承载能力的影响,可以提高数值预测精度。     

Experimental investigations on fused deposition modelling of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposite

Polymer-layered silicate (PLS) nanocomposites exhibit enhanced mechanical and thermal properties when compared with pristine polymers and macrocomposites. Utilizing the benefits of PLS nanocomposite in the fused deposition modelling (FDM) process is of great significance. It could assist to overcome the limitations imposed by availability of materials in the FDM process; the need to widen the range of materials is critical in order to fabricate parts with improved mechanical properties. Experimental investigations were carried out on the development and processing of PLS nanocomposite for the FDM process. Organically modified montmorillonite and polymer pellets were used to develop the nanocomposite. The mechanical properties and mesostructure were investigated experimentally. The nanocomposite was utilised to produce filament and was found to be suitable for use in FDM. Significant improvements in mechanical properties, reduced porosity and better neck formation were observed for the developed nanocomposite which marks the material as a promising candidate for the FDM process. The developed nanocomposite may reduce the gap for availability of materials for FDM in terms of improved mechanical properties. The work will assist to promote low-cost FDM processed parts for direct applications.     

基于互补算法的结构性软基一维非线性固结解

以往采用半解析法及有限差分法计算结构性土一维非线性固结时,常需建立分段描述的控制方程,这给问题的表述及求解带来不便。该文以e、σ'为双状态变量进行推导,得到形式上统一的非线性固结方程。通过将互补算法嵌入到上述方程的差分求解过程,解决了地基土体结构性破坏界面难确定的问题。互补算法首先寻求分段线性e-lgσ'压缩曲线中的互补条件,并以此构造互补方程组,然后利用互补算法进行求解,进而可得各增量时间步差分进程中e-σ'关系所处阶段。该法的合理性通过与传统单变量差分解及解析解进行对比得到验证,并得到:双变量非线性固结控制方程形式上统一、推导过程较单变量法简单,且适用于任意的压缩模型;通过对压缩曲线中控制变量求解,可判断结构性软土地基所处的压缩状态;基于互补算法的差分解具有较高的计算精度,且求解效率优于一般迭代法。     

华南风化花岗岩劈拉断裂行为的试验与细观模拟研究

为研究不同风化程度花岗岩在劈拉受载下的破损行为,该文对广东从化地区新鲜、微风化、中风化三种风化程度的花岗岩进行微观特征测量及巴西圆盘试验研究。分别基于考虑空间相关特征的随机模型和数字图像技术两种方法实现对岩样细观结构的表征,结合细观参数反演技术,建立反映岩石细观非均质组构特性的颗粒离散元模型,对花岗岩劈拉试验进行数值仿真试验研究。结果表明,随着风化级别的提高,花岗岩中粘结力较强的长石等矿物向粘土矿物转化,结晶强度降低,微孔隙等软弱结构增多,岩石宏观力学性能不断劣化,劈拉破坏由单一裂纹主导转为多条分叉状裂纹,岩样脆性也逐渐减弱。基于两种方法建立的细观随机力学模型仿真结果均表明岩样的劈拉强度随风化级别的提高逐渐降低,与试验结果变化趋势相符,分析得到不同风化花岗岩的劈拉破裂响应特征与试验结果一致,且从细观层面对花岗岩样受劈拉作用的渐进破裂响应提供了深入认识。     

2.5D机织复合材料压缩性能实验与数值模拟

为了研究2.5D机织复合材料的压缩损伤和失效机制,验证双尺度渐进损伤有限元数值模拟方法的有效性,对这类复合材料分别沿经纱方向和纬纱方向进行了准静态压缩实验,获得了其相应的应力-应变曲线,并测定了材料的初始弹性模量和极限强度。在此基础上,利用双尺度渐进损伤有限元数值方法模拟分析了材料的压缩应力-应变响应和损伤演化行为,取得了与实验吻合较好的模拟结果。结果表明:2.5D机织复合材料在纬向压缩下的主要失效模式是纬纱的轴向压溃与断裂,可获得相对较高的压缩强度;但在经向压缩下,经纱因弯曲会承受附加弯矩作用,从而对周围基体造成挤压,故在经纱轴向断裂之前容易出现经纱之间基体的压溃和纱线之间的分层开裂,使强度降低,不利于发挥纤维的承载优势。     

Modeling of micro-crack growth during thermal shock based on microstructural images of thermal barrier coatings

Based on digital image processing theory and finite element mesh generation principle, a methodology is proposed to model the micro-crack growth of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) during thermal shock with the aid of finite element program. Firstly, a microstructural image of plasma sprayed TBCs is transferred to digital image; secondly, a finite element grid model is generated by thresholding segmentation according to the actual microstructure; finally, based on the finite element grid model, the Tuler–Butcher failure criterion is employed to model the micro-crack growth of TBCs during thermal shock. The numerical simulation result agrees well with the experimental result, and the methodology presented in this paper is found to be effective to model the micro-crack growth.     

双轴受压状态下的高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料本构模型

基于Darwin和Pecknold考虑混凝土双轴力学行为的方法,建立一个同时考虑双轴受压状态下非线性力学行为和抗压强度变化的高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(ECC)二维正交各向异性本构模型。在因双轴加载而产生的正交各向异性的2个方向上引入等效单轴应变,建立非线性应力-等效单轴应变关系以考虑ECC的双轴非线性行为,并采用一条双轴强度包络线确定2个方向上的抗压强度。推导模型的显式数值算法,编写包含该算法的用户自定义材料子程序UMAT,并嵌于有限元计算程序ABAQUS v6.14中。通过对两组不同配合比的ECC试件在不同应力比下的双轴受压加载试验进行数值分析验证本模型的有效性。数值计算得到的主压应力方向上的应力-应变曲线及预测的抗压强度与试验结果吻合较好,表明该文提出的本构模型能够有效地预测ECC在双轴受压状态下的非线性力学行为和破坏强度。     

块石空间分布对土石混合体边坡稳定性的影响

土石混合体是自然界中分布广泛的一种地质材料, 受组分多样性, 块石粒径大小不一和块石空间分布位置随机等因素的影响, 其物理力学性质十分复杂。在土石混合体边坡的稳定性分析中, 以往大多将其简化为均匀地质体结构而不考虑块石的影响。该文采用有限元强度折减法, 对土体和四种不同类型块石分布的土石混合体边坡分别在自重状态(准静态)和打桩作用(动态)下的稳定性进行了分析, 探讨了块石空间分布对剪切带和边坡稳定性的影响。计算结果表明, 土石混合体边坡内的剪切带具有明显的绕石效应, 位于土石混合体边坡内部不同位置处的块石对边坡稳定性产生的影响不同。     

A variational level set segmentation formulation based on signal model for images in the presence of intensity inhomogeneity

Biological images with significant intensity inhomogeneity are considerably difficult for the tissue segmentation. To overcome the difficulties caused by the intensity inhomogeneity, this study presents a variational level set method to simultaneous bias field estimation and tissue segmentation for images in the presence of intensity inhomogeneity. An energy function is defined in terms of two data fitting terms which incorporate the local clustering properties into the global region information. First, depended on the observed image mode, the local cluster property based on the observed signal is simplified to a criterion function which is similar to the Mumford‐Shah model. The local criterion energy is then integrated with a global region measure, which is based on intensity difference of the true signal. The energy is minimized in a variational level set formulation with a regularity term, thus avoiding the expensive computation of the level set reinitialization and keeping the curve close to the signal distance function. Experiment results on biological images show desirable performance and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

Combined continuum damage‐embedded discontinuity model for explicit dynamic fracture analyses of quasi‐brittle materials

In this paper, a novel constitutive model combining continuum damage with embedded discontinuity is developed for explicit dynamic analyses of quasi‐brittle failure phenomena. The model is capable of describing the rate‐dependent behavior in dynamics and the three phases in failure of quasi‐brittle materials. The first phase is always linear elastic, followed by the second phase corresponding to fracture‐process zone creation, represented with rate‐dependent continuum damage with isotropic hardening formulated by utilizing consistency approach. The third and final phase, involving nonlinear softening, is formulated by using an embedded displacement discontinuity model with constant displacement jumps both in normal and tangential directions. The proposed model is capable of describing the rate‐dependent ductile to brittle transition typical of cohesive materials (e.g., rocks and ice). The model is implemented in the finite element setting by using the CST elements. The displacement jump vector is solved for implicitly at the local (finite element) level along with a viscoplastic return mapping algorithm, whereas the global equations of motion are solved with explicit time‐stepping scheme. The model performance is illustrated by several numerical simulations, including both material point and structural tests. The final validation example concerns the dynamic Brazilian disc test on rock material under plane stress assumption. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

湿热环境下考虑累积失效和分层损伤AGS结构的稳定性

对湿热环境下考虑累积失效和分层损伤的先进复合材料格栅加筋结构(AGS)的稳定性进行了数值分析。基于一阶剪切理论和Von Karman非线性变形假设建立了含分层损伤复合材料 A GS结构的有限元模型,并推导了考虑温度和湿度效应的AGS结构有限元列式,同时给出了材料破坏准则。通过典型算例讨论了湿热环境、累积失效及分层损伤等因素对复合材料AGS结构稳定性的影响,数值结果表明当上述因素导致结构的屈曲模式发生突变时,其对 A GS结构稳定性能的影响是不容忽视的。     

离散-连续多尺度桥域耦合动力分析方法

基于离散介质理论和连续介质理论,提出离散-连续多尺度动力耦合分析方法,不需要任何附加的过滤和阻尼就能有效地消除高频波的虚假反射。根据实际需求将计算模型划分为连续介质域和离散介质域,其中连续介质域采用有限差分网格模拟;离散介质域采用离散元颗粒模拟。为保证网格与颗粒两种不同介质之间的能量协调,引入拉格朗日乘子将离散元模型和有限差分模型之间的约束关系,通过能量势函数隐含到动力方程中,推导出多尺度域的动力控制方程。基于动力显式算法求解所建立的离散-连续多尺度动力耦合体系,在通用的离散元(PFC)和有限差分法(FLAC)软件中二次开发编制计算程序,从而实现离散-连续多尺度动力耦合算法。通过算例验证,计算结果与分别采用离散元和有限差分法所得结果一致,说明了该多尺度方法可以有效地消除高频波在离散-连续介质界面上的虚假反射现象。     

基于Hoek-Brown准则的岩体弹塑性损伤模型及其应力回映算法研究

为了克服一般弹塑性损伤模型不能反映岩体结构、岩块强度、应力状态的影响以及非线性破坏特征等问题,该文基于广义的Hoek-Brown(HB)屈服准则,考虑损伤引起的刚度退化和塑性导致的流动两种破坏机制的耦合作用,同时引入修正有效应力原理来考虑孔隙水压力的作用,建立了岩体弹塑性损伤本构模型,给出了损伤变量定义及演化方程。针对该模型在数值求解过程中存在的奇异点问题,从主应力空间推导了弹塑性损伤模型的完全隐式返回映射求解算法,包括弹性预测、塑性修正和损伤修正三个步骤。通过ABAQUS软件的用户子程序接口Umat,实现了弹塑性损伤模型的数值求解过程。采用单轴、三轴压缩试验和隧道算例对模型算法进行验证和分析,结果表明,所建立的HB损伤本构模型能够很好地描述岩体材料的力学特性,在实际岩体工程的损伤模拟中效果令人满意,计算结果对工程有指导意义。     

非均质岩体中一维应力波演化过程分析

地下球形药包爆轰后将产生很强的地震波，其传播受到多种因素的影响。把岩石介质的弹塑性帽盖模型耦合到有限差分法程序中，对一维爆轰波在非均质岩石体中的传播、演化机理进行了数值模拟与分析；着重探讨了一维应力波从“硬”岩石层进入“软”岩石层、从“软”岩石层进入“硬”岩石层时，波在形状和强度等方面的变化规律；同时探讨了岩石介质中存在的“软弱夹层”对一维应力波传播的影响。     

Low‐frequency assessment of the in situ acoustic absorption of materials in rooms: an inverse problem approach using evolutionary optimization

The in situ assessment of the acoustic absorption of materials is often a necessity. The need to cover the whole frequency range of interest for the building engineer has led the authors to an approach involving two frequency‐complementary measurement methods. This paper deals with the part dedicated to low frequencies. The measurement is defined here as a boundary inverse interior problem. A numerical model of the room under investigation, allowing for the computation of the pressure field in the volume, given impedance boundary conditions and a point source, is combined to a global optimization algorithm. The algorithm explores the set of possible boundary conditions in order to minimize the difference between the computed pressure values and the one observed at a few measurement points, leading to the determination of all the boundary conditions at a time. In practice, the finite element method (FEM) or the finite difference method (FDM) is used here to model the room and an Evolution Strategy as the optimization tool. After describing the ES operators, a numerical study is carried out on simulated measurements, both on problem‐ and algorithm‐specific parameters, in the case of an academic two‐dimensional room geometry. The method is then applied to a three‐dimensional room with promising results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Brightness preserving optimized weighted bi-histogram equalization algorithm and its application to MR brain image segmentation

Medical image segmentation is crucial for neuroscience research and computer-aided diagnosis. However, intensity inhomogeneity and existence of noise in magnetic resonance images lead to incorrect segmentation. In this article, an effective method called enhanced fuzzy level set algorithm is presented to segment the white matter, gray matter, and cerebrospinal fluid automatically in contrast-enhanced brain images. In this method, first, exposure threshold is computed to divide the input histogram into two sub-histograms of different gray levels. The input histogram is clipped using a mean gray level to control the excessive enhancement rate. Then, these two sub-histograms are modified and equalized independently to get a better contrast enhanced image. Finally, an enhanced fuzzy level set algorithm is employed to facilitate image segmentation. The extensive experimental results proved the outstanding performance of the proposed algorithm compared with other existing methods. The results conform its effectiveness for MR brain image segmentation.     

Maximum likelihood segmentation of ultrasound images with Rayleigh distribution

This study presents a geometric model and a computational algorithm for segmentation of ultrasound images. A partial differential equation (PDE)-based flow is designed in order to achieve a maximum likelihood segmentation of the target in the scene. The flow is derived as the steepest descent of an energy functional taking into account the density probability distribution of the gray levels of the image as well as smoothness constraints. To model gray level behavior of ultrasound images, the classic Rayleigh probability distribution is considered. The steady state of the flow presents a maximum likelihood segmentation of the target. A finite difference approximation of the flow is derived, and numerical experiments are provided. Results are presented on ultrasound medical images as fetal echography and echocardiography.     

On the accuracy of the Haar wavelet discretization method

Current study contains adaption of Haar wavelet discretization method (HWDM) for FG beams and its accuracy estimates. The convergence analysis is performed for differential equations covering a wide class of composite and nanostructures. Corresponding error bound has been derived. It has been shown that the order of convergence of the HWDM can be increased from two to four by applying Richardson extrapolation method. The theoretical estimates are validated by numerical samples considering FGM beam as a model problem. The results obtained by applying HWDM are compared with the results of finite difference method (FDM).