Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Friction Stir Welded Thick Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloy Plate

In this work, 20-mm-thick aluminum-alloy plates were joined via friction stir welding. The temperature gradient was reduced by reducing the surface welding heat input to achieve uniformity of the mechanical properties across the thick plate joints. The welding temperature was measured using thermocouples. The microstructures were observed via electron backscatter diff raction and transmission electron microscopy. The tensile properties of the samples sliced along the thickness direction of the j...     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon Q235 Steel Welded Using Friction Stir Welding

This study focuses on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints of Q235 mild steel, which was formed by the friction stir welding (FSW). The results indicated that, after the FSW, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the retreating side (HAZ_RS) and the HAZ of the advancing side (HAZ_AS) recovered under the influence of the heating cycle. The transformation of the phases in the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of the retreating side (TMAZ_RS), the stir zone (SZ) and the TMAZ of the advancing side (TMAZ_AS) generated the pearlite and acicular ferrite. The continuous dynamic recrystallization occurred in all the three zones, whereas the grains were refined. The SZ mainly consisted of D₁, D₂ and F shear textures, while the TMAZ_AS was made up of only the F shear texture. The fine-grained structure, pearlite and the acicular ferrite improved the hardness and tensile strength of the joint. Its ultimate tensile strength was 479 MPa, which was 1.3% higher than that of the base metal. However, the uniform elongation was 16%, which showed a decrease of 33%. The fracture was a ductile fracture with the appearance of dimples. Besides, the joints of the FSW showed an excellent bending performance.     

2A12铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程中接头组织与焊接工艺的关系

利用搅拌摩擦焊接方法对2A12铝合金板材进行了焊接试验，探讨了搅拌头的设计参数、焊接过程的工艺参数等对2A12铝合金板材焊接接头组织的影响。经过试验得知，在焊接时，搅拌头转速可为750r／min～1180r／min，走动速度为23．5mm／min～30mm／min，皆可获得接头性能尚可的焊接接头。同时发现焊接区的硬度约为母材硬度的70％。搅拌头长度略小于焊接板材厚度时仍可能使板材焊透。采用带有螺纹的搅拌头进行焊接对焊缝孔洞的形成有一定影响。     

Effect of Zener-Hollomon Parameter on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Copper Subjected to Friction Stir Welding

In this work, the influence of the Zener-Hollomon (Z) parameter on the microstructure and mechanical properties of copper subjected to friction stir welding (FSW) was investigated. Liquid N₂ cooling was conducted to control the cooling rate after the FSW. The obtained results demonstrate that the Z parameter was dependent on the tool rotation rate during the FSW, i.e., a higher tool rotating rate resulted in a lower Z parameter. The grain size in the stir zone decreased with the increase in the Z parameter. The relationship between the yield strength and the Z parameter is established as σ_0.2 = σ₀ + kZⁿ. This relationship exhibited two different plots under the conditions of air cooling and liquid N₂ cooling. Even at a similar Z parameter, a significant yield strength difference occurred because massive dislocations, which were caused by the prevention of the post-annealing effect, were maintained in the stir zone. This study suggests that the influence of the post-annealing effect should not be neglected when analyzing the relationship between the Z parameter, microstructure, and mechanical properties.     

基于钻铣床的搅拌摩擦焊设备设计

以ZX50CA钻铣床为研究对象,采用液压技术对其压下装置进行设计,设计出一台适用于镁合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊的设备,选用3 mm厚的AZ31镁合金板材进行对接焊接实验。结果表明:当搅拌头转速为1400 r/min、焊接速度为15 mm/min、压紧力为1500 N时,焊接接头表面成形良好。通过实验证明,该设备能够满足搅拌摩擦焊的工艺参数要求,适用于搅拌摩擦焊的实验研究,而且相对于大型专用搅拌摩擦焊设备,成本低,使用灵活、方便,为镁合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊设备的开发提供了很好的参考价值。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded 1.5 GPa Martensitic High-Strength Steel Plates

In this study, 2.4 mm thick high-strength martensitic steel plates with a tensile strength of 1500 MPa were friction stir welded at various welding speeds of 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 mm/min and a constant rotation speed of 300 rpm. Sound joints could be obtained when the welding speed was 40, 60 and 80 mm/min, while a kissing bond was found in the joint welded at 100 and 120 mm/min. It was revealed that the peak temperature exceeded A_C3 (the end temperature at which all ferrite transformed to austenite when the steel was heated) for all the welding conditions and martensitic structures were finally formed in the stir zone of the joints. A significant decrease in hardness was located in the heat-affected zone, which had a transitional microstructure from tempered martensite near base metal to a mixed structure containing hard martensite, soft ferrite and bainite near stir zone. For the sound joints, the specimen was fractured in the heat-affected zone during tensile tests and the highest tensile strength could reach about 1058 MPa.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接缺陷的研究进展

搅拌摩擦焊接技术是一种利用高速旋转的搅拌探头与工件摩擦产生的热量使被焊材料局部塑化的新型固相连接工艺.为提高铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头质量,对工艺参数的波动、装配和表面状态等原因产生的铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接特有的缺陷(包括缺陷的种类、特征及形成原因)进行分析.总结了缺陷对接头拉伸、疲劳性能的影响以及焊接缺陷的检测和修补方法.对改善铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头性能和提高焊接生产效率具有重要的理论意义和实际参考价值.     

TC4钛合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头组织转变特征

采用搅拌摩擦焊接技术(friction stir welding,FSW)分别在空气和强制冷却条件下对TC4钛合金板进行了连接,利用OM和TEM技术研究了焊接接头不同区域的微观组织转变特征。结果表明,FSW接头分为搅拌区、热机械影响区和母材区,各个区域经历了不同的热循环和塑性变形,呈现出不同的微观组织特征。母材区为热轧退火后的初生α和β双相组织。空气条件下,搅拌区为α+β片层结构,组织转变主要为β相转变为片层α+β两相,热机械影响区为等轴晶α和α+β片层的双态组织,组织转变受动态再结晶和相变共同作用。强制冷却条件下,搅拌区为针状马氏体结构,组织转变主要为马氏体相变。     

摩擦搅拌焊6061-T6铝合金焊接接头的组织与性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊对6mm厚度的6061-T6铝合金进行单道平板对接焊,研究了焊接接头的力学性能和组织.结果表明,转速较小时,焊接接头会出现明显的搅拌摩擦焊接特有的“螺旋体”断口,其接头性能不高;随着转速的提高,接头性能得到改善.X射线衍射分析结果表明,焊缝组织中由于搅拌温度而引起部分强化相的重溶.透射电镜的研究结果表明,焊缝中的主要增强相依然为β”.     

搅拌摩擦焊接技术最新进展

搅拌摩擦焊(Friction Stir Welding,简称FSW)是由英国焊接研究所TWI于1991年开发的专利技术,并且在随后取得了巨大的进展。综述了近10年来国内外搅拌摩擦焊技术的发展概况和最新进展,阐述了搅拌摩擦焊技术的原理、工艺特点及其广泛的工业应用前景,指出搅拌摩擦焊技术研究的必要性和紧追性。     

Microstructure Distribution and Tensile Anisotropy of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded AM60 and AZ31 Magnesium Alloys

The microstructure distribution, tensile anisotropy and fracture behaviors in the dissimilar friction stir welded joint of AM60/AZ31 alloys were investigated. Experimental results showed that a significant grain refinement and an orientation fluctuation occurred in the weld. The grain size of AZ31 side in joint was obviously smaller than that of AM60 side. There was a higher percentage of low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) and a lower degree of recrystallization in AZ31 side compared with those in AM60 side, especially for the thermo-mechanically affected zone in AZ31 side. The discrepancies of grain size distribution, recrystallization behavior and LAGBs in joint depended on the different initial state of two metals and the inhomogeneous temperature distribution in joint. In addition, the (0001) basal plane in weld was roughly parallel to the surface of the pin, showing the symmetrically distributed texture characteristics. The joint showed an obvious tensile anisotropy due to the special texture distribution. The comprehensive tensile properties of joint along the three directions decreased in the order: welding direction, 45° direction and transverse direction. The maximum ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the joint were 242 MPa, 116 MPa and 21.2%, respectively. The fluctuations of grain size and texture in joint affected the fracture behavior of samples in the three directions.     

搅拌摩擦焊与手工电弧焊接头电化学腐蚀性能研究

通过测定H65铜合金搅拌摩擦焊接头和手工电弧焊接头在3.5%NaCl溶液中的开路电位和极化曲线,研究其电化学腐蚀性能。结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊接头的抗腐蚀性能优于手工电弧焊接头。搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织的细化、均匀化和致密化降低了晶界和晶粒在电化学上的不均匀性。手工电弧焊接头脱锌层和基体界面处产生的拉应力对抗腐蚀性能有较大影响。     

搅拌摩擦焊主轴力控制液压伺服仿真与分析

搅拌摩擦焊接技术是一种新型固相焊接技术,由于其独特的技术优势正被广泛地应用于铝合金等轻质合金板的焊接中。分析了基于液压伺服技术的搅拌摩擦焊接主轴力控制系统,推导得出主轴液压伺服系统的力控制数学模型,在MATLAB软件的Simu LINK模块中搭建控制模型,分别利用模糊PID和普通PID控制理论对控制模型进行仿真。分析仿真结果发现:模糊PID和普通PID控制方法虽然都能实现对主轴液压系统的力控制,但模糊PID控制不论是在响应时间、控制精度还是抗干扰能力方面都优于普通PID控制,并且通过实验验证了模糊PID控制的可行性。     

搅拌摩擦焊缝变入射角超声检测方法研究

研究采用变入射角超声反射法解决搅拌摩擦焊缝区不同取向缺陷的无损检测。通过计算分析超声波在焊缝区的声波入射角、缺陷取向和缺陷紧贴性对声波反射影响，确定入射声波的角度变化范围，通过改变入射角，获取入射声波在缺陷处的最佳声学反射方向，提高入射声波对不同取向缺陷的检出能力。检测结果表明，该法可以有效地检出铝合金搅拌摩擦焊缝区不同取向焊接缺陷，是解决搅拌摩擦焊缝区微细和紧贴型缺陷无损检测的一种可行的方法。     

摩擦搅拌焊接过程残余应力的中子衍射法测量分析

利用中子衍射法测量了2024-T4铝合金板摩擦搅拌焊接头残余应力分布,得到了接头内部不同位置处的残余应力,研究了焊接速度对残余应力的影响。结果表明,纵向残余应力总体水平比横向残余应力高,是接头内的主要残余应力;当搅拌头转速相同时,提高焊接速度,纵向残余应力增大;横向残余应力除了在匙孔附近较大外,在其余位置处的残余应力都围绕0轴在拉应力与压应力之间波动,整体残余应力水平相对纵向残余应力小很多。     

LF6铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊工艺研究

试验研究了LF6铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊工艺，优化了工艺参数，分析了焊缝表面成形及焊接接头组织，力学性能，结果表明：LF6铝合金具有良好的搅拌摩擦焊性能，焊缝区发生动态再结晶，焊缝晶粒被细化，优化工艺参数可使焊接接头强度达到或高于母材。     

搅拌摩擦点焊设备单MCU便携控制终端集成研究

为了提高系列化搅拌摩擦点焊设备的开发效率、降低硬件开发成本,对搅拌摩擦点焊设备单MCU便携控制终端的开发与集成进行了研究。阐述了搅拌摩擦点焊便携控制终端与点焊控制系统集成的开发方法,并对便携控制终端网络通信的实时性、精确性,以及点焊控制系统中解析器的设计进行了详细分析。该便携终端与点焊设备控制系统之间的集成开发方法,已在可移动式搅拌摩擦点焊装备平台上进行了验证,有效提高了便携终端在系列化搅拌摩擦点焊设备中的开发与设计效率。     

铝合金LD10的搅拌摩擦焊组织及性能分析

搅拌摩擦焊是 2 0世纪 90年代发展起来的新型固态塑性连接方法 ,在航空航天结构中铝合金件的焊接方面有很好的应用前景。文中试验研究了航空航天结构件常用的LD10铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊技术。通过工艺试验 ,对其塑性连接时的焊缝成形、焊缝组织形态及接头的力学性能进行了分析。研究结果表明 ,用搅拌摩擦焊方法焊接板厚6mm的LD10铝合金 ,当规范参数合适时 ,可获得外观成形美观、内部无缺陷、几乎无变形的平板对接接头。从显微组织角度 ,焊接接头可分为五个区域 ,即焊核、热力影响区、热影响区、轴肩变形区和探针挤压区 ,各区域的组织有明显的特征。接头的力学性能试验表明 ,接头的抗拉强度可达母材的 87% ,高于熔焊接头的强度 ,断裂位置大多位于热影响区     

Influence of Pin Offset on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Mg/Ti Dissimilar Alloys

The influences of pin offset on the formation, microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded joint of Ti6 Al4 V and AZ31 B Mg dissimilar alloys were investigated. The results show that sound joints are obtained at different offsets. With the offset decreasing from 2.5 to 2.1 mm, the number of Ti alloy fragments is increased, and the stir zone(SZ) is enlarged and the grains in SZ become coarser. A hook-like structure is formed at the Mg/Ti interface and its length is increased with the decrease in pin offset. The Al element has an enrichment trend at the Ti alloy side near the Mg/Ti interface when the offset is decreased, which is beneficial to the bonding of the interface. An Al-rich layer with a thickness of 3–5μm forms at the offset of 2.1 mm. All the joints fracture at the interface and present a mixed ductile-and-brittle fracture mode. The joint tensile strength is increased with the offset decreasing from 2.5 to 2.1 mm, and the maximum tensile strength of 175 MPa is acquired at the offset of 2.1 mm.     

Ultrafine-Grained Microstructure and Improved Mechanical Behaviors of Friction Stir Welded Cu and Cu–30Zn Joints

Ultra-strong joints of pure Cu and Cu–30Zn alloy were obtained by friction stir welding under flowing water. The effects of heat inputting condition and material characteristics on the morphologies, microstructures and mechanical properties of welding joints were studied. Defect-free stirring zones of pure Cu and Cu–30Zn were characterized by onion-ringed structure and plastic flowing bands, respectively. Both low stacking fault energy and fast cooling condition contributed to the formation of small recrystallized grains less than 1 μm in stirring zones. The welding joints in both materials exhibited enhanced mechanical performances due to ultrafine-grained microstructure in stirring zones and disappearance of soft heataffected-zone. The technique of digital image correlation was used to study the tensile deformation behaviors of welding joints and verify the improved tensile properties.