考虑疲劳均衡的海上风电场主动尾流控制研究

海上风电场运行维护成本高,而其尾流效应影响更加突出,不但会影响风电场的发电效率,还会增大风电场内机组的疲劳载荷,增加运维成本。文章针对基于疲劳均匀的海上风电场主动尾流控制展开研究,通过GH-Bladed软件计算建立了风电机组在典型控制工况下关键零部件的疲劳损伤量数据库。其中的工况包括最大功率追踪、桨距角控制和偏航控制3种,并引用了量子粒子群算法,通过变桨和偏航两种方法进行优化控制,以实现海上风电场发电量提升和风电机组疲劳均匀的多目标主动尾流优化控制策略,降低海上风电场运维成本。仿真结果表明了所提出控制方法的可行性。     

基于PR控制的海上风电场并网VSC-HVDC系统

提出了一种新的适用于海上风电场并网的新型高压直流输电(Voltage Source Converter based HVDC,VSC-HVDC)系统的比例谐振(Proportional Resonant,PR)控制策略。该方法充分利用PR控制器能够在αβ坐标系下对交流输入信号无静差控制的特点,将矢量控制策略下的有功电流和无功电流分量转换到αβ坐标系下进行调节,实现风电场和电网侧换流器维持直流电压稳定以及有功、无功功率的解耦控制。与常用的双闭环PI控制相比,该策略无需多次坐标变换和前馈解耦控制,且易于实现对系统谐波电流的补偿,降低了实现难度,提高了系统的鲁棒性和并网电能质量,为海上风电场并网VSC-HVDC系统提供了一种优化的控制方案。     

Wind farm non-linear control for damping electromechanical oscillations of power systems

This paper deals with the non-linear control of wind farms equipped with doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs). Both active and reactive wind farm powers are employed in two non-linear control laws in order to increase the damping of the oscillation modes of a power system. The proposed strategy is derived from the Lyapunov Theory and is independent of the network topology. In this way, the strategy can be added to the central controller as another added control function. Finally, some simulations, showing the oscillation modes of a power system, are presented in order to support the theoretical considerations demonstrating the potential contributions of both control laws.     

Coordinate control strategy for stability operation of offshore wind farm integrated with Diode-rectifier HVDC

Due to low investment cost and high reliability, a new scheme called DR-HVDC (Diode Rectifier based HVDC) transmission was recently proposed for grid integration of large offshore wind farms. However, in this scheme, the application of conventional control strategies for stability operation face several challenges due to the uncontrollability of the DR. In this paper, a coordinated control strategy of offshore wind farms using the DR-HVDC transmission technology to connect with the onshore grid, is investigated. A novel coordinated control strategy for DR-HVDC is proposed based on the analysis of the DC current control ability of the full-bridge-based modular multilevel converter (FB-MMC) at the onshore station and the input and output characteristics of the diode rectifier at the offshore. Considering the characteristics of operation stability and decoupling between reactive power and active power, a simplified design based on double-loop droop control for offshore AC voltage is proposed after power flow and voltage–current (I–V) characteristics of the offshore wind farm being analyzed. Furthermore, the impact of onshore AC fault to offshore wind farm is analyzed, and a fast fault detection and protection strategy without relying on communication is proposed. Case studies carried out by PSCAD/EMTDC verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for the start up, power fluctuation, and onshore and offshore fault conditions.     

Economic assessment of voltage and reactive power control provision by wind farms

The aim of this paper is to quantify the cost of the provision of voltage control by wind power generation. A methodology for evaluating the economic impact of providing different types of voltage control is proposed. This evaluation examines the increase in costs caused by the change in active power losses due to the provision of wind farms voltage control. These losses are computed for different controllers: (a) wind farms are operated at a fixed power factor, (b) wind farms provide proportional voltage control, and (c) wind farms provide reactive power to minimize power losses. Furthermore, these three possibilities are compared with the option of adding flexible alternating current transmission system devices, which are another alternative for supporting the grid by controlling voltage. The methodology outlined is applied to a real and representative Spanish wind harvesting network. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel method for obtaining virtual inertial response of DFIG‐based wind turbines

This paper investigates virtual inertia control of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)‐based wind turbines to provide dynamic frequency support in the event of sudden power change. The relationships among DFIGs' virtual inertia, rotor speed and network frequency variation are analysed, and a novel virtual inertia control strategy is proposed. The proposed control strategy shifts the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) curve to the virtual inertia control curves according to the frequency deviation so as to release the ‘hidden’ kinetic energy and provide dynamic frequency support to the grid. The calculation of the virtual inertia and its control curves are also presented. Compared with a PD regulator‐based inertial controller, the proposed virtual inertia control scheme not only provides fast inertial response in the event of sudden power change but also achieves a smoother recovery to the MPPT operation. A four‐machine system with 30% of wind penetration is simulated to validate the proposed control strategy. Simulation results show that DFIG‐based wind farms can provide rapid response to the frequency deviation using the proposed control strategy. Therefore, the dynamic frequency response of the power grid with high wind power penetration can be significantly improved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风电并网的静态电压稳定性研究

应用P-V曲线法对含风电场（基于变速恒频机组构成）的电力系统的静态电压稳定问题进行研究。提出基于连续潮流法的灵敏度指标来分析风电场并网后系统的静态电压稳定裕度及与相关支路的参与程度情况。通过含有变速恒频机组的风电场并网的简化模型算例进行了仿真研究,结果表明在电压稳定极限点附近,风电功率注入使得风电场及其附近节点成为电压不稳定的关键区域。     

超导储能对并网型风电场运行性能影响的仿真分析

采用超导储能(SMES)可以改善风电场并网运行的稳定性,针对风电系统中出现的联络线短路故障和风电场的风速扰动,提出利用超导储能安装点的电压偏差信号作为超导储能有功控制器的控制策略。为了验证这种策略的有效性,建立了风电机组和超导储能装置的数学模型,并利用MATLAB/Simulink软件搭建了风电场接入电网后的仿真模型。仿真结果表明,采用该控制策略不仅可以在网络故障后有效地提高风电场的稳定性,而且能够在快速的风速扰动下平滑风电场的功率输出,降低风电场对电网的冲击。     

Grid support of a wind farm with active stall wind turbines and AC grid connection

One of the main concerns in the grid integration of large wind farms is their ability to behave as active controllable components in the power system. This article presents the design of a new integrated power control system for a wind farm made up exclusively of active stall wind turbines with AC grid connection. The designed control system has the task of enabling such a wind farm to provide the best grid support. It is based on two control levels: a supervisory control level, which controls the power production of the whole farm by sending out reference signals to each individual wind turbine, and a local control level, which ensures that the reference power signals at the wind turbine level are reached. The ability of active stall wind farms with AC grid connection to control the power production to the reference power ordered by the operators is assessed and discussed by means of simulations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fault-tolerant control of an open-winding brushless doubly-fed wind power generator system with dual three-level converter

To improve the fault redundancy capability for the high reliability requirement of a brushless doubly-fed generation system applied to large offshore wind farms, the control winding of a brushless doubly-fed reluctance generator is designed as an open-winding structure. Consequently, the two ends of the control winding are connected via dual three-phase converters for the emerging open-winding structure. Therefore, a novel fault-tolerant control strategy based on the direct power control scheme is brought to focus in this paper. Based on the direct power control (DPC) strategy, the post-fault voltage vector selection method is explained in detail according to the fault types of the dual converters. The fault-tolerant control strategy proposed enables the open-winding brushless doubly-fed reluctance generator (BDFRG) system to operate normally in one, two, or three switches fault of the converter, simultaneously achieving power tracking control. The presented results verify the feasibility and validity of the scheme proposed.     

基于风电机组无功裕度预测的风电场无功分层控制策略

针对风电电压波动的问题,文章基于风电机组无功裕度预测,提出了一种风电场无功分层控制策略.该策略首先以并网点电压偏差和线路有功损耗最小为目标,使用二次规划算法在线实时求解最优并网电压,进而求解风电场无功参考值;其次,采用EWT-LSSVM预测算法进行风电功率预测,并提出预测功率校正方法实时修正预测功率,精确求解风电机组的...     

风电高渗透虚拟同步电力系统的功角暂态稳定性分析

首先,建立互联系统接入变速风电机组后的动态模型,推导虚拟同步电力系统的暂态能量函数,分析表明在不同振荡阶段,惯性控制对暂态能量转换过程的影响不同;其次,提出两区域协同变惯性控制策略,改善含虚拟惯性互联系统的功角稳定性。最后,搭建风电高渗透的四机两区仿真系统,验证所提控制策略能够兼顾频率调节功能,并改善系统的动态稳定性。     

Compensation of network voltage unbalance using doubly fed induction generator-based wind farms

A control strategy for compensating AC network voltage unbalance using doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farms is presented. A complete DFIG dynamic model containing both the rotor and grid side converters is used to accurately describe the average and ripple components of active/reactive power, electromagnetic torque and DC bus voltage, under unbalanced conditions. The principle of using DFIG systems to compensate grid voltage unbalance by injecting negative sequence current into the AC system is described. The injected negative sequence current can be provided by either the grid side or the rotor side converters. Various methods for coordinating these two converters are discussed and their respective impacts on power and torque oscillations are described. The validity of the proposed control strategy is demonstrated by simulations on a 30 MW DFIG-based wind farm using Matlab/Simulink during 2 and 4% voltage unbalances. The proposed compensation strategy can not only ensure reliable operation of the wind generators by restricting torque, DC link voltage and power oscillations, but also enable DFIG-based wind farms to contribute to rebalancing the connected network.     

Comparative study on the performance of control systems for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines operating with power regulation

As a result of the increasing wind power penetration on power systems, the wind farms are today required to participate actively in grid operation by an appropriate generation control. This paper presents a comparative study on the performance of three control strategies for DFIG wind turbines. The study focuses on the regulation of the active and reactive power to a set point ordered by the wind farm control system. Two of them (control systems 1 and 2) are based on existing strategies, whereas the third control system (control system 3) presents a novel control strategy, which is actually a variation of the control system 2. The control strategies are evaluated through simulations of DFIG wind turbines, under normal operating conditions, integrated in a wind farm with centralized control system controlling the wind farm generation at the connection point and computing the power reference for each wind turbine according to a proportional distribution of the available power. The three control systems present similar performance when they operate with power optimization and power limitation strategies. However, the control system 3 with down power regulation presents a better response with respect to the reactive power production, achieving a higher available reactive power as compared with the other two. This is a very important aspect to maintain an appropriate voltage control at the wind farm bus.     

基于转矩极限的改进风电机组虚拟惯量控制策略

为解决大规模风电并网带来的系统频率稳定性降低问题,风电机组通过虚拟惯量控制可为系统提供短期频率支撑,然而惯性响应期间风电机组转速收敛缓慢,导致一部分转子动能被无故浪费;转速恢复阶段的有功突变易造成频率二次跌落。为此,提出基于转矩极限的改进风电机组虚拟惯量控制策略,实现在释放较少动能的前提下提供与传统策略相同的频率响应服务;并在频率步入准稳态时,借助时变功率函数开始转速恢复,实现转速快速恢复的同时缓解二次频率跌落。基于EMTP-RV仿真软件搭建包含风电场的电力系统模型,验证了所提策略的有效性。     

风电场调度自动化系统的设计与应用

本文结合风电场及风电机组自身所具备的调节能力和运行特点,论述风电场调度自动化系统的设计思路,引入AVC(自动电压控制系统)、有功功率控制系统、风电功率预测系统及其他风力监测和报警等辅助系统,建立风电场与电网系统良好的调度方式,从而使风电场切实参与到电网调度和系统安全稳定的维护中。     

风场有功功率控制策略与应用

文章对风场有功功率控制策略做了初步的分析研究,根据风机的运行状态,并结合风场的下一控制周期各风机的预测功率进行有功功率控制,现场的应用情况证明,该策略能准确、平稳地调节风机的有功功率。     

Delegated dispatching of wind farms: an optimal approach considering continuous control and interruption capabilities

In grids with high wind power penetration, the System Operator may curtail the power injected at critical moments for security reasons. An intermediate operator can optimize this power reduction for a group of wind farms under its control, attending to their controllability. In this way, resources may be used efficiently, and in cooperation with the system operation. In this paper, an optimization‐based procedure is proposed to allocate the power reductions among the wind farms of a region. Application examples based on the Spanish situation are shown, because in that country, these intermediate entities (called Delegated Dispatches) are about to begin their full operation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

分散式风电多点接入协调优化控制策略

针对分散式风电机组并网导致的配电网网损增加、电压稳定性降低等问题,文章提出一种分散式风电并网多点协调双层控制策略。首先,分析了分散式风电多点接入特性,研究分散式风电多点接入后的网损、电压分布和功率因数的关系,并提出最小网损和电压偏差为目标的双层优化控制策略。最后,基于IEEE-33节点进行仿真计算,结果表明,所提多点协调控制策略能够有效降低配电网网损和提升母线电压水平,增加系统的稳定性。与超前功率因数相比,滞后的功率因数能够增大风能消纳能力,提高供电可靠性,减少电压偏移水平。     

集团型风电企业综合联网监控管理系统的构建

以五大发电集团为代表的集团型风电企业已经成为我国风电投资开发的主体力量,如何管控好数量急剧增加的风电场成为企业安全生产中重要的课题。从风电场安全视频监控的角度,针对其普遍实行的三级责任主体的管控模式,提出了一种综合联网监控管理系统的构建方案。从需求分析、系统设计思路、系统的详细设计3个方面进行了阐述,其中专业网络视频管理系统是整个系统的核心,要求其具有容量大,承载能力强,可靠性好,扩展性、兼容性强的特点,且能容纳业已存在的若干风场的视频监控系统。文中提出的方案对集团型风电企业的综合联网监控管理系统的构建具有借鉴作用。