A fuzzy set approach to Retinex spray sampling

The color sensation at a point, for the Human Visual System (HVS), derives not only from the color stimulus at that point, but also from the relative spatial arrangement of the stimuli in the image. Based on this observation, the Retinex algorithm, an early and widely studied model of the HVS, determines the output – for each chromatic channel – by rescaling the input intensity of a pixel w.r.t. a reference white level, computed by sampling the brightest points in the neighborhood of the target pixel. In this work, we argue that several elements, inherent to the above observation, can benefit from a fuzzy formalization. We show that the adoption of the fuzzy formalism allows to better encode the mutual influence of pixels. Overall, the fuzzy formalization can provide a general framework for designing and tuning image enhancement algorithms inspired by the HVS. We demonstrate its use by the construction of a fuzzy version of the point-sampling algorithm Random Spray Retinex (RSR). Using RSR as a guide, we build a more efficient algorithm, based on the fact that each spray (a set of sampled points used in RSR to determine the reference white of a specific target) can be assumed to belong to some degree to all the target pixels of the image, provided that a suitable membership function is defined. The features of this alternative formalization of RSR are discussed here, using synthetic and natural test images.     

Color correction for tone mapping

Tone mapping algorithms offer sophisticated methods for mapping a real-world luminance range to the luminance range of the output medium but they often cause changes in color appearance. In this work we conduct a series of subjective appearance matching experiments to measure the change in image colorfulness after contrast compression and enhancement. The results indicate that the relation between contrast compression and the color saturation correction that matches color appearance is non-linear and smaller color correction is required for small change of contrast. We demonstrate that the relation cannot be fully explained by color appearance models. We propose color correction formulas that can be used with existing tone mapping algorithms. We extend existing global and local tone mapping operators and show that the proposed color correction formulas can preserve original image colors after tone scale manipulation.     

Luminance adaptation transform based on brightness functions for LDR image reproduction

Tone mapping algorithms are used for image processing to reduce the dynamic range of an image to be displayed on low dynamic range (LDR) devices. The Retinex, which was developed using multi-scale and luminance-based methods, is one of the tone mapping algorithms for dynamic range compression, color constancy and color rendition. Retinex algorithms still have drawbacks, such as lower contrast and desaturation. This paper proposes a multi-scale luminance adaptation transform (MLAT) based on visual brightness functions for the enhancement of contrast and saturation of rendered images. In addition, the proposed algorithm was used to estimate the minimum and maximum luminance and a visual gamma function for local adapted viewing conditions. MLAT showed enhanced contrast and better color representation than the conventional methods in the objective evaluations (CIEDE200 and VCM).     

Modeling Color Properties of Tiled Displays

The concept of tiled displays can be successful only if such displays are made to look like a single display perceptually. The two issues that need to be solved to achieve this goal are geometric correction and color seamlessness of images spanning across tiles. Geometric correction algorithms borrow pin‐hole camera models to model projector display geometry. In this paper, we introduce an abstract modeling function that describes the color seen by a viewer when displayed by a display device. Though this function can be used to model color displayed by any common display device, in this paper, we use it to model color in multiprojector display systems. We use the model to explain the reasons for different types of color variations in a multiprojector display, to compare different color correction algorithms, and to derive such algorithms directly from the model.     

基于Retinex的图像增强方法综述

Retinex作为一种源自人类视觉系统研究的颜色恒常性模型,在解决光照不均、色偏等方面都有非常广泛的应用。本文首先介绍了Retinex理论的来源与后续的发展。然后根据当前研究现状将Retinex模型分为路径模型、PDE（Partial differential equations）模型、变分模型和中央周边（Center-Surround）模型4种类型,并对每一种类型进行综述。最后介绍了Retinex在图像增强方面的典型应用,并总结4种Retinex模型的优劣,展望了Retinex的未来发展方向。     

A novel color image multilevel thresholding based segmentation using nature inspired optimization algorithms

Multilevel thresholding for segmentation is an essential task and indispensable process in various applications. Conventional color multilevel thresholding based image segmentations are computationally expensive, and lack accuracy and stability. To address this issue, this paper introduces the comparative performance study of different objective functions using cuckoo search and other optimization algorithms to solve the color image segmentation problem via multilevel thresholding. During the optimization process, solutions are evaluated using Otsu or Kapur's method. Performance of the proposed approach has been assessed using a variety of benchmark images, and compared against three other nature inspired algorithms namely differential evolution (DE), wind driven optimization (WDO) and particle swam optimization (PSO) algorithms. Results have been analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, based on the fitness values of obtained best solutions and four popular performance measures namely PSNR, MSE, SSIM and FSIM indices as well. According to statistical analysis of different nature inspired optimization algorithms, Kapur's entropy was found to be more accurate and robust for multilevel colored satellite image segmentation problem. On the other hand, cuckoo search was found to be most promising for colored satellite image segmentation.     

Issues About Retinex Theory and Contrast Enhancement

We present an interpretation of Land’s Retinex theory that we show to be consistent with the original formulation. The proposed model relies on the computation of the expectation value of a suitable random variable weighted with a kernel function, thus the name Kernel-Based Retinex (KBR) for the corresponding algorithm. KBR shares the same intrinsic characteristics of the original Retinex: it can reduce the effect of a color cast and enhance details in low-key images but, since it can only increase pixel intensities, it is not able to enhance over-exposed pictures. Comparing the analytical structure of KBR with that of a recent variational model of color image enhancement, we are able to perform an analysis of the action of KBR on contrast, showing the need to anti-symmetrize its equation in order to produce a two-sided contrast modification, able to enhance both under and over-exposed pictures. The anti-symmetrized KBR equations show clear correspondences with other existing color correction models, in particular ACE, whose relationship with Retinex has always been difficult to clarify. Finally, from an image processing point of view, we mention that both KBR and its antisymmetric version are free from the chromatic noise due to the use of paths in the original Retinex implementation and that they can be suitably approximated in order to reduce their computational complexity from to , being N the number of input pixels.     

基于Retinex的彩色图像增强方法综述

Retinex算法是彩色图像增强领域中的重要方法, Retinex算法具有丰富的内涵. 针对传统Retinex算法易在增强结果中产生色彩失真、光晕现象等局限性, 本文讨论并分析了现有的基于颜色空间转变、色彩校正和估计照度分量设计方法的一系列相关的改进方法. 最后指出了Retinex算法可进一步研究的方向.     

A Geometric Model of Brightness Perception and Its Application to Color Images Correction

Human perception involves many features like contours, shapes, textures, and colors to name a few. Whereas several geometric models for contours, shapes and textures perception have been proposed, the geometry of color perception has received very little attention, possibly due to the fact that our perception of colors is still not fully understood. Nonetheless, there exists a class of mathematical models, gathered under the name Retinex, which aim at modeling the color perception of an image, which are inspired by psychophysical/physiological knowledge about color perception, and which can geometrically be viewed as the averaging of perceptual distances between image pixels. Some of the Retinex models turn out to be associated with an efficient image processing technique for the correction of camera output images. The aim of this paper is to show that this image processing technique can be improved by including more properties of the human visual system. To that purpose, we first present a generalization of the perceptual distance between image pixels by considering the parallel transport map associated with a covariant derivative on a vector bundle, from which can be derived a new image processing model for color images correction. Then, we show that the family of covariant derivatives constructed in Batard and Sochen (J Math Imaging Vis 48(3):517–543 2014) can model some color appearance phenomena related to brightness perception. Finally, we conduct experiments in which we show that the image processing techniques induced by these covariant derivatives outperform the original approach.     

焦点引导的带颜色恢复的多尺度Retinex算法

针对低照度下高动态范围图像在应用多尺度Retinex算法进行图像增强时,易出现光晕现象和颜色失真等问题,提出了一种可以由焦点引导的带颜色恢复的多尺度Retinex(FgMSRCR)算法。通过自底向上视觉注意模型对低照度下高动态范围图像进行焦点提取,保留于相异焦点集中,对整幅图像应用带色彩恢复的多尺度Retinex算法(MSRCR)进行图像增强,再对焦点区域进行保持亮度和颜色比例的增强,利用高斯平滑滤波器完成图像增强任务。实验结果表明,与常见的图像增强算法和其他Retinex算法相比,该算法能够在保持颜色恒常的前提下有效地克服光晕现象。     

基于直方图均衡化与MSRCR的沙尘降质图像增强算法

针对沙尘天气下图像色彩偏移严重及对比度低等问题,提出一种基于直方图均衡化与带色彩恢复的多尺度视网膜（MSRCR）增强的沙尘降质图像增强算法。通过偏色校正和图像增强两个步骤进行图像恢复,将RGB图像各通道预处理后利用限制对比度自适应直方图均衡方法得到校正后的图像,对图像采用双边滤波进行降噪处理,通过MSRCR算法进一步解决色彩失衡问题。由于处理后的图像对比度较低,存在一定色偏,利用伽马校正和基于图像分析的偏色检测及颜色校正方法进行处理得到最终结果。对大量沙尘降质图像进行仿真实验,结果表明,该算法能够有效处理不同偏色程度的沙尘图像,不仅提高了图像的对比度,而且有效避免了图像颜色偏移现象,相比GCANet、MSRCR等算法,平均时间效率提升了46.2%~94.7%。     

A Perceptually Inspired Variational Framework for Color Enhancement

Basic phenomenology of human color vision has been widely taken as an inspiration to devise explicit color correction algorithms. The behavior of these models in terms of significative image features (such as, e.g., contrast and dispersion) can be difficult to characterize. To cope with this, we propose to use a variational formulation of color contrast enhancement that is inspired by the basic phenomenology of color perception. In particular, we devise a set of basic requirements to be fulfilled by an energy to be considered as 'perceptually inspired', showing that there is an explicit class of functionals satisfying all of them. We single out three explicit functionals that we consider of basic interest, showing similarities and differences with existing models. The minima of such functionals is computed using a gradient descent approach. We also present a general methodology to reduce the computational cost of the algorithms under analysis from O(N2) to O(N logN), being N the number of pixels of the input image.     

基于Retinex理论的多曝光图像融合算法

多曝光图像融合技术是将一组场景相同但曝光程度不同的图像序列直接融合成为一幅含有更多场景细节信息的高质量图像。针对现有算法局部对比度差和色彩失真的问题，结合Retinex理论模型提出了一种新的多曝光图像融合算法。首先，基于Retinex理论模型，利用光照估计算法将曝光序列图像分为入射光分量序列和反射光分量序列，然后分别采用不同的融合方法对这两组序列进行处理。对于入射光分量，要保证场景的全局亮度的变化特性并且削弱过曝光和欠曝光区域的影响；而对于反射光分量，要采用适度曝光的评价参数来更好地保留场景的色彩及细节信息。分别从主观和客观两方面对所提算法进行了分析。实验结果表明，同传统基于图像域合成的算法相比，该算法在结构相似度（SSIM）上平均提升了1.7%，另外在图像色彩和局部细节上的处理效果更好。     

改进的单尺度Retinex及其在人脸识别中的应用*

为了提高在光照条件变化下的人脸识别率,提出一种改进的单尺度Retinex算法并用于人脸识别的光照预处理中.该算法通过非线性全局对比度增强对原图像增强,并利用Mean-Shift平滑滤波代替传统单尺度Retinex中的高斯滤波对光照估计,能够明显地消除单尺度Retinex算法中不能解决的光晕现象.在人脸库的实验表明,该算法不仅比直方图均衡化、Gamma校正、单尺度Retinex、多尺度Retinex算法具有更好的光照预处理效果,而且能够有效提高人脸识别率.     

基于鲁棒估计的Retinex图像增强方法

针对原变分Retinex方法的人工伪影问题,指出理想重建光照应该具有分区域恒常的特性,提出一种以阴影边界作为出格点、基于鲁棒估计的变分Retinex图像增强方法。用合成图像与实际图像进行实验表明,本改进方法不仅可以有效压缩图像动态范围,显示淹没在阴影区域的细节,而且解决了原Retinex方法的伪影和扭曲等问题。     

AWkS: adaptive,weighted k-means-based superpixels for improved saliency detection

Pattern Analysis and Applications - Clustering inspired superpixel algorithms perform a restricted partitioning of an image, where each visually coherent region containing perceptually similar...     

一种颜色保持的彩色图像增强新算法

分析了Retinex理论及其典型彩色图像增强算法,在此基础上提出一种颜色保持的彩色图像增强新算法。利用非线性sigmoid传输函数多尺度增强亮度分量,并进行局部对比度增强后获得亮度增益曲面,最后利用亮度增益曲面对原彩色图像RGB三颜色分量同比增强,保证了色调恒定不失真。几种算法实验结果的比较和分析。表明,这种算法是有效的。     

基于颜色衰减先验的自适应Retinex去雾算法

当前的图像去雾算法中对自适应的要求越来越高,而传统的Retinex算法无法根据雾天图像的实际雾化情况进行去雾,导致处理后的图像仍然存在细节不突出以及色彩失真等问题.针对上述问题,提出了一种基于颜色衰减先验的自适应Retinex去雾算法.利用颜色衰减先验理论求得有雾图像的景深信息,通过建立的景深和高斯尺度参数的线性模型实...     

彩色图像去雾清晰化研究

为了解决雾霾天气的影响下成像设备采集的图像容易出现的降质及色彩失真问题, 并从有雾图像中增强其细节信息, 提高原图像的对比度和清晰度. 将彩色图像RGB通道分别做相应的图像增强算法处理, 全局直方图均衡化把整体的灰度直方图进行均匀分布的处理, 小波变换算法对彩色图像进行多层次分解, 多尺度Retinex算法通过高斯函数做卷积运算对图像做多尺度变换. 实验结果表明, 全局直方图均衡化、小波变换算法和多尺度Retinex算法都能增强雾天图像的景物信息, 有对应于各自的优势和不足. 相比较这3种算法而言, 多尺度Retinex算法得到的去雾图像亮度增强、细节信息突出、失真度小, 能更好地进行去雾增强.