The diffusion over time and space of energy efficiency in building

Awareness of global warming and the extent of greenhouse gas emissions have focused more attention upon energy efficiency in building. Moreover, the inventory of “green” office space in the United States has increased dramatically since the introduction of rating schemes that attest to the energy efficiency or sustainability of commercial buildings. In some metropolitan areas, the supply of certified office buildings has more than doubled in the last decade, and there are a few metropolitan areas where “green” office space now accounts for more than a quarter of the total office stock. In this paper, we analyze the diffusion of buildings certified for energy efficiency across US property markets. Using a panel of 48 metropolitan areas observed over the last fifteen years, we trace the diffusion of green building practices across the country. We then model the geographic patterns and dynamics of building certification, relating industry composition, changes in economic conditions, characteristics of the local commercial property market, and the presence of human capital, to the cross-sectional variation in energy-efficient building technologies and the diffusion of those technologies over time. Understanding the determinants and the rate at which energy-efficient building practices diffuse over space and time is important for designing policies to affect resource consumption in the built environment.     

Comparing the causal mechanisms underlying housing networks over time and space

This paper concerns the ontology and epistemology of comparative research, which are the foundations of a research strategy. It builds upon a Realist ontology of necessary and contingent relations forming causal mechanisms, in order to extend existing frameworks for explaining difference and change in housing networks. Housing networks are perceived as interactive, open systems of agents bound by underlying necessary relations, subject to ever-present contingent relations, their own individual agency and path-dependent behaviour. Unique clusters of necessary and contingent relations underlie interacting realms of the housing network, which generate tendencies for certain tenure divisions, property rights, systems of credit provision, housing production and urban form. Specifically, the paper concretises these concepts and defines causal `clusters' through the use of illustrative examples. It is argued that explanatory research requires the comparison and contrast of these clusters over time and space, rather than only key housing events or experiences of them. Laborious, concrete, historical research is required to reach sophisticated, multi-causal explanations for the differences between and changes within housing networks. Such a process should be informed by an explicit ontological and epistemological `package'. A Realist-retroductive research strategy aims to identify and contrast the unique causal clusters of social relations underlying housing outcomes, which exist in the context of specific local contingencies. Amongst others, significant clustering of social relations surrounding the supply of land for residential development, system of credit provision for credit for housing production and welfare relations influencing the consumption of housing services. These relations have a combined influence upon investment, production, consumption and exchange of housing services. Uniquely defined, these clusters of relations promote divergent housing tenures and urban forms. To test and revise this postulated model, two case studies are proposed in the Netherlands and Australia.     

Spatial location patterns of Spanish manufacturing firms*

In this paper, we evaluate the spatial location patterns of Spanish manufacturing firms in each industry. We use a distance‐based method, Ripley's K function, which allows us to treat space as continuous. With ‘complete spatial randomness’ as benchmark, every sector presents significant concentration whatever the distance considered. If we use the locations of all manufacturing firms as a benchmark, we find dispersion in some sectors and concentration in others, finding also differences in the spatial scale at which clustering occurs. Finally, the use of cities as a benchmark reveals that not only is ‘first nature’ among the location determinants of manufacturing firms but they also include the self‐reinforcing advantages of ‘second nature’. Resumen. En este artículo evaluamos los patrones de localización espacial de empresas de manufacturas en cada industria. Utilizamos un método basado en la distancia, la función K de Ripley, que nos permite tratar el espacio como un continuo. Tomando la ‘aleatoriedad espacial completa’ como cota de referencia, todos los sectores presentan una concentración significativa, independientemente de la distancia considerada. Si empleamos las localizaciones de todas las empresas manufactureras como cota de referencia, encontramos dispersión en algunos sectores y concentración en otros, así como diferencias en la escala espacial a la que ocurre la formación de conglomerados (clusters). Finalmente, el emplear ciudades como cota de referencia revela que entre los determinantes de localización de empresas manufactureras no solo está la ‘primera naturaleza’ sino que también se incluyen las ventajas de retroalimentación positiva de la ‘segunda naturaleza’.      

Emergent macrostructures of path-dependent location adoptions processes of firms

Agglomeration of firms in a regional context is a complex process that cannot be tamed easily using traditional economic models. Instead, in this paper, I conducted computer simulations to observe under the assumption of increasing returns how firms choose among competing locations to form regional agglomeration. By designing simple rules of firms’ spatial choice behavior, I observed through such simulations how firms moved across and within regions. The findings showed that firms tended to lock-in a particular region, that is, that region dominated all others in the firms’ movement, reminiscent of market domination of a technology among competing technologies. The emergent macrostructures were surprisingly orderly in that the distributions of sizes of spatial clusters in relation to frequencies followed a logarithmically linear form or a power law. Unpredictability, path dependence, and small events were present in the simulations and can be explained in the context of regional development. Useful insights as to how macrostructures of agglomeration emerge through microbehaviors of firms can be gained through the simulations.

大兴安岭地区冰上积雪雪深和雪水当量参数时空变化规律

根据水文年鉴和有关记载,统计了1958～2010年大兴安岭地区冰上累积雪深和雪水当量,利用线性相关分析、Mann-Kendall、小波分析等方法对冰上积雪和雪水当量参数的时空变化进行了分析,同时对其变化趋势和特征进行了检验,揭示了大兴安岭地区冰上累积雪深和雪水当量变化规律与QBO、太阳黑子、PDO振荡规律存在相关性,进一步浅析了其变化反馈机制。     

论空间定位技术在消防救援行动中的应用

在对空间定位技术原理、发展及应用进行了简要阐述的基础上,重点对ZigBee、UWB(超宽带)技术的应用进行了论述,并结合消防救援行动的特点提出了空间定位系统实现的基本结构.     

On the space curve and industrial location

This paper presents a formal mathematical model to investigate the properties and shape of the space cost curve in the Weber-Moses type triangle space. It also examines the theoretical impacts and implications of the space cost curve on the optimum location decisions of the firm. We have shown that the shape of the space cost curve crucially depends upon the marginal transport costs with respect to distances. When the transport rates are constant, the space cost curve may be linear, convex or concave from below in the distant plane. This result is quite different from Smith's (17, 19), Richardson's (13) and Mai's (9). Furthermore, we have shown the convex space cost curve is an important condition for the existence of the optimum intermediate location. This is consistent with Haddah and Schwartzman's empirical study (5).The author is grateful to Professors H. Ohta, C. C. Mai and K. Hohlt for valuable help. Needless to say, any possible errors are due to the author.     

太空建筑的选址与结构探索

利用建筑学以及天文学等专业知识,对太空建筑选址与结构方面进行了分析和论述,提出了太空建筑的基本营造和扩展方法,有利于太空建筑的发展和研究。     

Method for estimating urban morning mixing height and its distribution in time and space over India

G. C. Holzworth was the first to suggest a method of determining morning mixing heights over an urban area. This method, when applied to some Indian stations could not yield proper results under all circumstances and at all times. These points are thoroughly discussed in this paper. A modified method, which suits well in all seasons and to all stations in India, has been suggested by the present author. Daily urban morning mixing heights are determined based on the modified method and from that mean monthly and seasonal values are evaluated and discussed. During post‐monsoon, winter and summer seasons the heights are very shallow, while they are fairly large during the southwest monsoon season. The coastal regions show greater depths than the inland ones.     

高大空间温度和火源位置对早期烟气运动影响

采用实体试验的方法,选用棉绳和聚氨酯试验火,在大空间建筑中进行早期火灾试验。文章从不同季节试验环境温度和高大空间内不同火源位置的角度对烟气羽流温度进行了对比分析,发现并总结了早期火灾烟气在高大空间建筑中的运动规律,为高大空间建筑物火灾探测报警设备选型及设置提供理论依据。     

The confusing relationship between environmental policy and location behaviour of firms: A methodological review of selected case studies

The literature on the effects of environmental policy on the location behaviour of firms has so far failed to draw any firm conclusions. Different studies have shown that the effects may be zero, negative or positive. They always tend to be small. This paper argues that methodological issues form a major explanation for the contradictory results. It discusses the methodological strengths and weaknesses of data collection and secondary data analysis. Moreover, several typical studies are reviewed both in terms of methodology and findings. The paper finds that methodological issues tend to affect the results. The main substantive result is that at the present intensity of environmental policy plant closing is most likely to result, followed by reduced location of new firms whereas relocation is the least likely response. The results have to be interpreted with caution, however, because of methodological problems inherent to most studies.     

中小城市居住区商业空间的城市角度思考

针对中小城市居住区商业空间普遍缺乏与城市互动的现象进行了分析,提出在设计中小城市居住区商业空间时应具有整体效益观,从系统的角度整合城市空间与居住区商业空间的设计原则,以期指导中小城市居住区商业空间规划。     

Impact of trade liberalization on the location of firms: NAFTA and the automobile industry

This study investigates the short-term impact of NAFTA on automobile production patterns by constructing a multiregional monopolistic-competition model, which accommodates three types of vehicle assembler and two classes of vertically linked parts supplier. By revealing the changes in potential profits of the firms in each region, the partial equilibrium model allows us to identify the types of automobile that will most likely be produced in Mexico as a result of reductions in tariffs and non-tariff barriers. The simulation results indicate that as trade barriers fall, ceteris paribus, producers of small cars will find it more desirable than large-car manufacturers to operate in Mexico. Recent developments seem to support the results of this model. Received: August 2000/Accepted: May 2002 An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Uddevalla Symposium in June 2000. The author is grateful to Masahisa Fujita for providing inspiration and thoughtful guidance during the initial phase of this work.     

展馆建筑四维空间的时空理念探索研究

介绍了空间与时间的一般定义,引入展览馆建筑“四维空间”的时空设计理念,针对某展览馆的设计方案,从整体构思入手,通过进行展馆方案设计“四维空间”的探索研究,理解时间与空间的微妙关系,以便在进行展馆建筑设计时通过空间的创造来表现时间的意境,实现展馆建筑“四维空间”的时空理念。     

Heterogeneous households and firms in an urban model with open space and agglomeration economies*

This paper develops a model with heterogeneous households and firms that can locate anywhere in the city. The main features of the model are household preferences for open space which depend on distance to the greenbelts at the city periphery, and agglomeration economies for firms. Numerical results show equilibrium location patterns, rents, and wages under different model specifications. Under most conditions, monocentric location patterns (where there is a higher concentration of firms in the centre zones compared to surrounding zones) are observed, but duocentric location patterns for firms can emerge if both open space values and travel costs are high.