轴向柱塞泵低气压运行特性建模与试验分析

空化是影响液压系统动态特性的重要因素,为此开展了轴向柱塞泵低压环境下的工况研究。考虑气液两相混合油液的密度、体积弹性模量和黏度的影响,限制入口油腔的最低压力,建立轴向柱塞泵的压力流量模型,计算获得轴向柱塞泵在不同工况下的流量特性,并通过试验验证。研究表明:负载增大导致更严重的空化以及泄漏,并使容积效率降低;轴向柱塞泵在达到临界流量之后,转速提升只会加剧空化,而不能提升流量;最大容积效率出现在临界流量产生之前。为轴向柱塞泵低气压性能预测提供了理论支撑。     

Numerical simulation of water flow in an axial flow pump with adjustable guide vanes

A new adjustable guide vane (AGV) is proposed in this paper. This vane can reduce hydraulic losses and improve the performance of an axial flow pump. The formula of AGV adjustment was obtained after theoretical analysis. The fluid flow inside the axial flow pump with a fixed guide vane and adjustable guide vane was simulated. The calculated Q-H curves for the fixed guide vane agreed well with the experimental ones. The results show that the attack angle and flow separation have an important contribution to the vortices which create hydraulic losses in the guide vane channel. The AGV can decrease hydraulic losses and significantly enhance the pump head and efficiency by changing the guide vane angle.     

海流发电装置轴向力分析及液压平衡装置设计

针对水平轴螺旋桨式海流能发电装置正常工作时轴向力很大的问题,运用流体力学理论、叶元动量理论及流固耦合模拟的方法,对叶片受力进行分段求解再叠加计算出轴向力。计算的轴向力与数值模拟仿真结果较好地吻合。理论分析和仿真计算表明水流流速的变化及流固耦合使轴向力呈随机非线性变化。根据轴向力规律性变化的特点,设计一种新型的液控式轴向力自动平衡装置,在Bladed和AMESim软件中建立系统联合仿真模型并进行研究,结果表明该液控平衡装置可以较好地抵消水流引起的轴向力波动,从而可以保护轴承结构。     

混流式喷水推进器空化性能数值分析

基于RANS方程,结合切应力输运湍流模型计算某混流式喷水推进器无空化状态时的流体动力性能。与厂商提供的数据对比表明,建立的数值模型和计算方法是可信的。在此基础上,嵌入基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程的混合物均相流空化模型,对空化条件时该喷水推进器流体动力性能进行数值计算与分析。计算得到的功率、推力等宏观量与厂商提供的数据吻合较好。计算得到空化发生时的临界进口速比值。计算结果表明,喷水推进器叶轮发生空化时,泵的流量、扬程明显降低,进而引起推力下降;在等功率条件下,随着进口速比的降低,喷水推进器叶轮空化程度越来越严重;进水流道空化的发生较喷泵叶轮空化滞后,喷口部分仅产生空间空化,较叶轮空化提前,而固壁上不产生空化;数值计算结果还证明空化限制线即为等汽蚀比转速线,且空化限制线1、2、3对应的汽蚀比转速分别约为1 280、1 390和1 580。     

A method for analysis of head cover deformation and vibration amplitude in Francis hydro-turbine system by combination of CFD and FEA

It is of great importance to predict the deformation and vibration characteristics of the hydro-turbine structure accurately for the stable operation when the turbine is running under the alternating load of the flow field. In this paper, we proposed a methodology for analysis of the head cover deformation and vibration amplitude in the high-head Francis hydro-turbine system, in which Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is employed to simulate the complex flow field in the head cover flow passage and the CFD-captured pressure distribution is provided for Finite element analysis (FEA) as a new load input to obtain more accurate head cover deformation and vibration calculation results. The results obtained by this method are compared with the results of the conventional algorithm and laboratory experimental results, demonstrated a better consistency. The great advantage of this method is that it allows vibration amplitude analysis and predictions under varied working conditions by adjusting the flow field parameters according to the specific working conditions. Therefore, it has supportive significance in optimization of the hydro-turbine structural turbine design as well as stabilizing operations at hydropower stations.

     

离心泵后泵腔内液体压力数值分析与验证

离心泵轴向力的大小与泵腔内压力分布密切相关,而试验测量轴向力成本较高,因此采用数值模拟展开泵腔内压力分布规律研究,并提出简便的试验测量轴向力方法显得格外必要。利用数值模拟计算,在0.6 Q_(sp)~1.2Q_(sp)工况下,研究离心泵后泵腔压力沿轴向、径向、切向分布规律,绘制后泵腔压力在0°、90°、180°、270°及压力均值沿径向分布曲线,得出后泵腔轴向力大小,推导两种近似计算泵腔轴向力公式,提出简便的试验测量泵腔轴向力方法,并将后泵腔压力模拟结果与试验结果对比,验证模拟结果的真实可靠性。结果表明:同一流量工况点,后泵腔压力沿轴向保持不变,沿径向随半径增大而增大。流量越大,后泵腔压力沿切向分布越具有轴对称性,沿径向增大越均匀。后泵腔轴向力两种公式计算结果与数值计算结果相对误差极小,后泵腔区域压力均值与其径向几何中心处压力均值大小相等。在试验测量离心泵泵腔轴向力时,只需要测量泵腔沿180°径向中心处压力值,便可近似求得泵腔区域轴向力大小。     

银盘水电站推力轴承支撑性能及镜板泵外循环技术研究

为了评估银盘水电站推力轴承支撑性能对机组运行的稳定性以及验证镜板泵外循环技术在设计工况下的冷却效果,通过对不同结构特点推力轴承支撑性能进行分析,阐述了银盘水电站推力轴承弹性油箱支撑结构在轴流转桨式水轮发电机组中自动调整各轴瓦受力平衡的优点;同时,利用流体力学计算公式,对银盘水电站镜板泵外循环系统工作压头和流量进行了计算分析,结合现场机组运行工况进行了试验验证。研究结果表明:采用弹性油箱支撑结构的推力轴承,能使推力轴承轴瓦间受力不均匀的问题得到根本改善,大大提高了机组运行的稳定性;通过计算分析,结合机组运行监测数据,得出了银盘水电站镜板泵实际压头系数和流量系数,证明镜板泵外循环系统能够在设计工况点附近工作,从检测数据来看系统冷却效果较好。     

两相流离心泵水力输送性能计算分析

为探索一台固液两相流离心泵的水力性能与磨损特性,基于代数滑移混合物模型(Algebraic slip mixture model,ASMM)对其内部流场进行三维不可压缩定常流动数值计算,其中转子与定子之间的动静耦合采用"冻结转子法"实现。多相位定常流动计算结果与水力试验结果的对比确定最佳的转动位置,并确认数值计算方法的准确性。预测结果表明,颗粒属性对模型泵水力性能影响的次序为固相体积分数、颗粒密度和粒径。随着颗粒直径、密度和固相体积分数的增加,预测扬程均下降;效率总体上也呈现下降趋势,但在固相体积分数为10%时输送效率最高。在靠近隔舌的叶轮出口处存在由低、中、高三种速度组合的双剪切层射流—尾流结构。总体而言,模型泵叶片吸力面的磨损程度比压力面更为严重。固相体积分数对叶片表面磨损程度的影响比较明显,颗粒密度影响较小,颗粒直径仅对吸力面磨损程度影响显著,对压力面影响不明显。     

The Performance of Externally Pressurized Bearings Using Simple Orifice Restrictors

The load capacity and vibration characteristics of externally pressurized thrust and journal bearings have been investigated. The bearings used orifices sufficiently recessed back from the bearing surface to ensure that the area of the orifice is the minimum presented to the gas flow. The journal bearings consist of plain cylinders with one or two rows of eight orifices, and the thrust plates of plain discs with six orifices drilled in equispaced circumferential grooves.

The load capacity of the thrust plates agrees with that calculated but the vibrations are greater than predicted. The load capacity of journal bearings is about half that calculated assuming axial flow conditions in the bearing, but circumferential flow can account for the difference. Synchronous and half-speed vibrations of a shaft rotating within these bearings have been measured and found to agree with those calculated on the assumption that the gas films behave as linear springs.     

基于压力流量复合控制的盾构推进液压系统

推进系统是盾构的关键系统之一。设计了一种基于压力流量复合控制的盾构推进液压系统,对推进液压缸进行了分区控制,阐述了推进液压系统的工作原理及其控制方式。利用AMESim仿真软件对推进液压系统的压力和流量特性进行了仿真分析,并在工程应用中进行了推进试验,仿真和工程实际应用表明所设计的推进液压系统可实时控制推进压力和推进速度,可以满足盾构的掘进要求。     

压裂泵曲轴曲拐布置的优化方法

五缸压裂泵曲轴曲拐的不同布置，会导致与液力端相连的低压吸入管汇与高压排出管汇中出现流量与压力波动，甚至出现局部断流。流量与压力波动可表现为曲轴负载及惯性水头损失，降低曲轴寿命和能量转换效率；局部断流会造成管道沉沙。为了减小流量与压力的波动，改善局部断流与曲轴受力，提出了断流现象持续区域和曲轴所受弯矩的优化目标，建立了五缸压裂泵曲轴曲拐布置的优化方法。最终确定出两种曲轴曲拐布置的最优方案，其吸排管汇的流量波动幅值最小、断流现象持续区域最短，有效地减轻了惯性水头损失和沉沙问题，改善了泵的吸排性能和曲轴弯矩。     

低速大排量风能吸功泵流量特性研究

针对大功率液压型风力发电液压系统的需要,设计一种利用双圆柱凸轮驱动多排液压缸、换向阀配流的低速大排量风能吸功泵,并对所设计的风能吸功泵流量特性进行理论分析和仿真研究.提出在换向阀阀芯处增加节流槽,减小配油过程的压力冲击.根据换向阀的工作特点,建立了单腔室流量特性数学模型,得出在低转速工况下影响风能吸功泵内泄漏的主要因素...     

混流泵启动过程进口流动特性的数值模拟

通过建立包括叶轮、导叶、蜗壳、阀门、稳压罐及管路在内的全三维闭合回路模型对混流泵启动过程进行数值模拟,分析了启动过程进口回流的形态及形成原因,研究了回流的轴向长度、轴向速度和圆周速度的分布以及轴向截面回流量、回流面积的变化。研究结果表明,数值模拟与试验结果基本一致,数值计算方法较为可靠。叶片吸力面的流动分离和叶顶间隙泄漏是造成进口回流的主要因素。启动过程中的回流参数均随时间呈现先增大后减小的趋势,主流与回流轴向速度在启动初期呈现对称分布,0.8 s后的回流轴向速度出现非对称分布且离叶轮进口越远非对称分布越明显;受回流排挤,主流轴向速度分布在不同截面呈现不同变化趋势,圆周速度逐渐呈非对称分布,进口管圆截面处平面速度方向逐渐偏离圆周切向,各轴向截面处回流量、回流面积的变化趋势基本一致,每个截面相继出现一个回流面积极大值。     

斜流泵轴向推力的数值计算

对斜流泵叶轮内部流动进行了数值解析 ,翼面和轮毂表面的压力分布 ,数值计算开放型斜流泵的轴向推力 ,所得结果与试验值对比基本吻合     

部分负荷下混流式水轮机转轮叶片变形对流场的影响

将CFD流动分析软件与结构刚强度软件有机结合,对混流式转轮在不同工况下的流动进行分析。通过程序将流场参数加载到结构分析软件上,对变形后的叶片再次进行网格划分流场计算,并计算出混流式转轮叶片上的应力和变形,详细分析了转轮变形后的流场,达到了真正意义上的流固耦合。研究结果表明:最大应力发生在转轮叶片的出水边与上冠的连接处,应力集中较明显,易于发生疲劳破坏。产生最大变形的部位是转轮叶片的出水边与下环的连接处,且从上冠到下环变形量逐渐增大,即此部位就是叶片振动的敏感区域;转轮变形后对水轮机内部流场的影响表现在叶片进口边头部压力增大,叶片出口边靠下环处流速增大、压力下降,空化性能降低。变形后的流场使得尾水管内部的涡带产生、紊动加剧,说明叶片变形后对水轮机内部流场的影响是引起水轮机裂纹和振动的真正原因。     

Numerical simulation of pressure fluctuations in a large Francis turbine runner

The pressure fluctuation caused by unsteady flow in runner is one of the main reasons of vibration for a large Francis hydraulic turbine. It directly affects the steady operation of the hydraulic turbine unit. The existing research of the pressure fluctuation in hydraulic turbine mainly focuses on the unsteady flow in draft tube. Accurate distribution of pressure fluctuations inside a runner is not very clear. In this paper, the numerical method for predicting the pressure fluctuations in runner is investigated and the numerical simulation is performed for a large Francis hydraulic turbine. It is proved that the combination of shear-stress transport(SST) k-w turbulence model and pressure-implicit with splitting of operators(PISO) algorithm could give more reliable prediction of pressure fluctuations in runner. The frequencies of pressure fluctuations in runner are affected by the flow in guide vane and the flow in draft tube. The first dominant frequency is significantly determined by the flow in draft tube, especially at part load condition. This frequency is approximately equal to one-third of the runner rotating frequency. The evident second dominant frequency is exactly equal to the guide vane passing frequency. The peak-to-peak amplitudes of pressure fluctuations in runner at small guide vane open angle are larger than that at large open angle at the same operating head. The amplitudes at points on blade pressure surface are generally greater than that on suction surface. The research results could be used to direct the hydraulic design and operation stability improvement of a large Francis hydraulic turbine.     

水压轴向柱塞泵滑靴静压支承分析与计算

如果设计不合理，水的低粘度将使得水压泵滑靴静压支承的泄漏流量极其严重，导致滑靴几乎不能正常工作，于是对其设计计算提出了新的要求，利用滑靴支承面与柱塞头之间的短节流小孔来补偿细长阻尼孔的节流作用，对滑靴结构参数和性能参数进行了详细的分析与计算，为滑靴的设计提供了一定的参考依据，讨论了温度对支承性能的影响。     

大型轴流泵泥沙磨损特性研究

为探讨大型轴流泵的泥沙磨损特性,采用非均相流模型、Particle模型和Tabakoff磨损模型和滑移壁面边界条件,研究泥沙在轴流泵内部的流动规律及磨损机制。结果表明:叶片头部及叶片工作面的泥沙体积分数和磨损率最大,导致叶片头部、工作面磨损速度和程度大于背面;粒径对泥沙的运动轨迹有显著影响,而含沙量的改变对泥沙的运动轨迹影响不大;颗粒在叶轮中的运动速度与粒径呈正相关关系,粒径大的沙粒向叶片工作面运动的趋势更为明显,说明粒径为影响泥沙运动轨迹的一个主要因素,含沙量为一个次要因素;随着泥沙粒径的增大,磨损率范围增大,磨损强度也相应增大,随着含沙量的增大,叶轮内各处磨损率均增大,说明粒径和含沙量均是加快轴流泵磨损的重要因素。     

串列式双级轴流泵性能的数值模拟

为了揭示串列泵的内部流动机理及其能量特性,采用两个具有试验结果的轴流式叶轮和一新设计的导叶串联组成了一串列式轴流泵模型。应用Pro-E对该串列泵进行三维实体造型,用数值模拟的方法计算泵内的流场。数值计算采用NUMECA商业软件。在不同的工况条件下获得前后叶轮内部的速度矢量分布。基于流场计算结果,预测包括扬程、效率和轴功率在内的串列泵性能。将数值计算的结果与原叶轮的试验结果进行对比并与首级叶轮比较,串列轴流泵次级叶轮压力面和吸力面的速度具有较大的差值。与一般的轴流泵比较,串列式轴流泵具有比较宽的高效区,最优工况点向大流量区域偏移,其轴功率不再像普通轴流泵那样随流量的增加而减小。为了分析前后叶轮的相互作用,预测不同的后叶轮叶片偏转角条件下的串列泵性能,结果表明后叶轮的叶片偏转角对串列泵性能有重大的影响。     

Output characteristics of a series three-port axial piston pump

Driving a hydraulic cylinder directly by a closed-loop hydraulic pump is currently a key research area in the field of electro-hydraulic control technology,and it is the most direct means to improve the energy efficiency of an electro-hydraulic control system.So far,this technology has been well applied to the pump-controlled symmetric hydraulic cylinder.However,for the differential cylinder that is widely used in hydraulic technology,satisfactory results have not yet been achieved,due to the asymmetric flow constraint.Therefore,based on the principle of the asymmetric valve controlled asymmetric cylinder in valve controlled cylinder technology,an innovative idea for an asymmetric pump controlled asymmetric cylinder is put forward to address this problem.The scheme proposes to transform the oil suction window of the existing axial piston pump into two series windows.When in use,one window is connected to the rod chamber of the hydraulic cylinder and the other is linked with a low-pressure oil tank.This allows the differential cylinders to be directly controlled by changing the displacement or rotation speed of the pumps.Compared with the loop principle of offsetting the area difference of the differential cylinder through hydraulic valve using existing technology,this method may simplify the circuits and increase the energy efficiency of the system.With the software SimulationX,a hydraulic pump simulation model is set up,which examines the movement characteristics of an individual piston and the compressibility of oil,as well as the flow distribution area as it changes with the rotation angle.The pump structure parameters,especially the size of the unloading groove of the valve plate,are determined through digital simulation.All of the components of the series arranged three distribution-window axial piston pump are designed,based on the simulation analysis of the flow pulse characteristics of the pump,and then the prototype pump is made.The basic characteristics,such as the pressure,flow and noise of the pumps under different rotation speeds,are measured on the test bench.The test results verify the correctness of the principle.The proposed research lays a theoretical foundation for the further development of a new pump-controlled cylinder system.