节水灌溉管理智能决策支持系统研究

应用人工智能中的专家系统技术,开发并集成了3个不同层次的节水灌溉管理决策支持系统：灌溉预报与节水灌溉决策子系统、灌区计划用水与水量调配管理系统、灌区管理体制改革子系统;介绍了节水灌溉管理智能决策支持系统的理论基础,系统结构,实际应用以及陕西省旱情决策子系统等。     

北方缺水地区半旱地农业有限补灌模式探讨

以降水利用和灌溉程度为依据,对半旱地农业进行了研究,着重讨论了与半旱地农业涵义有关的问题,论述了在北方缺水地区发展半旱地农业的意义,给出了半旱地农业有限补灌技术模式。针对北方缺水地区的特点,提出了不同类型区半旱地农业有限补灌发展模式,并探讨了北方缺水地区半旱地农业发展有限补灌的策略。     

An unconventional approach to integrated ground and surface water development

The conjunctive use of surface water with groundwater development in the Ganga Basin is considered more desirable due to unacceptable environmental conditions created by using all the low flows and the limited possibilities of surface storages. There are several ways to increase infiltration during the monsoon season. One method is to create groundwater storage by pumping during the non-monsoon period. A procedure for estimating the extent and the rate of pumping such that it is replenished in 120 days of the monsoon season and equilibrium is achieved, is outlined in this study. The areas in the Ganga Basin suitable for such groundwater storage schemes have been marked out and the economic aspects of the scheme have also been studied. It is concluded that with this scheme of underground storage of flood water the total potential irrigation in the Ganga Basin may be limited by the area of irrigable land rather than the water supply. It is suggested that this potentially advantageous scheme should be systematically studied and investigated in detail and factors like sediment transportation which may reduce the infiltration rate, the possible hazards of subsidence due to lowering of the water table, the possible ecological effects, and other relevant issues should also be considered.     

关于农业生产和农业科学的思考

文章从社会发展谈到农业的重要性。并根据内蒙古、新疆大面积粮食、棉花高产的事实,分析农业科学的根本任务在于创造良好的土、肥、水条件,保证作物能充分利用自然界太阳能。农业科学应该吸取生物学、地学和经济学的某些理论和方法,并不断用信息学武装自己。希望中国科技界为解决我国的农村、农民、农业问题作出贡献。     

The aesthetics of water and land: a promising concept for managing scarce water resources under climate change

The eastern Mediterranean faces a severe water crisis: water supply decreases due to climate change, while demand increases due to rapid population growth. The GLOWA Jordan River project generates science-based management strategies for maximizing water productivity under global climate change. We use a novel definition of water productivity as the full range of services provided by landscapes per unit blue (surface) and green (in plants and soil) water. Our combined results from climatological, ecological, economic and hydrological studies suggest that, in Israel, certain landscapes provide high returns as ecosystem services for little input of additional blue water. Specifically, cultural services such as recreation may by far exceed that of food production. Interestingly, some highly valued landscapes (e.g. rangeland) appear resistant to climate change, making them an ideal candidate for adaptive land management. Vice versa, expanding irrigated agriculture is unlikely to be sustainable under global climate change. We advocate the inclusion of a large range of ecosystem services into integrated land and water resources management. The focus on cultural services and integration of irrigation demand will lead to entirely different but productive water and land allocation schemes that may be suitable for withstanding the problems caused by climate change.     

Secure Irrigation System for Olive Orchards Using Internet of Things

Smart irrigation system, also referred as precision irrigation system, is an attractive solution to save the limited water resources as well as to improve crop productivity and quality. In this work, by using Internet of things (IoT), we aim to design a smart irrigation system for olive groves. In such IoT system, a huge number of low-power and low-complexity devices (sensors, actuators) are interconnected. Thus, a great challenge is to satisfy the increasing demands in terms of spectral efficiency. Moreover, securing the IoT system is also a critical challenge, since several types of cybersecurity threats may pose. In this paper, we address these issues through the application of the massive multiple-input multiple-output (M-MIMO) technology. Indeed, M-MIMO is a key technology of the fifth generation (5G) networks and has the potential to improve spectral efficiency as well as the physical layer security. Specifically, by exploiting the available M-MIMO channel degrees of freedom, we propose a physical layer security scheme based on artificial noise (AN) to prevent eavesdropping. Numerical results demonstrate that our proposed scheme outperforms traditional ones in terms of spectral efficiency and secrecy rate.     

Storage of surface flows through groundwater recharge

The Ganga basin in India has a serious problem of water availability. The basin, which is only one twelfth of the United States in area, has a population greater than the totalus population, and is increasing at a rate of 2·5% per annum. About 77% of the population is engaged in agriculture which is totally dependent on irrigation, as almost 85% of the rainfall comes down in 2–3 monsoon months. Surface storage possibility is extremely limited, but groundwater recharge appears feasible, since sedimentary alluvial formations extend to depths of thousands of metres. Three alternative schemes of groundwater recharge have been proposed. One involves pumping heavily along perennial rivers prior to the monsoon so as to lower the water-table and promote induced groundwater recharge. The second proposes a similar approach along nonperennial rivers. The third involves irrigation during the monsoon with groundwater lowered adequately in the non-monsoon period so that enough induced groundwater recharge takes place to provide adequate supplies for non-monsoon months. A simulation-optimization model has been developed to study the surface flow-groundwater interaction and has been applied to study comparative cost effectiveness of the three alternate approaches. Sensitivity analysis has also been carried out. It is shown that the third scheme is the most attractive.     

现代节水农业技术发展趋势与未来研发重点

在分析我国节水农业技术发展现状与趋势的基础上,结合现代节水农业技术发展与需求,提出未来 我国现代节水农业技术研发重点和发展方向,即现代生物节水技术、非常规水高效安全利用技术、节水灌溉技 术与装备、旱作高效用水技术与新材料、区域高效节水农业综合技术。     

Prospects for wind energy utilisation in Karnataka State

An examination of the data available at 22 meteorological stations in Karnataka State shows that wind velocities in the State as a whole are neither spectacularly high nor negligibly low. The highest winds (annual mean of around 13 km/hr) are experienced in parts of the northern maidan region of the State (Gulbarga, Raichur and Bidar districts) and in Bangalore. The winds are strongly seasonal: typically, the five monsoon months May-September account for about 80% of the annual wind energy flux. Although the data available are inadequate to make precise estimates, they indicate that the total wind energy potential of the State is about an order of magnitude higher than the current electrical energy consumption. The possible exploitation of wind energy for applications in rural areas therefore requires serious consideration, but it is argued that to be successful it is essential to formulate an integrated and carefully planned programme. The output of current windpumps needs to be increased; a doubling should be feasible by the design of suitable load-matching devices. The first cost has to be reduced by careful design, by the use of local materials and skills and by employing a labour-intensive technology. A consideration of the agricultural factors in the northern maidan region of the State shows that there is likely to be a strong need for mechanical assistance in supplemental and life-saving irrigation for the dry crops characteristic of the area. A technological target for a windmill that could find applications in this area would be one with a rotor diameter of about 10 m that can lift about 10,000 litres of water per hour in winds of 10 km/hr (2.8 m/s) hourly average speed and costs less than about Rs 10,000. Although no such windmills exist as of today, the authors believe that achievement of this target is feasible. An examination of various possible scenarios for the use of windmills in this area suggests that with a windpump costing about Rs 12,000, a three hectare farm growing two dry crops a year can expect an annual return of about 150% from an initial investment of about Rs 15,000. It is concluded that it should be highly worthwhile to undertake a coordinated programme for wind energy development that will include more detailed wind surveys in the northern maidan area (as well as some others, such as the Western Ghats), the development of suitable windmill designs and a study of their applications to agriculture as well as to other fields.     

Science and technology of ferroelectric films and heterostructures for non-volatile ferroelectric memories

We present in this article a review of the status of thin film ferroelectric materials for nonvolatile memories. Key materials issues relevant to the integration of these materials on Si wafers are discussed. The effect of film microstructure and electrode defect chemistry on the ferroelectric properties relevant to a high density nonvolatile memory technology are discussed. The second part of this review focuses on approaches to integrate these capacitor structures on a filled poly-Si plug which is a critical requirement for a high density memory technology. Finally, the use of novel surface probes to study and understand broadband polarization dynamics in ferroelectric thin films is also presented.     

星级酒店客房分户墙的隔声性能影响因素研究

噪声敏感房间之间分户墙的隔声量是使用者和业主方最为关心的问题之一。为了研究影响隔墙隔声量的因素（例如墙体类型、总厚度、材料密度、是否有明显薄弱点等）,本文通过对工程上几种常见的隔墙系统进行了各自分析,并归纳总结各自的优缺点、适用条件及隔声强化措施,为相关从业人员在工程中选择墙体时提供参考,实现声学效果、房间实用面积、施工工艺等方面均达到相对满意的结果。     

紧凑型空气处理机组设计

对空气处理机组及空调系统的技术现状及存在问题进行分析,提出改进建议:紧凑设计、空调迎面风速高、进出接管顶部集中设计、采用扁管换热器、采用大温差小流量送水送风等。上述措施能够较好地解决传统产品的占地面积大、运行能耗及制造成本高等问题,提升产品的使用价值及社会效益。     

Laser crystallised poly-Si TFTs for AMLCDs

The technology for the fabrication of poly-Si TFTs on glass substrates has now reached a level of maturity such that the first commercial products are becoming available. The technology choice will be briefly reviewed and the reasons for the preferred use of excimer laser crystallisation will be summarised. Some of the key device and technology issues will be reviewed in this paper, including the role of the incident laser energy density in fabricating high performance TFTs and its dependence on film thickness. The issues discussed above have determined our design and fabrication of poly-Si AMLCDs and the results obtained from a 2-inch array, with full drive circuit integration, are illustrated.     

当前我国灌区节水改造的问题与对策

我国灌区的建设与管理中仍然存在着"重建轻管"、"重灌轻排"的现象,这是长期投入不合理和传统的管理体制所造成的。文章指出在进行大型灌区续建配套与节水改造的过程中,应以建设节水高效灌溉农业为目标,采取国家加大投资力度并调整投资分担比例,进行管理体制的改革,推广科学灌溉并提高用水效率等有力措施,以改变"重建轻管"、"重灌轻排"的现象,使我国灌溉农业得以可持续发展。     

现代节水农业技术研究进展与发展趋势

综述了现代节水农业技术的研究进展与发展趋势，指出现代节水农业技术是传统的节水农业技术与生物技术、计算机模拟、电子信息、高分子材料等高新技术相结合的产物，具有多学科相互交叉、各种单项技术相互渗透的明显特征。在此基础上，提出我国现代节水农业技术研究的重点与内容，即以重大前沿性技术研究为基础，研发与农业节水相关的重要关键技术，探索建立适合国情的现代节水农业技术体系。最后预测了现代节水农业技术研究带来的突破与贡献。     

Optimal irrigation planning in river basin development: The case of the Upper Cauvery river basin

The study deals with the irrigation planning of the Cauvery river basin in peninsular India which is extensively developed in the downstream reaches and has a high potential for development in the upper reaches. A four-reservoir system is modelled on a monthly basis by using a mathematical programming (LP) formulation to find optimum cropping patterns, subject to land, water and downstream release constraints, and applied to the Cauvery basin. Two objectives, maximizing net economic benefits and maximizing irrigated cropped area, considered in the model are analysed in the context of multiobjective planning and the trade-offs discussed.     

Fabrication of a fully integrated passive module for filter application using MCM-D compatible processes

Integral passive is an emerging technology which is currently perceived as a possible alternative to the discrete passive technology in fulfilling the next generation packaging needs. Although discrete surface mount passive components (resistors, capacitors, and inductors) have been well characterized, the development of integral passive components suitable for co-integration on the board level is relatively recent. Since in some applications the number of passive components can exceed the number and the area of IC chips on a circuit board or in a package, such integration of passive components would be necessary to substantially eliminate part count and reduce device area. To address these issues, integration technology for passive elements in the same manner as for transistors is necessary. In addition, the fabrication sequence of all integral passive components should be mutually compatible for co-integration on the same substrate. In this paper, materials and fabrication issues for passive elements such as resistors (R), capacitors (C), and inductors (L) and the feasibility of integration of these fabricated passive components on glass substrates have been addressed. An active filter circuit has been selected for a case study for R, L, and C co-integration. This passive module contains eleven resistors, four capacitors, and four inductors, and is fabricated using MCM-D (multichip module-deposited) compatible processes. A variety of materials appropriate for fabrication of integral passives in a mutually compatible fashion were investigated, including chromium and nickel-chromium resistors, composites of high dielectric constant materials in epoxies for capacitor dielectrics, and composites of magnetic ferrite particles in polyimides for inductor core and shielding. The fabricated devices showed good agreement between the design values and the corresponding measured values. It is anticipated that some of these materials and fabrication processes can be implemented for the MCM-L (multichip module-laminate) compatible packaging. © 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers     

Mapping of S&T issues in the Indian Parliament: A scientometric analysis of questions raised in both Houses of the Parliament

The Parliament, the highest legislative body in India, plays a significant role in formulating national policies. It is, therefore, pertinent to find the concern the Members of Parliament and different political parties show and the priorities they accord to the S&T related issues. They can judge it statistically through the number of questions raised/asked on the floor of the House. The study presents such an analysis taking the example from the S&T questions raised in the year 1992 during the Tenth Parliament. The analysis has been done by dividing the S&T related issues into 14 socio-economic areas, such as environmental sciences, biotechnology, energy, food and agriculture, health, natural resources, telecommunications, human resource development, etc. and eight policy areas such as technology policy, international collaborations in S&T, etc. The raising of S&T questions jointly by MPs and different political parties through inter-party and intra-party sponsorships has also been studied. Such an analysis may provide an important basis to the managers and policy makers in formulating the S&T policy of a country.     

Optimal water resource planning under fixed budget by interval-parameter credibility constrained programming

In this study, an interval credibility constrained programming (ICCP) was developed through introducing the concept of intervals into credibility constrained programming framework. Interval credibility levels can help decision makers to reflect uncertainties of preferences. By ICCP, a water resource planning model with fixed fuzzy budget was developed for supporting the planning of agriculture development and environmental protection. Surface and ground water were planned for regional irrigation in wet and normal seasons. For the interval credibility preference, best and worst cases were analysed. The tradeoff between the budget and the benefit were studied by sensitive analysis. The results showed that the current water resource budget is reasonable.     

Developing an analytical framework for study of emerging country multinationals’ operations management

The rise of emerging country multinationals (EMNEs) is opening new perspectives for the study of international operations management (IOM). Research may address issues which are inexistent when the object of study is long-established developed country multinationals (DMNEs). One of the issues that may be noticed, and will be studied in this article, has to do with the design and implementation of new international operations networks. In contrast to DMNEs, internationalisation of EMNEs is strongly influenced by two further factors: country-of-origin effects and role in global production networks. Therefore, studies of EMNEs’ international operations networks must embrace two other analytical levels besides the network level: the strategic level of the headquarters and the operational level of the subsidiaries. The analytical framework in this study has been developed through the use of constructs and concepts from both IOM and international business literatures. Such framework applied to three Brazilian multinationals leads to relevant insights on the internationalisation of EMNEs as well as the design and implementation of international operations networks for such late-moving firms.