利用钢渣和淤泥烧制陶粒的研究

介绍了以钢渣和淤泥为原料烧制陶粒的工艺,研究了钢渣掺量、烧成温度以及焙烧时间对陶粒性能的影响.结果表明,在淤泥中掺入一定量的钢渣可以烧制出符合标准规定的陶粒,所得陶粒吸水率很低,但钢渣掺量不宜过高.     

污水污泥页岩陶粒的烧成工艺与性能

为制定合理的污水污泥页岩陶粒烧成工艺及揭示污水污泥对陶粒性能的影响,研究了污水污泥掺量对陶粒烧胀性能的影响以及预热、焙烧的温度和时间等因素对陶粒性能的影响,采用扫描电镜观察了污水污泥和烧成工艺对陶粒结构的影响.结果显示,含水率80%左右的污水污泥掺量30%时,可获得表观密度700 kg/m3左右的轻质陶粒;适当降低预热温度、缩短预热时间、提高焙烧温度和延长焙烧时间有利于获得轻质污泥页岩陶粒.掺加污水污泥有利于页岩陶粒烧胀性能提高,但需要控制合适的烧成工艺.     

利用金矿尾矿烧制陶粒的正交实验研究

采用正交实验方法研究金矿尾矿掺量、粉煤灰掺量、煤粉掺量、预热温度、预热时间、焙烧温度、焙烧时间7个因素对陶粒制品性能的影响;以陶粒的堆积密度、筒压强度和吸水率性能作为考查指标,得出烧制陶粒的最优方案。结果表明,金矿尾矿掺量为55 g,粉煤灰掺量为34 g,煤粉掺量为3 g,预热温度为450℃,预热时间为60 min,焙烧温度为1 150℃,焙烧时间为120 min时,制得的陶粒综合性能最好。     

La2O3/γ-Al2O3复合产物的浸渍-燃烧法制备及表征

采用浸渍-燃烧法制备了La2O3/γ-Al2O3复合产物,原料为La(NO3)3.6H2O(A.R)、一水合柠檬酸和工业级的拟薄水铝石.以六水合硝酸镧和一水合柠檬酸分别为镧源和燃烧剂,柠檬酸与六水硝酸镧的摩尔比为5∶6左右.将拟薄水铝石研磨成粉末并溶于柠檬酸和镧的配合物溶液中,搅拌至凝胶状,110℃干燥2h,再放入马弗炉中焙烧2 h得到产物.采用XRD、BET、XPS进行分析和表征,结果表明La3+的加入提高了γ-Al2O3的热稳定性,随着样品焙烧温度升高,比表面积下降,孔容、孔径变大.随着La3+的量的增加,样品的比表面积增大,孔径尺寸分布变宽.通过控制La3+加入的量以及焙烧温度,可调控多孔γ-Al2O3粉体的比表面积、孔容、孔径大小及孔径分布.     

锡尾矿的组成、热特性及掺烧制备水泥熟料的研究

用ICP和X荧光对锡尾矿的组成进行了分析,尾矿主要由SiO2、Fe2O3、CaCO3、Al2O3等组成。采用XRD对尾矿在不同焙烧温度下的晶相结构进行了研究,以程序升温焙烧实验考察尾矿的热反应特性。结果表明,随着焙烧温度的升高,尾矿的组成结构发生改变,当焙烧温度高于1050℃时,尾矿出现Ca2SiO4、Ca2Fe2O5、Ca4Al2Fe2O10晶相结构,且温度越高,其特征峰强度越大。同时,将尾矿与普通的硅酸盐水泥生料进行掺烧,当掺烧量不大于50%时,其烧成熟料凝结时间达到国家标准。而将尾矿与CaO按质量比为1∶1直接进行煅烧,在1400℃时,熟料的主要物相组成为Ca2SiO4、Ca3SiO5,与普通硅酸盐水泥熟料基本一致。     

粉煤灰基多孔陶瓷膜的制备研究

用工业废弃物粉煤灰为主要原料,采用模压成型和挤压成型工艺,在较低温度下烧制成了多孔陶瓷过滤膜.研究了造孔剂、烧成温度等对多孔陶瓷样品的孔隙率、孔结构以及物相和强度等的影响.研究表明,反应烧结是主要的烧结过程机制,烧成样品以莫来石相和方石英相为主要物相.在优化的条件下,即造孔剂添加量为20%、烧成温度1250℃时,样品的孔隙率为51.2%,中位孔径为3.72μm,N2气体通量高达1.4×104 m3·m-2·h-1·bar-1,其弯折强度达64MPa,可以满足作为高温气-固分离过滤介质的要求.     

30%Mo/Cu-Al2O3复合材料的热压缩变形行为

利用Gleeble-1500热力模拟试验机,在温度为450～750℃、应变速率为0.01～5s-1、总应变量0.7的条件下,对30%Mo/Cu-Al2O3复合材料高温塑性变形过程中的动态再结晶行为及其热加工图进行研究和分析。实验结果表明30%Mo/Cu-Al2O3复合材料高温流动应力-应变曲线主要以动态再结晶软化机制为特征,峰值应力随变形温度的降低或应变速率的升高而增加;在真应力-应变曲线基础上,建立的30%Mo/Cu-Al2O3复合材料高温变形本构模型较好地表征了其高温流变特性;同时,利用30%Mo/Cu-Al2O3复合材料DMM加工图分析了其变形机制和失稳机制,确定了热加工工艺参数为变形温度650～750℃,应变速率0.01～0.1s-1。     

铬污染土壤-粉煤灰陶粒制备工艺研究

针对我国面临的严重铬污染威胁,进行了将铬污染土壤与粉煤灰混合后在高温下解毒,获得陶粒产品以实现资源化利用的研究。通过单因素试验,以Cr(Ⅵ)浸出浓度和陶粒颗粒强度为控制指标,优选陶粒制备的焙烧工艺参数;通过正交试验得到最优陶粒产品,并分析焙烧工艺条件对陶粒性能的影响机制。结果表明,在焙烧温度1 120℃、粉煤灰添加量25%、焙烧时间10min的试验条件下得到了最佳的陶粒产品;其中焙烧温度是影响陶粒性能的关键因素,对陶粒颗粒强度、表观密度、1h吸水率均影响显著;最终陶粒产品堆积密度等级为600级,筒压强度为3.0 MPa,属于普通轻集料优等品;陶粒浸出液Cr(Ⅵ)浓度0.042 mg/L,浸出液总铬浓度0.045mg/L,安全性能符合《铬渣污染治理环境保护技术规范》(HJ/T301)对铬污染土壤解毒后用于混凝土骨料的处理要求。     

多孔悬浮陶粒制备及荷正电改性的研究

以工业废渣粉煤灰为主要原料,制备密度与水接近(0.80～1.10g/cm3)且耐磨性好的高活性多孔悬浮陶粒。通过非均相凝聚、涂层法对悬浮陶粒表面进行荷正电改性,并对改性陶粒的吸附性能、铁负载量、体积密度、显气孔率、抗压强度、表面形貌、表面电性及改性涂层的物相组成进行了表征。优化的改性条件为:氯化铁浓度为1mol/L,焙烧温度为650℃,焙烧时间为3h。此条件下的改性陶粒对亚甲基蓝的去除率达到86.3%,是未改性陶粒的3～4倍。检测结果表明改性陶粒表面附着一层厚度不均的铁氧层,其主晶相为α-Fe2O3,呈多孔结构。     

电泳沉积法所制γ-Al2O3微孔膜的结构和性能的研究

以制得的Al(OH)3溶胶为电泳液，用电泳沉积法制备了平均孔径为4.6nm的γ-Al2O3微孔膜。采用SEM、孔径分布等测定方法考察了γ-Al2O3膜的微观形貌和孔结构，并研究了其气体透过性。结构表明，γ-Al2O3膜表面是平整的，未见明显开裂，且膜上有气孔存在。随着焙烧温度的升高，γ-Al2O3晶粒长大，形态变得更加规整，粒径大小均匀；孔径分布集中性降低，大孔比例、孔容及孔隙率都有显著增在，表明控制焙烧温度可调探孔大小及其分布。气体H2/N2和O2/N2可充分透过γ-Al2O3膜，其气体透过机理应为努森扩散为主。     

C/SiC材料表面Si/SiC涂层及其对基底结构的影响

采用泥浆预涂层反应法在C/ SiC 复合材料表面制备Si/ SiC 涂层。通过理论计算和实验确定了制备致密不开裂涂层的泥浆配比; 研究了埋粉烧结和气相硅真空反应烧结2 种不同烧结气氛对Si/ SiC 涂层微观形貌和成分的影响; 比较了单涂层和双涂层2 种不同涂层制备方法对C/ SiC 复合材料基底结构的影响; 用SEM 观察涂层形貌, 用XRD 分析涂层成分与晶体结构。结果表明: 泥浆中C∶Si (质量比) 在1∶1. 25 左右制备的涂层不开裂; 埋粉烧结制备的涂层成粉, 而气相硅真空反应烧结制备的涂层致密且与基底结合好; 单涂层法制备涂层后基底材料致密度高, 而双涂层法制备涂层后基底仍然保持多孔结构。      

A Perspective on Emerging and Future Sintering Technologies of Ceramic Materials

Novel sintering methods have emerged in the recent past years, which have raised great interest in the scientific community. Relying on electric field effects, high heating rates, the use of mechanical pressure, or hydrothermal conditions, they offer fundamental advantages compared to conventional sintering routes like minimizing the energy consumption and enhancing the process efficiency. This perspective aims at explaining these effects in a general way and presenting the status quo of using them for the processing of high-performing ceramic materials. In detail, this work focuses on flash sintering, ultrafast high-temperature sintering, spark plasma sintering, cold sintering, and photonic sintering methods based on different light sources. The specificities, potentials, and limitations of each method are compared, especially in the light of a possible industrialization.     

The effect of electric field and pressure on the synthesis and consolidation of materials: A review of the spark plasma sintering method

The use of electric current to activate the consolidation and reaction-sintering of materials is reviewed with special emphasis of the spark plasma sintering method. The method has been used extensively over the past decade with results showing clear benefits over conventional methods. The review critically examines the important features of this method and their individual roles in the observed enhancement of the consolidation process and the properties of the resulting materials.     

热电材料热压烧结技术研究

讨论了热电材料热压烧结的特点和过程,针对不同类型的热电材料首次提出了内热、外热和内外热3种热压烧结方法及其相应的模具结构.试验显示,成形烧结方法结构简单、合理有效,可烧结出性能优良的热电块体材料.     

Effect of starting powders on the sintering of nanostructured ZrO2 ceramics by colloidal processing

Abstract

The effect of starting powders on the sintering of nanostructured tetragonal zirconia was evaluated. Suspensions were prepared with a concentration of 10 vol.% by mixing a bicomponent mixture of commercial powders (97 mol.% monoclinic zirconia with 3 mol.% yttria) and by dispersing commercially available tetragonal zirconia (3YTZ, Tosoh). The preparation of the slurry by bead-milling was optimized. Colloidal processing using 50 μm zirconia beads at 4000 rpm generated a fully deagglomerated suspension leading to the formation of high-density consolidated compacts (62% of the theoretical density (TD) for the bicomponent suspension). Optimum colloidal processing of the bicomponent suspension followed by the sintering of yttria and zirconia allowed us to obtain nanostructured tetragonal zirconia. Three different sintering techniques were investigated: normal sintering, two-step sintering and spark plasma sintering. The inhibition of grain growth in the bicomponent mixed powders in comparison with 3YTZ was demonstrated. The inhibition of the grain growth may have been caused by inter-diffusion of cations during the sintering.     

Effect of starting powders on the sintering of nanostructured ZrO2 ceramics by colloidal processing

The effect of starting powders on the sintering of nanostructured tetragonal zirconia was evaluated. Suspensions were prepared with a concentration of 10 vol.% by mixing a bicomponent mixture of commercial powders (97 mol.% monoclinic zirconia with 3 mol.% yttria) and by dispersing commercially available tetragonal zirconia (3YTZ, Tosoh). The preparation of the slurry by bead-milling was optimized. Colloidal processing using 50 μm zirconia beads at 4000 rpm generated a fully deagglomerated suspension leading to the formation of high-density consolidated compacts (62% of the theoretical density (TD) for the bicomponent suspension). Optimum colloidal processing of the bicomponent suspension followed by the sintering of yttria and zirconia allowed us to obtain nanostructured tetragonal zirconia. Three different sintering techniques were investigated: normal sintering, two-step sintering and spark plasma sintering. The inhibition of grain growth in the bicomponent mixed powders in comparison with 3YTZ was demonstrated. The inhibition of the grain growth may have been caused by inter-diffusion of cations during the sintering.     

粉末材料的爆炸烧结

论述了爆炸烧结的方法及装置，讨论了烧结过程的机理及影响其过程的主要参数。     

SiC对烧结堇青石材料性能的影响

以高岭土、滑石和工业氧化铝为矿物原料烧结制备了堇青石陶瓷,通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、万能材料试验机和热膨胀仪等测试手段,研究了添加不同含量SiC对烧结堇青石陶瓷相组成和性能的影响,并比较了添加不同颗粒尺寸的SiC对烧结陶瓷强度的影响。试验表明,随着SiC添加量的增加,堇青石陶瓷的弯曲强度、致密度和热膨胀系数逐渐增大。当添加SiC的质量分数为5%、粒径为5.0μm时,烧结堇青石陶瓷的强度较未添加时增大了41.9%,而热膨胀系数的增幅不大。     

纳米材料的加工技术

纳米材料具有奇异结构和特异的功能 ,材料的电学、力学、磁学以及光学性质等发生了巨大的变化。本文综述了纳米材料制备及纳米烧结的方法 ,介绍了纳米材料科学研究的最新研究动向、纳米材料研究过程中遇到问题 ,并对纳米材料研究的发展进行了展望。