分子束外延PbTe/Cd 0.98 Zn 0.02 Te异系材料的微结构特性研究

采用分子束外延方法在Ⅱ-Ⅵ族Cd0.98Zn0.02Te(111)衬底上实现了异系Ⅳ-Ⅵ族半导体(PbTe)的外延生长.原子力显微镜(AFM)的表面形貌表征表明,PbTe表面形貌主要由三角形台阶线和螺旋形台阶面构成;理论计算表明,螺旋形台阶面的分布受到滑移位错弹性应变能的影响.通过高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)观察,发现在PbTe和Cd0.98Zn0.02Te界面处存在Frank位错.分析表明,这些Frank位错在运动过程中会形成不同的位错组态,位错组态的相互作用是表面上形成三角形台阶线和螺旋形台阶面的主要原因.     

铝诱导对磁控溅射制备CdZnTe薄膜结晶的影响

选用Cd0.9Zn0.1Te晶体和纯度为99.999%的铝为靶材,结合Al诱导晶化技术,采用磁控溅射法在普通玻璃衬底上制备了CdZnTe薄膜。研究了铝诱导CdZnTe薄膜的结构和形核机理。研究表明,铝诱导的CZT薄膜为闪锌矿结构,且为(111)晶面的取向生长;在薄膜生长过程中,覆盖在CdZnTe表面的铝首先与ZnTe结合,形成了ZnAl2Te4相,并以此为核心,诱导CdZnTe异质形核结晶,重新形成了小晶粒团簇的较致密颗粒状薄膜,提高了薄膜(111)面的优势取向结晶,提高了CdZnTe薄膜的结晶质量。讨论了薄膜的光学性能。     

溅射功率对CdZnTe薄膜成分和结构的影响

采用Cd0.9Zn0.1Te晶体作为溅射靶在玻璃衬底上利用磁控溅射法制备出CdZnTe薄膜,研究了溅射功率对CdZnTe薄膜的成分、结构特性的影响。制备的CdZnTe薄膜是具有闪锌矿结构的多晶薄膜,沿（111）择优取向。随着溅射功率的增大,薄膜沉积速率增大,薄膜结晶质量提高。采用晶体靶Cd0.9Zn0.1Te溅射CdZnTe薄膜时,无论是在何种功率下CdZnTe薄膜中的Cd原子成分均高于Te原子成分,Cd原子表现为择优溅射原子。     

CdZnTe晶体缺陷的透射电子显微分析

采用透射电子显微镜对CdZnTe晶体材料的缺陷特性进行了分析。在（111）面的透射电镜明场像中，观察到了棱柱位错环、位错墙、沉淀相、层错及倾斜的孪晶界面。应力是位错形成的主要原因，棱柱位错环的产生是由于沉淀相粒子在基体上产生错配应力；而位错网络与位错墙是两种热应力联合作用于晶体边缘的结果。晶体生长过程中，液固界面生长形态从平界面向胞状界面发展产生的沉淀相衬度不同于由于Te原子溶解度的回退产生的沉淀相衬度。CdZnTe晶体中的堆跺层错和孪晶与固液界面的稳定性相关。     

真空蒸发沉积CdZnTe纳米薄膜的结构与形貌

采用真空蒸发沉积技术在ITO玻璃上制备得到CdZnTe纳米晶薄膜,并利用台阶仪、X射线能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了CdZnTe薄膜厚度、成分、结构和形貌特征。实验结果表明,薄膜在(111)面表现出明显的择优生长特性。在薄膜生长初期,纳米薄膜中存在一定程度的非晶态富集Te,但随着沉积时间延长,薄膜成分向化学计量比逼近,结构也向闪锌矿CdZnTe转变。薄膜表面形貌平整,粗糙度Ra约为2～5nm。随着沉积时间的延长,薄膜形貌由晶粒堆砌状向多晶层片连接状转变。在沉积时间分别为15、30和45min时,薄膜的厚度依次分别约为100、300和500nm,而薄膜的晶粒平均尺寸依次分别为43.15、30.81和71.94nm。     

大直径Hg_3In_2Te_6晶体生长与性能表征

采用垂直布里奇曼法,成功生长出大直径Hg3In2Te6(Φ=30mm)晶体。通过傅立叶红外透射光谱测试了晶锭不同部位的红外透过率,并利用X射线双晶摇摆曲线表征了晶体的结晶质量。结果表明,定向切割晶片为(111)面单晶,衍射峰位于θ=12.1665°处,半峰宽为0.0760°;中部单晶片红外透过率平均值为50%,接近Hg3In2Te6晶体的红外透过率最大值57%。位错和成分非均匀性是造成晶锭不同部位红外透过率差异的主要因素。     

CdZnTe晶体中微米级富Te相与PL谱的对应关系

采用红外透过显微镜(IRTM)观察了不同条件下生长的CdZnTe晶体中微米级富Te颗粒.结合实际生长条件分析了不同富Te颗粒的产生以及形态演化.通过低温光致发光(PL)谱研究了CdZnTe晶体中杂质、缺陷的状态,以及晶体的结晶质量,并测试了相应晶体的电阻率.归纳出不同富Te颗粒的产生与对应晶体10 K温度下PL谱中特征...     

缺陷闪锌矿晶体Hg_3In_2Te_6孪晶的EBSD和HRTEM观察

通过电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和高分辨透射电子显微术(HRTEM)对缺陷闪锌矿晶体Hg3In2Te6(MIT)中的孪晶进行观察。实验发现,大多数基体的应变能比孪晶小,且一些带状孪晶的所有孪晶界均不共格。此外,高密度结构空位的存在并未改变孪生面和孪生方向。上述结果可按照变形孪晶,并考虑高密度结构空位团簇的影响来解释。HRTEM观察显示孪晶界上存在着台阶和孪生位错,符合变形孪晶的特征。     

Fe_3O_4纳米晶的形貌可控制备及其电化学性能研究

以油酸和癸酸作为表面活性剂调控Fe_3O_4纳米晶的生长过程制备了由不同比例{100}与{111}面构成的Fe_3O_4纳米晶。利用X射线衍射(XRD),场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)等分析方法对Fe_3O_4纳米晶进行了物相测定和微结构观察,并分析了Fe_3O_4纳米晶的生长机制。在高电流密度(1A/g)条件下,八面体形貌Fe_3O_4纳米晶作为锂电池负极材料表现出比立方八面体和立方形貌Fe_3O_4纳米晶更加优异的电化学性能。实验结果证明Fe_3O_4多面体的表面结构显著影响Fe_3O_4活性材料在电化学循环过程中的电化学反应活性。     

温度梯度溶液生长法制备x=0.2的Cd1-xZnxTe晶体及性能研究

利用温度梯度溶液生长法(TGSG)在较低生长温度下制备了掺Al和掺In的x=0.2的Cd1-xZnxTe晶体,晶体起始生长温度约为1223K,温度梯度为20～30K/cm,坩埚的下降速度为1mm/h。采用红外显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪、扫描电镜能谱仪(SEM/EDS)和I-V测试分别研究了晶体中的Te夹杂相、红外透过率、Zn组分分布和电阻率。结果显示CdZnTe晶锭初始生长区、稳定生长区的Te夹杂相密度分别为8.3×103、9.2×103/cm-2,比垂直布里奇曼法生长的晶体低约1个数量级,红外透过率分别为61%、60%。Al掺杂CdZnTe晶体的电阻率为1.05×106Ω.cm,而In掺杂CdZnTe晶体的电阻率为7.85×109Ω.cm。晶锭初始生长区和稳定生长区的Zn组分径向分布均匀。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...