机械球磨3%C-Cu复合粉末的微观组织

为了获得具有良好微观组织的C-Cu复合粉末,以利于后续的压制、烧结和挤压等工艺,用机械球磨方法制备了3%C-Cu(质量分数)复合粉末.运用扫描电镜、背散射和X射线衍射等分析手段研究了该复合粉末的微观组织随球磨时间的演变规律.实验结果表明,随着机械球磨时间的增加,Cu颗粒由树枝状转变为层片状、块状,最后转变为近球形.球磨2 h,复合粉末中的石墨衍射峰消失.随着球磨的进行,复合粉末中Cu的微观应变逐渐增大.经3 h的机械球磨获得了晶粒尺寸约为20 nm的Cu纳米晶,说明该方法可以有效地细化晶粒组织.     

W-Cu纳米晶粉体的制备及表征

采用机械舍金化技术制备了W-20％Cu和W-50％Cu纳米晶粉体，通过XRD、SEM、TEM等手段对机械舍佥化过程中W-Cu纳米晶复合粉的组成、晶格常数、晶粒尺寸和形貌结构进行了表征与分析。结果表明，W-20％Cu混合粉经过高能球磨，Cu元素完全固溶进w晶格中，形成W（Cu）固溶体；W-50％Cu复合粉经过高能球磨，形成W（Cu）和Cu（W）两种固溶体。W、Cu的合金化主要是依靠高能球磨过程中产生的大量纳米晶界和高密度的缺陷（位错、层错等）促使W、Cu之间的固溶。W-Cu复合粉的晶格常数和晶粒尺寸随着球磨时间的延长而减小，球磨一定时间后，都趋于稳定。球磨20h后，W-20％Cu和W-50％Cu复合粉中W（Cu）的晶粒尺寸分别为6．6和8．0nm。     

W-20wt%Cu超细复合粉末的制备和烧结

采用喷雾干燥-氢气还原法制备出W-20wt%Cu超细复合粉末,并对由该复合粉末所制得的压坯进行了高温烧结,利用SEM、XRD等分析手段对复合粉末的特性和烧结体的组织进行了表征和观察。实验结果表明,由该方法制备的W-20wt%Cu超细复合粉末颗粒细小,平均粒径在200nm左右;喷雾干燥后的氧化物复合粉末在还原后产生了新的合金相（Cu0.4W0.6）,还原后的复合粉末由Cu0.4W0.6相和Cu相组成,而且两相的晶粒度达到纳米级,其中Cu0.4W0.6相的晶粒约为33nm,Cu相的晶粒约为63nm;复合粉末具有很高的烧结特性,经高温烧结后合金致密度达到98%以上,而且金相组织分布均匀。     

在酸性条件下采用高能球磨法制备 Cu2O纳米粉末

采用行星球磨机在pH=2的稀盐酸溶液中对Cu粉进行球磨，球磨机简体和磨球材质均为纯Cu，球料比为20：1，球磨机转速为300r／min，通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）等对球磨产物进行了表征．XRD结果表明，球磨3h后，所加入的纯Cu粉末基本转化为Cu20粉末．球磨70h后得到纯的Cu20粉末，粉末粒度为50-100nm．并对Cu20纳米粉末的生成机制及球磨工艺参数对Cu20形成的影响进行了讨论．     

高能球磨法制备超滤分离膜用钼铜复合粉末

研究高能球磨法制备纳米钼铜复合粉末的主要影响因素,通过扫描电镜和透射电镜分析粉末的形貌及颗粒尺寸.研究结果表明,复合粉的粒度随着球磨时间的延长而减小,但随着球磨时间增加,团聚加剧;通过重力沉降法可以去除浆体中的团聚体,从而获得颗粒分布适合的粉体,10h球磨粉沉降后粉体颗粒尺寸约为50～60nm,20h球磨粉沉降后粉体颗粒尺寸约为20～30nm.     

搅拌球磨制备亚微米晶粒Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷

用搅拌球磨方法制备了亚微米TiC-TiN-WC-Mo-Ni-C金属陶瓷复合粉，并烧结成亚微米晶粒Ti(C,N）基金属陶瓷；研究了原始粉末粒度，磨球大小，球磨时间对复合粉粒度的影响，研究了球磨过程中氧和铁元素对粉末的污染情况；并对烧结合金的组织，性能进行了分析，表明亚微米晶粒Ti(C,N）金属陶瓷的性能优良。     

机械球磨Cu-15%Cr复合粉末的致密化工艺研究

探讨机械球磨Cu—15％Cr复合粉末经真空烧结后采用热静液挤压致密化的可能性．研究了机械球磨时间、烧结温度、保温时间和挤压温度等工艺参数对材料致密化的影响．结果表明，热静液挤压工艺可以有效的促进机械球磨复合粉末的致密，所获得的材料具有优异的组织性能．     

高能球磨工艺对CNTs／Cu复合粉末与材料性能影响

采用卧式高能球磨和机械合金化工艺制备了纳米碳管增强铜基（CNTs／Cu）复合粉体,并采用真空冷压烧结制备出CNTs／Cu复合材料,研究了高能球磨工艺参数对复合粉体与材料性能的影响规律,包括球磨时间和搅拌轴转速对复合粉体粒度、松装密度以及力学性能的影响,结果表明,高能球磨技术有利于CNTs与铜的界面结合和机械合金化。高能球磨的最佳工艺条件：搅拌轴线速度4．2／5．4m／s,球磨时间2～4h,得到的CNTs／Cu复合粉体的中位径为11．76μm,松装密度为1．356g／cm3。CNTs／Cu复合材料的致密度到达94％,硬度到达92HB,抗拉强度到达138Mpa。     

机械合金化和放电等离子烧结制备NbMoCrTiAl高熵合金

研究了球磨转速、球料比和球磨时间对NbMoCrTiAl高熵合金粉末的物相、微观形貌及粒度的影响,探讨了不同温度下放电等离子烧结制备NbMoCrTiAl高熵合金微观组织和硬度的变化规律。结果表明:在转速300 r/min和球料比10∶1条件下,球磨60 h粉末只达到部分合金化;在转速300 r/min和球磨50 h时,球料比要达到12∶1才能实现粉末完全合金化;在球料比10∶1和球磨50 h条件下,球磨转速要高于400 r/min才能获得单一BCC固溶体高熵合金。NbMoCrTiAl粉末在高能球磨中元素发生合金化的先后顺序为Al→Ti→Cr→Nb→Mo。NbMoCrTiAl高熵合金粉末在放电等离子烧结(SPS)时发生了第二相析出和溶解转变。随着烧结温度的升高(1 400～1 600℃),第二相的数量减少及其尺寸增大,导致了合金硬度的降低。     

机械合金化制备纳米Cu-Zn-Al2O3复合粉末的研究

采用X射线衍射仪、电子扫描电镜和透射电镜等研究了Ar气氛保护下Cu-Zn-Al2O3复合粉末在高能球磨过程中发生的机械合金化反应,分析了不同球磨时间对a-Cu(Zn)的晶格常数、晶粒尺寸以及复合粉末粉体形貌、颗粒尺寸的影响.结果表明,球磨初期,Cu的晶格常数增大,但75h后由于γ相的析出,a-Cu(Zn)晶格常数减小;高能球磨120h后,可获得氧化铝颗粒弥散分布的纳米级Cu(Zn)复合粉末.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from