Si基多孔SiO2薄膜的驻极体性能

通过控制制备工艺条件和充电参数,利用相应条件下样品的等温表面电位衰减,开路热刺激放电电流谱等。考察了利用溶胶－凝胶（sol-gel)方法制备的Si基多孔SiO2薄膜的驻极体性能,分析了各种工艺参数与蓦主极体性质之间的联系,同时利用Gauss拟合及初始上升法对薄膜驻极体的电荷阱深度进行了估算,实验结果表明,反应物中水的含量对薄膜驻极体的陷阱分布具有调节作用,估算出负电晕充电SiO2薄膜驻极体电荷的活化能为0．3 eV和1．0eV;环境湿度对电荷储存稳定性有一定的影响,降低栅压可以提高SiO2薄膜驻极体的电荷储存稳定性。     

Si基多孔 SiO2薄膜驻极体电荷储存稳定性

通过控制溶胶－凝胶（sol-gel)工艺条件,利用相应条件下样品的红外光谱,等温表面电位衰减,开路热刺激放电电流谱等,考虑了Si基多孔SiO2薄膜驻极体体内沉积的空间电荷的储存稳定性,分析了各种工艺参数与薄膜驻极体性质之间的联系。实验结果表明,反应物中水含量对簿膜驻极体的电荷储存稳定性及陷阱分布有一定的影响;烧结温度和时间对电荷的储存稳定性的影响较大。     

氟化乙丙烯共聚物薄膜驻极体电荷存储性能与电晕产生模式相关性

采用在直流稳态、高频脉冲和交变电场作用下的电晕放电对氟化乙丙烯共聚物(FEP)薄膜材料进行注极,通过等温表面电位测量和热刺激放电技术考察了FEP驻极体的电荷存储特性,依据电晕放电等离子体鞘层模型对实验结果进行了分析,研究了电晕产生模式对FEP薄膜驻极体电荷存储性能的影响。结果表明,电晕注极FEP薄膜驻极体的表面电位稳定性与电晕产生模式、电晕极性有关,但是电荷存储机制只与电晕极性有关。脉冲电晕注极时的稳定性优于稳态电晕注极,但其初始表面电位值较低。交变电场电晕注极获得的驻极体,呈现负极性。不同电晕放电模式在材料表面形成的等离子体鞘层的组成和厚度不同,是FEP驻极体性质不同的主要原因。     

FEP和多孔PTFE复合膜铁电驻极体的压电性及电荷动态特性

报道了将致密的FEP和多孔PTFE交互层叠在一起，采用热粘合的方法制备出具有孔洞结构的聚合物复合膜，然后经电晕极化处理使该复合膜成为铁电驻极体。最后用准静态方法测量该铁电复合膜的压电系数d33，并通过热刺激电流放电（TSD）电流谱和等温衰减研究了FEP和多孔PTFE复合膜铁电驻极体的电荷动态特性。结果表明：该复合膜的压电系数d33可达200～500pC/N，在0～12kPa的压强范围内呈现出良好的线性，并且在90℃下老化160min后仍保持在原来的43％且趋于稳定；FEP和多孔PTFE复合膜铁电驻极体电荷在热激发脱阱后复合途径主要有2种：一种是沿着固体介质的表面迁移与异性电荷复合，另一种是穿过固体介质层与异性电荷复合。在低温区（7512附近）前者占优，高温区（120℃附近）后者占优。     

湿度对FEP，PTFE，PCTFE和PI驻极体电荷稳定性的影响

本文通过等温表面电位衰减曲线和开路TSD测量，研究了环境湿度对4种典型驻极本材料FEP，PTFE，PCTFE和PI柱极体的电荷贮存稳定性及脱阱电荷体内输运的影响，利用热脉技术讨论了不同环境湿度下平均电荷重心的迁移规律，研究结果指出：FEP，PTFE，PCTFE和PI驻极体的电荷贮存寿命明显地受贮存环境湿度的影响，湿度越高，电荷衰减越快，上述驻极体材料的平均电荷重心随注极时相对温度的增加而向样品体内迁移，湿度越高，迁移越明显。     

PVDF/PTFE双层复合驻极体膜的制备及压电性

基于利用PTFE优异的电荷储存性能，诱导和稳定PVDFβ相的形成以提高复合材料的压电性的思想，采用旋涂工艺和电晕放电方法制备了PVDF/PTFE复合驻极体压电膜，借助压电系数和表面电位测量相结合的方法，研究了制备工艺对复合膜驻极体性能的影响，并结合XRD衍射分析，研究了结晶形态与压电性的关系．结果表明复合膜d33压电系数最高达75pC/N，明显优于PVDF单层膜，其原因与复合膜电荷存储能力的提高及复合膜PVDF微晶中β相含量的增加有关．     

微孔结构交联聚丙烯驻极体的储电性研究

压电驻极体是以双极性空间电荷驻极体为基体的新一类人工微结构压电功能材料,其压电性能与基体材料的储电性有直接关系.采用等温表面电位衰减测量和开路热刺激放电实验方法,研究了经热压处理的交联聚丙烯(XPP)膜中电荷储存稳定性和电荷动态特性.结果表明,XPP中正电荷的储存稳定性强于负电荷;在老化温度低于90℃时,经过5120min时间老化,正电晕充电样品的表面电位仍然能够维持在初始表面电位的90%以上,而负电晕充电样品却低于86%;热激发脱阱的负空间电荷在驻极体内电场的作用下迁移的过程中大部分被更深的能阱捕获,即脱阱电荷的榆运规律受快再捕获效应控制.     

P(VDF-TFE-HFP)/PTFE双层膜的驻极体特性

通过栅控恒压电晕充电,等温表面电位衰减测量．电荷TSD(charge TSD)和热刺激放电(Thermally Stimulated Discharge．TSD)电流谱分析,首次研究了以聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)为基的偏氟、四氟乙烯和六氟丙烯三元共聚物P(VDF—TFE—HFP)构成的双层膜的驻极体性质。TSD电流谱分析说明这种复合驻极体材料是极性驻极体,即体内同时包含有空间电荷和有序取向的偶极电荷。实验结果还指出：通过对双层膜系的PTFE面充电形成的驻极体的空间电荷热稳定性明显优于传统的铁电聚合物驻极体PVDF。适当提高充电温度和充电后的等温老化储存可以改善电荷稳定性,由于该三元共聚物的高弹性柔量(顺度)和双层膜拥有的优良电荷储存能力,其压电活性高于PVDF．     

多孔PTFE/FEP复合驻极体膜的压电性研究

本文报道采用高温熔融粘合工艺和电晕注极方法制备了由多孔PTFE/FEP复合而成的空间电荷驻极体压电膜.根据Kacprzyk等人提出的复合驻极体膜的压电模型,结合等温表面电位衰减和压电系数衰减测量结果,研究了制备工艺对复合膜压电活性的影响.结果表明压电效应的大小不仅取决于捕获在材料中电荷密度的大小,还与被捕获电荷在材料中的存在形式和分布有关.     

乙烯/四氟乙烯共聚物薄膜驻极体的电荷储存稳定性

研究了经栅控恒压电晕充电的乙烯／四氟乙烯共聚物（ETFE）驻极体的电荷稳定性,并将其与几种重要的驻极体材料的储电性能进行了比较。结果显示,ETFE薄膜驻极体具有优良的电荷储存稳定性,负极性ETFE的电荷稳定性明显优于正极性样品。热处理工艺能明显改善ETFE驻极体的电荷储存寿命。本文还估算出两种极性ETFE驻极体的陷阱能级的活化能,阐明脱阱电荷的输运特性。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...