原位沉淀-焙烧法制备NiO/P-CNT复合材料及其电容性质

以聚吡咯衍生的碳纳米管作为载体,通过原位沉淀-焙烧相结合,合成了新型的氧化镍/聚吡咯衍生碳纳米管(NiO/P-CNT)复合材料。采用粉末X射线衍射、热重、能谱、扫描电镜、透射电镜、循环伏安以及恒流充放电测试对样品进行表征和分析。结果表明,须状氧化镍均匀的负载在聚吡咯衍生的碳管表面,构成了具有三维网络结构的复合物。基于这种特殊结构的优势,该复合物在电流密度为2A/g下的比电容为382F/g,NiO在复合物中电容贡献为441F/g,而NiO的比电容为351F/g。经过400圈充放电后,复合物的比电容保持在90%以上,而NiO的容量保持率为82.6%。因此,该复合电极材料较NiO具有更高的比电容和更好的循环特性。     

碳布/聚吡咯储能包装膜材料的制备及表征

目的以甲壳素纳米纤维、多壁碳纳米管、碳布、吡咯为原料,制备柔性超级电容器复合电极薄膜。方法先利用化学氧化法提高碳布的表面粗糙度,再通过真空抽滤在碳布表面附着甲壳素纳米纤维和多壁碳纳米管,以增加碳布的负载空间,最后通过原位聚合吡咯来增加复合薄膜的电容性能。同时制备氧化碳布/聚吡咯复合薄膜作为对照组。结果制成的氧化碳布/甲壳素纳米纤维/多壁碳纳米管/聚吡咯复合薄膜在扫描速率为5 mV/s时,质量比电容达到了307 F/g,是氧化碳布/聚吡咯质量比电容(175 F/g)的1.75倍;在电流密度为2 A/g时,经过2000次循环后电容保留率为72.3%,库仑效率为73.8%。结论制备的氧化碳布/甲壳素纳米纤维/多壁碳纳米管/聚吡咯薄膜具有较高的比电容和循环稳定性,可以作为超级电容器电极材料应用于物联网行业的有源储能包装。     

冷冻界面聚合法制备聚吡咯@UIO-66复合织物电极及其电化学性能研究

通过原位溶剂热反应将锆-金属有机框架(UIO-66)沉积在棉布上,并采用冷冻界面聚合法聚合聚吡咯(PPy)从而获得PPy@UIO-66@棉复合织物电极材料。通过扫描电镜、红外光谱、循环伏安、恒电流充放电、交流阻抗等手段对该复合织物电极的形貌结构和性能进行了表征。结果表明：利用该织物电极组装的超级电容器在电流密度为1.6mA/cm²条件下面积比电容为3888mF/cm²(相应的质量比容量为410.4F/g),经过1000个充放电循环后比电容保持率为73%。     

聚吡咯/纳米二氧化钛的制备及电化学性能

采用化学原位聚合的方法制备了聚吡咯/二氧化钛(PPy/TiO_2)复合物,其中聚吡咯和二氧化钛的质量比分别为1∶1、2∶1、3∶1、4∶1,将其作为电化学超级电容器的电极材料,采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪研究了PPy/TiO_2的形貌和相组成,通过电化学测试研究了PPy/TiO_2的电化学性能.结果表明:TiO_2均匀地包覆在PPy基体中,PPy/TiO_2的电化学性能明显优于纯PPy;当PPy与TiO_2的质量比为3∶1时复合材料的电化学性能最佳,即在2 A/g充放电电流密度下,其比电容达到了255.68 F/g,比纯PPy提高了2倍左右;在1 A/g充放电电流密度下,循环充放电1 000圈之后PPy/TiO_2的比电容保持率为87.2%,纯PPy的比电容保持率仅为46.9%.     

NiO/龙舌兰衍生多孔碳复合材料的制备及电化学性能

先采用水热法再经过煅烧处理,将氧化镍均匀负载到龙舌兰多孔碳上。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、红外辐射检测等,对NiO/龙舌兰衍生多孔碳复合材料（NiO/C）的结构和形貌进行表征,并通过循环伏安和充放电测试对NiO/C的电化学性能进行研究。结果表明：NiO/C-2具有优秀的能量密度与循环稳定性,在5 A/g的电流密度下,能量密度可达22 W·h/kg;循环10 000次后,容量保持率高达91%。此外,当电流密度为1 A/g时,NiO/C-2的比电容为312 F/g;当电流密度增大到20 A/g时,比电容仍高达155 F/g 。因此,基于龙舌兰多孔碳的结构稳定性,适量的NiO负载可以提升材料的比电容和循环稳定性。     

MEMS超级电容器用聚吡咯/炭材料复合膜电极的制备及其性能

采用电化学沉积工艺,在MEMS超级电容器的三维结构集流体上制备出聚吡咯(PPy)、聚吡咯/碳纳米管(PPy/CNT)、聚吡咯/石墨烯(PPy/GR)三种类型的膜电极。采用SEM对三种膜电极进行形貌观察,采用循环伏安、交流阻抗、恒电流充放电和循环充放电研究三种膜电极的电化学电容性能。结果表明,复合电极的微观结构稳定,复合薄膜和集流体之间的结合力大;基于三种膜电极的MEMS超级电容器电容量依次增大,阻抗依次减小,放电电流为1 mA时,比电容分别达到7.0、8.0、8.3 mF/cm2,经过5 000次恒流充放电循环后,电容器的比电容分别保持了原来的72.9%、85.0%和89.2%。在PPy电极中引入CNT或GR后,MEMS超级电容器的电化学和膜电极结构稳定性可得到明显改善。     

石墨烯接枝聚吡咯复合物的原位合成及其电容特性研究

采用化学接枝法原位合成了石墨烯接枝聚吡咯复合物, 对复合物的结构、形貌、导电率以及比电容值进行了测试和表征。结果表明制备的石墨烯接枝聚吡咯复合物中, 石墨烯与吡咯单体间产生了紧密的化学键结合, 吡咯在石墨烯层片上均匀分布, 石墨烯片层间的吡咯大量成链并与石墨烯层片相互连接, 测得复合物的电导率为3.32 S/cm, 比电容值可以达到284 F/g, 相比于纯聚吡咯的186 F/g的比电容值提高了52%, 具有优异的电容特性。     

聚苯胺/多壁碳纳米管复合物的原位合成及其电容性能

以樟脑磺酸为掺杂酸、过硫酸铵为引发剂,通过原位聚合方法使颗粒状聚苯胺(PANI)生长在多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)表面,获得了聚苯胺/碳纳米管(PANI/MWCNT)复合物。将该复合物制备成工作电极,测试了其在三电极体系中的电容性能。当电流密度为0.5 A/g时,它的比电容高达629.0 F/g,明显高于纯PANI颗粒的电容值(451.9 F/g)。当该电极在5.0 A/g电流密度下连续循环1 000圈时,PANI/MWCNT的电容保持率为74.4%,而纯PANI仅保持了最初电容的57.9%。这些结果能够说明MWCNT引入对PANI的电容和循环稳定性有一定的促进作用。     

RuO2/聚吡咯复合电极的制备及性能

通过热分解法及电化学聚合法的复合工艺制备了RuO2/聚吡咯(PPy)电极材料。使用涂覆热分解法于260℃热处理3h制备得RuO2薄膜,通过电化学聚合法把PPy粒子沉积在RuO2薄膜上。XRD表明该复合物为非晶相;红外光谱测试揭示了相对应离子结合在复合物中;SEM揭示了PPy粒子的增长规律。循环伏安及恒流充放电测试了该复合电极的电化学性能。沉积时间<25min时,复合电极的电容量与沉积时间呈递增关系;沉积时间>25min时,复合电极的电容量与沉积时间呈递减关系。复合电极的比电容则随沉积时间的增加而减小。沉积时间为25min时,其比电容为471F/g。RuO2/PPy电极循环稳定性较好。     

氧化锰/介孔碳/聚苯胺三元复合材料的构建及其超电容性能

通过自聚合反应及高温热处理手段,再采用化学氧化聚合法在复合物的表面自组装生长聚苯胺(PANI)纳米须,成功构筑了MnO/介孔碳(MC)/PANI三元纳米复合材料。材料的结构及其电化学性能测试结果表明:该复合材料的比电容在1.0A/g的电流密度下达到498.6F/g,显著高于MnO/MC二元复合材料的比电容(212F/g);当电流密度增加至10A/g时,比电容仍能保持352F/g。经过1000次的充放电循环,复合电极的比容量保持率为71.6%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from