食品中的呈味肽及其呈味机理研究进展

呈味肽因其不同链长度和结构序列具有不同的滋味特征,包括甜味、苦味、酸味、咸味和鲜味。目前国内对于呈味肽的研究主要集中在其种类和数量的发掘阶段,关于呈味肽与味觉感受器相互作用而呈味的机理还不是十分清晰;而国外对于呈味肽的降血压、降血糖等生物活性功能以及5类呈味肽的相应呈味机理研究有相关新报道。本文阐述了食品中的呈味肽以及其在食品中的作用,并综述了其呈味机理的研究新进展,以期为食品风味研究及调味品的开发提供参考依据。     

A Hypothesis for the Chemical Basis for Perception of Sour Taste

ABSTRACT: Sour taste has been considered the simplest of the basic tastes because it is elicited only by hydrogen ions. However, there is not a sufficiently clear understanding of that relationship to allow sour taste intensity to be predicted and rationally modified in foods. On the basis of analysis of sensory data from our laboratory and reanalysis of previously published data, we propose a new hypothesis for the chemical basis for sour taste perception: The intensity of sour taste perception in acid solutions or acidified foods is linearly related to the molar concentration of all organic acid species with at least 1 protonated carboxyl group plus the molar concentration of free hydrogen ions. This hypothesis implies that, on a molar basis, different organic acids will be equally sour, provided at least 1 carboxyl group is protonated. The major effect of pH on sour taste will be to determine the degree of protonation of organic acids. If this hypothesis is confirmed, it will provide a new understanding of the chemical basis for this basic taste perception and have broad usefulness in the formulation of products in which sour taste is an important component of flavor.     

酸笋微生物与风味形成研究进展

酸笋因其独特风味和适口的酸味备受大众喜爱，富含营养价值，包括人体所需的7种氨基酸、膳食纤维、矿物质以及其他活性物质。此外，螺蛳粉产业的扩张推动了整个酸笋产业的迅速发展。在发酵过程中，微生物演替变化对于形成酸笋独特风味起着重要作用。本文简要探讨了自然发酵和纯种发酵的优缺点，并对比得出纯种发酵具备更多优势；重点概述了在酸笋发酵过程中主要微生物菌群结构及其变化和功能性微生物，以及包括有机酸、氨基酸和挥发性风味物质在内的风味成分；总结了在酸笋发酵过程中碳水化合物代谢、有机酸的形成、氨基酸的形成以及挥发性风味物质的形成等方面的代谢机制。本综述旨在为提高酸笋的高品质调控提供理论基础，并进一步促进酸笋食品行业的高效发展。     

A chemical basis for sour taste perception of acid solutions and fresh-pack dill pickles

ABSTRACT:  Sour taste is influenced by pH and acids present in foods. It is not currently possible, however, to accurately predict and modify sour taste intensity in foods containing organic acids. The objective of this study was to investigate the roles of protonated (undissociated) organic acid species and hydrogen ions in evoking sour taste. Sour taste intensity increased linearly with hydrogen ion concentration ( R ²= 0.995), and with the concentration of protonated organic acid species at pH 3.5 ( R ²= 0.884), 4.0 ( R ²= 0.929), and 4.5 ( R ²= 0.975). The structures of organic acid molecules did not affect sour taste after adjusting for the effects of protonated organic acid species and hydrogen ions. Sour taste intensity was also linearly related to the total concentration of protonated organic acid species in fresh-pack dill pickles ( R ²= 0.957). This study showed that the sour taste of organic acids was directly related to the number of molecules with at least 1 protonated carboxyl group plus the hydrogen ions in solution. Conclusions from these results are that all protonated organic acids are equally sour on a molar basis, that all protonated species of a given organic acid are equally sour, and that hydrogen ions and protonated organic acids are approximately equal in sour taste on a molar basis. This study provides a new understanding of the chemical species that are able to elicit sour taste and reveals a basis for predicting sour taste intensity in the formulation of acidified foods.     

速溶氨基酸固体饮料工艺的研究

以支链氨基酸为主要原料,适当添加白砂糖、麦芽糖醇、三氯蔗糖、酒石酸、柠檬酸、食用香精、磷脂等辅料混合调配,采用正交试验对固体饮料的配方进行优化。实验结果表明,葡萄味支链氨基酸速溶固体饮料最佳配方为支链氨基酸45%~55%,白砂糖30%~35%,酸味剂4.0%,三氯蔗糖0.8%,麦芽糖醇4.5%,磷脂0.7%,制得固体饮料具有天然葡萄风味,速溶性好,口感良好,酸甜可口。     

呈味肽的研究及其在调味品中的应用

呈味肽是利用生物技术由氨基酸合成或酶水解后得到的、分子量500-1500Da之间的低聚肽,其具有良好的呈味功能。由于其氨基酸组成的不同,使得呈味肽具有了甜味或苦味,少数具有鲜味或酸味等味道。本文还介绍了在食品调味领域中起重要作用的呈味肽的研究进展及应用,以期了解调味品领域的发展趋势,提供未来研究的参考。     

牛肉酸汤配方优化及其挥发性风味物质分析

目的 以辣椒和牛肉为原料, 研究牛肉酸汤的最佳配方, 并分析其挥发性风味物质。方法 通过单因素和正交试验, 研究辣椒品种、牛肉预处理方法、姜蒜比例、葡萄糖乳糖比例对牛肉酸汤色差、总酸及感官评分的影响, 得到牛肉酸汤最佳配方; 利用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用(headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术对其风味物质进行分析。结果 牛肉酸汤最佳辣椒品种为红尖椒, 牛肉预处理方法为水解处理, 姜蒜比例为1:3(m:m)、葡萄糖乳糖比例为2:1(m:m); 此条件下牛肉酸汤总酸含量为26.91g/kg, 产品口感协调、酸香浓郁。在牛肉酸汤检测出62种风味物质, 比传统酸汤多22种。牛肉的添加使酸汤中的己酸乙酯含量增加了33.62%, 反式-4-癸烯酸乙酯、苯甲酸乙酯、己酸、棕榈醛、柠檬醛等是牛肉酸汤特有的风味物质。结论 发酵得到的牛肉酸汤风味浓郁、口感协调, 研究结果可为牛肉酸汤产品优化及酸汤风味评价提供试验依据。     

气味与滋味间相互作用对食品风味感知影响研究进展

食品风味是影响消费者购买欲的重要因素,而风味感知的形成受嗅觉、味觉等多种感官的共同影响,利用气味与滋味间感知交互作用改善食品风味已成为最受关注的食品风味调控新方向之一。基于此,本文首先从神经生物学角度分析嗅觉与味觉间跨模态感知交互作用的主要形成通路及机制,然后从静态感官分析和动态感官分析两个方面总结跨模态感知交互作用的主要研究方法,最后结合相关文献案例分别综述气味物质对味觉感知（甜、咸、苦、鲜和酸）以及滋味物质对嗅觉感知的影响,旨在为食品加工过程风味品质的调控提供新思路。     

杏子酸味烟用香料靶向组分的确定及制备工艺优化

为开发能够改善卷烟感官舒适性的天然酸味烟用香料,采用凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）分离、卷烟感官作用评价、气相色谱质谱联用（GC/MS）等方法确定了杏子粗提物的酸味靶向组分,并以其含量为指标对杏子酸味烟用香料的靶向制备工艺进行了优化。结果表明:①靶向组分为酸味组分,主要由苹果酸、柠檬酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、富马酸、甘油酸和羟基乙酸等7种有机酸组成。②以7种有机酸含量为指标确定了溶剂加热浸提法提取工艺参数:30%乙醇、料液质量比1:5、提取温度75℃、提取时间2.0h;膜分离工艺参数为超滤膜截留分子量8 kD、超滤前料液干物质含量（质量分数）2%（干基计）。③与市售杏子提取物和杏子粗提物相比,采用优化工艺制备的杏子酸味烟用香料中7种有机酸含量最高,对改善卷烟感官舒适性的效果最好。      

一种嫩栗香型茶醋研制

为了提高黔南茶园夏、秋茶茶树鲜叶的利用率,以夏季都匀毛尖茶为原料,利用固态发酵的方法,旨在研发一款嫩栗香型都匀毛尖茶醋。结果表明:在32℃、85%恒温光照培养箱中,以6g茶叶发酵12d得到的茶醋品质最佳,色泽黄绿色,口感醇和,酸甜爽口,醋味中带有糯米香和嫩栗香,其中糖度为17.47%,酒精度为8.1%,pH为3.47,酸度为213.33Mv,ΔE值达到27.36;铜、锌、铁等理化指标及菌落总数、大肠菌数、霉菌和酵母等微生物限量均符合食品安全国家标准。     

Effects of pH Adjustment and Sodium Ions on Sour Taste Intensity of Organic Acids

ABSTRACT:  Protonated organic acid species have been shown to be the primary stimuli responsible for sour taste of organic acids. However, we have observed that sour taste may be modulated when the pH of acid solutions is raised using sodium hydroxide. Objectives were to evaluate the effect of pH adjustment on sour taste of equimolar protonated organic acid solutions and to investigate the potential roles of organic anions and sodium ions on sour taste perception. Despite equal concentrations of protonated acid species, sour taste intensity decreased significantly with increased pH for acetic, lactic, malic, and citric acids ( P < 0.05). Total organic anion concentration did not explain the suppression of sour taste in solutions containing a blend of 3 organic acids with constant concentration of protonated organic acid species and hydrogen ions and variable organic anion concentrations ( R ²= 0.480, P  = 0.12). Sour taste suppression in these solutions seemed to be more closely related to sodium ions added in the form of NaOH ( R ²= 0.861, P  = 0.007). Addition of 20 mM NaCl to acid solutions resulted in significant suppression of sour taste ( P  = 0.016). However, sour taste did not decrease with further addition of NaCl up to 80 mM. Presence of sodium ions was clearly shown to decrease sour taste of organic acid solutions. Nonetheless, suppression of sour taste in pH adjusted single acid solutions was greater than what would be expected based on the sodium ion concentration alone, indicating an additional suppression mechanism may be involved.     

木薯酒发酵过程中的有机酸变化及对其品质的影响分析

以新鲜甜木薯为原料,跟踪监测木薯酒发酵过程中的理化指标,并采用高效液相色谱法分析木薯酒发酵期间的有机酸组成及动态变化情况,进一步分析酒发酵过程中的酸味强度。结果表明,发酵过程中,木薯酒中的还原糖含量先快速上升至最高点最后趋于平稳（54.67 mg/mL）;酒精度先上升后平稳（7.11%vol）;总酸含量先缓慢减少至2.21 mg/mL,再缓慢增加,后快速增加,与pH值变化趋势相反。酒石酸、乳酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸是木薯酒发酵中重要有机酸,分别占木薯酒总有机酸含量的2.66%～12.31%,41.50%～63.53%,18.21%～23.82%,1.22%～27.77%,3.17%～15.89%,其他有机酸是酒中的辅助酸味特征成分。乳酸和乙酸是木薯酒的主体酸,其味道强度值（TAV）占总TAV值的65.82%～95.84%,发酵84 h的木薯酒有最高的味道强度值,其可达到223.87。     

柚皮果酱制备工艺研究

探索利用柚子皮下脚料来研制具有独特风味的果酱食品.采用盐碱法优选最佳的柚皮脱苦方案,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定柚皮果酱的最佳工艺条件为糖量/果酱0.8∶1.0,添加0.15％柠檬酸调试pH值至3.0,并添加0.8％β-环糊精对果酱起到脱苦除涩的作用,制得的果酱具有独特的柚子香味,甜酸适中,口感舒适.     

An overview of binary taste–taste interactions

The human gustatory system is capable of identifying five major taste qualities: sweet, sour, bitter, salty and savory (umami), and perhaps several sub-qualities. This is a relatively small number of qualities given the vast number and structural diversity of chemical compounds that elicit taste. When we consume a food, our taste receptor cells are activated by numerous stimuli via several transduction pathways. An important food-related taste question which remains largely unanswered is: How do taste perceptions change when multiple taste stimuli are presented together in a food or beverage rather than when presented alone? The interactions among taste compounds is a large research area that has interested electrophysiologists, psychophysicists, biochemists, and food scientists alike. On a practical level, taste interactions are important in the development and modification of foods, beverages or oral care products. Is there enhancement or suppression of intensity when adding stimuli of the same or different qualities together? Relevant psychophysical literature on taste–taste interactions along with selected psychophysical theory is reviewed. We suggest that the position of the individual taste stimuli on the concentration-intensity psychophysical curve (expansive, linear, or compressive phase of the curve) predicts important interactions when reporting enhancement or suppression of taste mixtures.     

Challenges in relating concentrations of aromas and tastes with flavor features of foods

Flavor sensations in food are highly influenced by the aroma and taste compounds. Reviewing the extensive literature of recent years in this field has shown that the reconstitution of flavor based on aroma and taste compounds poses numerous problems. These are of different nature and include among others (a) chemical transformations among these compounds, (b) changes in the concentrations of the compounds responsible for the perceived flavor, (c) interactions among the chemical compounds that enhance or reduce a specific flavor sensation, and finally, (d) the complexity of the different food matrices and its influence in the flavor perception. Another difficulty that flavor scientists must face is how to properly model and visualize the complex relationships existing between the chemical composition of foods and the flavor perception. These problems have repercussions on the reconstitution of the flavor signature of food based on the natural concentrations of its key aroma and taste compounds. Therefore, the main aim of this review is to deal with all these issues to propose potential solutions for a robust transformation in a science-based quality approach.     

酸汤对酸汤牛肉特征风味及品质的影响

研究酸汤（红酸汤、白酸汤、混合酸汤（红酸汤＋白酸汤））煮制对牛肉感官品质、pH值、色泽、水分含量、蒸煮损失率、嫩度、质构等理化特性的影响,并结合气相色谱-离子迁移谱分析酸汤牛肉挥发性成分,评价酸汤牛肉综合品质。结果表明,与对照组比较,酸汤可显著提高牛肉的嫩度和水分含量,降低牛肉蒸煮损失率、硬度、咀嚼性、胶黏性,改善牛肉的色泽和感官品质。白酸汤牛肉蒸煮损失率、硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性最低,水分含量最高,红酸汤牛肉水分含量次之。红酸汤牛肉与白酸汤牛肉嫩度无显著差异,红酸汤可以显著提高牛肉红度值和黄度值。混合酸汤对牛肉亮度值提升效果较好。红酸汤和白酸汤中乳酸质量浓度最高,分别为23.27、4.90 mg/mL。酸汤牛肉中共鉴定出挥发性风味物质55 种,不同酸汤牛肉挥发性成分存在明显差异;与对照组比较,酸汤煮制牛肉可降低醛类物质相对含量,增加酯类、酸类和酮类物质相对含量,其中,红酸汤牛肉酯类和酸类物质相对含量较高,醛类物质相对含量较低,感官评分最高,口感风味最佳。红酸汤牛肉主要特征风味物质为乳酸乙酯、丁醛、乙酸、苯甲醛（二聚体）、2-甲基丙酸等;白酸汤牛肉主要特征风味物质为丙醇、2-丁酮、3-戊酮、丙酸等;混合酸汤牛肉以酮类物质为主要特征风味物质。与对照组相比,酸汤牛肉中部分风味物质增加,形成酸汤牛肉特有的特征风味。综上所述,红酸汤牛肉挥发性风味成分丰富,感官评价及综合品质更好,红酸汤是制作酸汤牛肉的适宜选择。     

蛋白酶和脂肪酶对稀奶油-乳清体系发酵特性及风味的影响

通过测定发酵过程中发酵动力学参数变化,利用顶空-固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱法测定发酵60?h体系中挥发性风味物质,并进行主成分分析和感官评定,研究单独添加及复配添加蛋白酶和脂肪酶对稀奶油-乳清体系发酵特性及风味的影响。结果表明：风味物质以挥发性羧酸类、酮类和酯类为主。蛋白酶促进pH值下降、乳酸菌增殖和产酸,明显促进酮类生成,可增强体系的风味,提高风味品质;脂肪酶可引起滴定酸度大幅度上升,抑制乳酸菌增殖和产酸,但明显促进羧酸类生成,并产生酯类,可明显改变风味,赋予体系丰富的风味;复配添加后,结合2?种酶的特点,酯类产量上升,增香效果更明显,可显著改变风味,具有缓和大量挥发性羧酸带来的刺激性酸味作用。     

The role of sour and bitter perception in liking,familiarity and choice for phenol-rich plant-based foods

Among factors influencing food preferences and choices, individual differences in taste perception play a key role in defining eating behaviour. In particular, sour and bitter responsiveness could be associated with the acceptance and the consumption of phenol-rich plant-based foods recommended for a healthy diet. The aim of this study was to investigate, in a large population sample, the associations among sour and bitter responsiveness and liking, familiarity and choice for plant-based foods characterized by these target tastes. Adults aged 18 to 60 years (n = 1198; 58% women) were tested for their sour and bitter responsiveness both in water solutions and in food models (pear juice-based beverages modified in citric acid content to induce different levels of sourness: 0.5, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 g/kg; chocolate pudding samples modified in sucrose content to induce different levels of bitterness: 38, 83, 119, 233 g/kg). Familiarity, stated liking and choice for fruit juices and vegetables varying for sour/bitter taste (high in bitter/sour taste: e.g. grapefruit juice and cauliflower; low in bitter/sour taste: e.g. zucchini and pineapple juice) were measured. Results showed a significant positive correlation between bitter and sour taste perception in water solutions and model foods, as well as a positive correlation between the perceived intensity of the two taste stimuli. Subjects characterized by high responsiveness to the two target stimuli were found to give lower liking scores to foods characterized by sour/bitter tastes and tended to choose less sour/bitter foods compared to less responsive subjects.Thus, food choice for phenol rich plant-based products could be associated with a reduced responsiveness to bitter and sour tastes and a consequent higher acceptance of food products characterized by these taste qualities.