不同胎次中国荷斯坦牛鲜乳脂肪酸组成研究

对5个胎次共98头中国荷斯坦牛鲜奶乳成分及脂肪酸含量进行了测定分析。结果表明，乳脂率、乳蛋白率及体细胞数在胎次间存在显著（P＜0．05）或极显著（P＜0．01）差异；短、中链脂肪酸（C4∶0～C16∶0）中，除C6∶0在第一胎与其他4胎间含量差异显著（P＜0．05）、C12∶0在第2、5胎间含量差异显著（P＜0．05）外，其他脂肪酸含量在胎次间差异不显著（P＞0．05）；长链脂肪酸中，硬脂酸（C18：0）在第1胎含量最高。第3胎含量最低，1、3胎间差异极显著（P＜0．01）；油酸（C18∶1）和亚油酸（C18∶2）含量在胎次间变化规律相似，均表现为第1胎最低，第3胎最高，且两胎间存在极显著（P＜0．01）和显著差异（P＜0．05）。     

不同种源地香叶树籽的油脂含量及脂肪酸组成分析

为探明不同种源地香叶树作为油料树种的开发价值，采集了全国6省20县市的香叶树果实，对香叶树全果、果肉及籽的油脂含量及脂肪酸组成进行了分析，并采用ward法对不同种源地香叶树籽油脂肪酸进行了聚类分析。结果表明：香叶树全果、果肉以及籽的平均油脂含量分别为43.31%、42.38%及46.12%；全果油脂肪酸组成以月桂酸、油酸和癸酸为主；果肉油以油酸和棕榈酸为主；而籽油则以月桂酸和癸酸为主，月桂酸含量为53.20%~70.30%，月桂酸和癸酸总含量达76.40%~90.10%；聚类分析将不同种源地香叶树分为3大类，云南省、贵州省及广西省的香叶树属低月桂酸类型，福建省、江西省及湖南省的香叶树属中高月桂酸型。香叶树可作为生产中碳链脂肪酸的新晋树种，福建省的香叶树籽油脂含量高，且籽油中月桂酸含量高，作为中碳链脂肪酸的原料地具有明显的开发优势。     

羊乳脂肪中脂肪酸成分的气相色谱分析

选取广州花都地区的羊乳样品,采用OP乳化剂提取出样品中的脂肪,对其进行甲醋化,用填充柱气相色谱法测定了其中的脂肪酸成分;采用面积归-法确定了主要的脂肪酸组成为乙酸9.48%,丁酸2.08%,已酸1.67%,辛酸3.62%,癸酸4.26%,月桂酸2.34%,豆蔻酸7.42%,十五烷酸0.65%,棕榈酸22.32%,棕榈油酸0.87%,硬脂酸10.04%,油酸23.78%,亚油酸6.54%,亚麻酸2.53%,其他脂肪酸2.30%（均为质量分数）,饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸之比为1.39：1.     

气相色谱-质谱法分析啤酒中游离脂肪酸

啤酒中游离脂肪酸的含量对啤酒的风味具有重要的影响。采用固相萃取法对市售啤酒中游离脂肪酸成分进行提取,气相色谱/质谱法进行定性分析并外标法定量。通过添加一定加标水平的脂肪酸(辛酸、癸酸、月桂酸、棕榈酸、油酸),结果表明各脂肪酸在不同的加标浓度下都能获得较高的回收率(78.1%~93.5%),标准偏差为2.2%~3.8%,试验精密度较高。比较不同比例提取溶剂对各种脂肪酸回收率的研究,结果表明采用正己烷-乙醚(体积比50∶50)作为提取溶剂时提取效率相对最高(辛酸82.1%、癸酸84.2%、月桂酸88.4%、棕榈酸89.8%、油酸93.5%),说明该方法能准确测定啤酒中的游离脂肪酸含量。     

亚麻籽油在煎炸过程中的品质变化

本文研究了常规煎炸条件下,经过不同煎炸时间的亚麻籽油营养成分、理化指标及有害物质含量,并通过主成分分析对其煎炸性能进行了综合评价。结果表明:未经煎炸的亚麻籽油不饱和度达81.77%,其α-亚麻酸的含量为47.50%,是一种富含多不饱和脂肪酸、高营养价值的食用油。亚麻籽油在170 ℃连续煎炸60 h（5 d）过程中,亚麻籽油的色泽、酸价、过氧化值、折光指数、羰基价、极性组分、生育酚含量、脂肪酸组成均有显著（P<0.05） 变化,煎炸全程没有产生苯并（α）芘;5种主要脂肪酸（α-亚麻酸、油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸）含量均呈下降趋势,C17:0以下的五种饱和脂肪酸（辛酸、癸酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸）含量均呈逐渐升高的趋势,其余脂肪酸呈下降趋势。通过煎炸性能分析,煎炸35 h后的亚麻籽油的酸价超过国家限量,其他项目均在国家限量范围以内,经综合评估30 h基本到达亚麻籽的煎炸使用极限,在30 h的煎炸时间内是一种健康良好的煎炸用油。     

母乳、牛乳及山羊乳脂肪酸组成的差异分析

采用气质联用法(GC-MS)测定东北区域不同泌乳期的母乳及牛乳和山羊乳常乳脂肪酸组成,并对其组成和含量进行差异分析,旨在为母乳脂质组学及以牛羊乳为基质的婴儿配方食品提供一定的理论基础。结果表明:母乳中主要脂肪酸为棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸等,其中油酸含量最为丰富。饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量在不同泌乳期存在差异,其中SFA差异显著(p<0.05),初乳、过渡乳和成熟乳SFA含量分别为36.16%、37.89%、38.10%。牛乳和山羊乳主要以SFA为主,山羊乳SFA含量最高(69.07%),SFA中辛酸和癸酸是羊乳的特征脂肪酸,其含量显著高于母乳和牛乳(p<0.05)。山羊乳中中链脂肪酸(MCFA)含量最高(21.03%),是牛乳的1.5倍。其中,母乳SFA:MUFA:PUFA的比例为1.41:1.29:1,牛乳为19.12:9.98:1,山羊乳为11.14:3.98:1,山羊乳脂肪酸组成在比例上更加接近母乳。山羊乳在婴儿配方食品开发方面有更高的优势和开发空间。     

羊奶短中链脂肪酸与羊奶膻味关系的研究

采用气相色谱法(GC)对18个羊奶样品中短中链游离脂肪酸(FFA)和短中链结合脂肪酸(CFA)组成进行检测,并对游离脂肪酸(FFA)和结合脂肪酸(CFA)与羊奶膻味强度进行相关性分析。结果表明,在羊奶短中链脂肪酸中,游离脂肪酸是引起羊奶膻味的主要因素,其中己酸(C6∶0)、辛酸(C8∶0)和癸酸(C10∶0)与羊奶膻味强度呈极显著相关(p0.01),是引起羊奶膻味的主要游离脂肪酸(FFA);肉豆蔻酸(C14∶0)和棕榈酸(C16∶0)与羊奶膻味强度呈显著性相关(p0.05),也对羊奶膻味有一定的贡献。结合态脂肪酸与羊奶膻味强度不显著(p0.05),与羊奶膻味关系不大。     

牦牛乳脂肪酸组成分析

乳脂的营养价值很高,牦牛乳中含有大量的脂肪酸,主要脂肪酸为辛酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、十五碳酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、珍珠酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸.目前脂肪的提取方法和甲酯化方法没有确定统一的方案,本研究对牦牛乳采用不同的脂肪提取方法和甲酯化方法,旨在找到分析牦牛乳中主要脂肪酸的最佳方案.乳脂肪酸的组成直接影响乳的营养、风味以及加工品质,乳脂肪酸功能及乳脂肪酸组成的调控成为当前反刍动物营养研究的热点,因此分析牦牛乳中脂肪酸的组成,对于认识其营养价值具有重要意义.     

羊肉的脱膻方法

羊肉膻味是由于肉中含有挥发性脂肪酸的原因。羊肉致膻物质的化学成分主要存在于脂肪酸中,起关键作用的成分是低碳链的游离氨基酸,即C6（己酸,俗名羊油酸）、C8（辛酸,俗名羊脂酸）、C10（癸酸,俗名羊腊酸）。其中羊腊酸是致膻的主要成分之一,但必须有羊油酸和羊脂酸存在时才能呈现典型的膻味。     

几种酵母菌添加剂对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

将54头高产中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为6组，1组基础对照组，5组（A，B，C，D，E）试验组，试验组在基础日粮的水平上添加15g不同型号的酵母菌制剂，预试期2周，正试期为6周。结果表明：不同型号的酵母菌对奶牛产奶量和奶成分有不同程度的影响，其中C和E组奶牛的产奶量分别比对照组有所增加，B和D组的产奶量与对照组相比增加显著（P〈0．05），A组则有所下降；不同型号的酵母菌制剂对牛乳成分也有不同程度的影响，试验组B，D，E组乳脂日产量比对照组有增加，并且差异显著（P〈0．05）；E组乳脂率增加，差异显著；蛋白质日产量除A组无显著性差异（P〉0．05），B，C，D，E组相比对照组都有所增加，其中C和E组相比对照组，差异显著（P〈0．05）；试验组的乳糖、非脂固形物产量与对照组没有显著差异（P〉0．05）；各试验组的所生产牛奶的比重、冰点、酸度与对照组无显著差异，但试验组的酸度除D组外均比对照组有所提高，乳中体细胞数均比对照组低，其中酵母菌C和D能显著减少乳中体细胞数（P〈0．05）。     

Cholesteryl Esters of Cows’ Milk

Milk was obtained on postpartum d 3 (colostrum) and 7, 42, and 180 from 12 Holstein cows. Cholesteryl ester fatty acids were determined by gas-liquid chromatography after isolation by column and thin-layer chromatography. As lactation progressed, cholesteryl ester declined from 1.5 mg/dl in colostrum to .7 mg/dl in mature milk. Proportions of 14:0 and 18:1 fatty acids were higher in colostrum than in mature milk cholesteryl esters (28% of total fatty acids versus 19%), whereas 18:2 was significantly lower in colostrum than in mature milk. Fatty acids esterified with cholesterol in percent (mature milk, 42 d) were 12:0, .20; 14:0, 2.29; 16:0, 23.09; 16:1, 8.80; 18:0, 10.55; 18:1, 17.08; 18:2, 27.09; 18:3, 5.57; 20:3, .72; 20:4, 1.40. In mature milk cholesteryl esters, 62% of the fatty acids were unsaturated. The greatest difference occurred in 18:2 content, which was 27.1% in cholesteryl esters and only 2.6% of total fatty acids in milk. Results suggest that unsaturated fatty acids are associated preferentially with the cholesteryl ester fraction and that the fatty acid composition of cholesteryl esters of cows’ milk differs significantly from the composition of total milk lipid.     

Variation in fatty acid composition of ewes' colostrum and mature milk fat

Temporal content variations of approximately 70 C4–C24 fatty acids (FA) in colostrum and milk of ewes consuming winter diet were determined by gas chromatography. The content of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and straight-chain saturated FA 14:0–16:0 in colostrum was higher whereas the content of 4:0–12:0, 18:0 and branched-chain saturated FA 15:0–17:0 was lower than that in mature milk. The effect of ewe breed on the FA profiles was not significant. The composition of FA changed most significantly 1–2 days after lambing in agreement with the time schedule of colostrum formation. Nevertheless, the content of FA further successively changed up to approximately the 6th day of lactation, whereas further changes up to the 60th day of lactation were smaller. This is consistent with the recommendation that ewes' milk is suitable for human consumption after six-to-eight days of lactation. The higher contents of palmitic and myristic acids in colostrum compared with mature milk suggest that FA composition in colostrum matches the changing needs of the growing lambs.     

我国不同泌乳期母乳的脂肪酸构成特征研究

本文总结近15年有关中国妇女母乳脂肪酸构成的现有证据,将大量分散的研究数据及课题组数据按地区和泌乳期进行整合,得到各省级行政区构成的全国汇总数据。共有17个省级行政区的4727例母乳脂肪酸数据被纳入分析,其中初乳1327例,过渡乳900例,成熟乳2500例。进一步对各脂肪酸随泌乳期的变化趋势及其原因进行了探究。结果显示,随着泌乳期的延长,我国母乳中总SFA的构成占比呈增长趋势,C6:0、C15:0和C18:0的含量较为稳定,受泌乳期影响不大,受泌乳期影响较大的SFA中,除C20:0、C22:0、C24:0外,其他SFA在初乳中的含量均显著低于过渡乳或成熟乳(P<0.05)。我国母乳中总MUFA的构成比随泌乳期的延长呈下降趋势,在过渡乳时期下降明显,随后趋于稳定,只有C17:1的含量不受泌乳期的影响,受泌乳期影响的MUFA中,除C16:1外,其他MUFA在初乳中的含量均显著高于过渡乳或成熟乳(P<0.05)。我国母乳中总PUFA的构成占比随泌乳期的延长呈先增高后降低的趋势,n-3 PUFA和n-6 PUFA的变化和此趋势一致。分析比较的结果有利于更加深入而准确地了解我国母乳脂肪酸的构成情况及随泌乳期的变化情况,为一定程度上探明我国人群母乳脂肪酸组成特点、婴幼儿生长发育相关研究及配方食品研发提供基础数据。     

Relationships among dietary roasted soybeans, milk components, and spontaneous oxidized flavor of milk.

Relationships among dietary roasted whole soybeans (RSB), milk fatty acid profile, and the development of spontaneous oxidized flavor of milk were investigated by using 20 commercial dairy herds. Diets contained 0 to 15.3% of dry matter as RSB. Concentrations of dietary RSB were correlated positively with concentrations of C18:2 and C18:3 in milk fat. Concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and ascorbic acid in milk decreased from 0 to 3 d of storage (4 degrees C), and oxidized flavor in milk increased linearly between 0 and 8 d of storage. Milk fatty acid profile did not change during storage. The development of oxidized flavor at 8 d postsampling was correlated (r) with increased concentrations in milk fat of C18:2 (0.49), C18:3 (0.55), total polyunsaturated milk fatty acids (0.50), and dietary concentrations of RSB (0.38). Multiple regression was used to quantify relationships between variables and oxidized flavor (samples stored 8 d). All significant models included milk concentrations of Cu and dehydroascorbic acid. Concentrations of C18:2, C18:3, or total polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk fat, or dietary RSB concentrations, and interactions of those variables with Cu were included in individual models. Milk with high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids and Cu were most susceptible to oxidation. Feeding RSB increased polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in milk fat, which increased the likelihood of oxidized flavor, especially when milk had high concentrations of Cu.     

Fatty acid profile characterization in colostrum,transition milk,and mature milk of primi- and multiparous cows during the first week of lactation

The specific fatty acid (FA) profile of colostrum may indicate a biological requirement for neonatal calves. The objective of this study was to characterize the FA profile and yields in colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk in primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) cows. Colostrum was milked from 10 PP and 10 MP Holstein cows fed the same pre- and postpartum rations. Milkings (M) 2 to 5 and 12 were respectively termed transition and mature milk. Overall, short-chain FA (C4:0 and C6:0) were 61 and 50% lower in colostrum than mature milk, respectively. A parity by milking interaction was also present, with higher C4:0 for PP cows at M2 and for MP cows at M12. Additionally, higher concentrations of C6:0 were present for PP cows at M2 through M4 and for MP cows at M12. Palmitic (C16:0) and myristic (C14:0) acids were 38% and 19% higher in colostrum than mature milk, respectively. However, total saturated FA remained relatively stable. Branched-chain FA were 13% lower in colostrum than mature milk and higher in PP than MP cows throughout the milking period. The proportion of trans-monounsaturated FA (MUFA) was 72% higher in PP cows throughout the milking period, as well as 13% lower in colostrum than mature milk. In contrast, cis-MUFA and total MUFA were not affected by milking nor parity. Linoleic acid (LA) was 25% higher in colostrum than transition and mature milks, but α-linolenic acid (ALA) did not differ. Consequently, the ratio of LA to ALA was 29% higher in colostrum than mature milk and 33% higher in MP cows. Linoleic acid was also 15% higher in MP cows, whereas ALA was 15% higher in PP cows. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, cis-9,trans-11) was 2.7-fold higher in PP cows, and no differences between colostrum and mature milk were detected. Overall, polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) from the n-6 and n-3 series were over 40% higher in colostrum compared with transition and mature milk. Milking by parity interactions were present for arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and total n-3 PUFA, translating to higher proportions in PP cows in M1 to M3, whereas proportions remained relatively stable throughout the milking period in MP cows. Despite increasing milk yields throughout the subsequent milkings, higher yields of EPA, ARA, DPA, and DHA were present in colostrum than in mature milk. Greater proportions and yields of n-3 and n-6 FA in colostrum may translate to specific requirements for newborn calves. Differences were also observed between PP and MP cows and may reflect different nutrient requirements and partitioning.     

Fatty acid profile characterization in colostrum,transition milk,and mature milk of primi- and multiparous cows during the first week of lactation

The specific fatty acid (FA) profile of colostrum may indicate a biological requirement for neonatal calves. The objective of this study was to characterize the FA profile and yields in colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk in primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) cows. Colostrum was milked from 10 PP and 10 MP Holstein cows fed the same pre- and postpartum rations. Milkings (M) 2 to 5 and 12 were respectively termed transition and mature milk. Overall, short-chain FA (C4:0 and C6:0) were 61 and 50% lower in colostrum than mature milk, respectively. A parity by milking interaction was also present, with higher C4:0 for PP cows at M2 and for MP cows at M12. Additionally, higher concentrations of C6:0 were present for PP cows at M2 through M4 and for MP cows at M12. Palmitic (C16:0) and myristic (C14:0) acids were 16% and 27% higher in colostrum than mature milk, respectively. However, total saturated FA remained relatively stable. Branched-chain FA were 13% lower in colostrum than mature milk and higher in PP than MP cows throughout the milking period. The proportion of trans-monounsaturated FA (MUFA) was 42% higher in PP cows throughout the milking period, as well as 15% lower in colostrum than mature milk. In contrast, cis-MUFA and total MUFA were not affected by milking nor parity. Linoleic acid (LA) was 13% higher in colostrum than transition and mature milks, but α-linolenic acid (ALA) did not differ. Consequently, the ratio of LA to ALA was 23% higher in colostrum than mature milk and 25% higher in MP cows. Linoleic acid was also 13% higher in MP cows, whereas ALA was 15% higher in PP cows. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, cis-9,trans-11) was 63% higher in PP cows, and no differences between colostrum and mature milk were detected. Overall, polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) from the n-6 and n-3 series were over 25% higher in colostrum compared with transition and mature milk. Milking by parity interactions were present for arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and total n-3 PUFA, translating to higher proportions in PP cows in M1 to M3, whereas proportions remained relatively stable throughout the milking period in MP cows. Despite increasing milk yields throughout the subsequent milkings, higher yields of EPA, ARA, DPA, and DHA were present in colostrum than in mature milk. Greater proportions and yields of n-3 and n-6 FA in colostrum may translate to specific requirements for newborn calves. Differences were also observed between PP and MP cows and may reflect different nutrient requirements and partitioning.     

日粮中不同比例小麦替代玉米对奶牛乳脂合成和乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响

选择8头泌乳时间为(84±17)d,体重为(569±47)kg的经产中国荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,研究了日粮中不同比例小麦替代玉米对奶牛乳脂合成和乳脂脂肪酸(FA)组成的影响。采用重复4×4拉丁方设计,分别饲喂含不同比例粉碎小麦(GW)和粉碎玉米(GC)的日粮,4个处理组分别为(DM基础):W0组(0%GW+27.9%GC),W9.6组(9.6%GW+19.2%GC),W19.2组(19.2%GW+9.6%GC)和W28.8组(28.8%GW+0%GC)。结果表明:随着日粮中小麦比例的增加,瘤胃p H值线性降低(P=0.01);产奶量未受显著影响,平均为27.1 kg/d;乳脂率(P=0.02)、乳脂产量(P=0.02)和3.5%乳脂校正乳(FCM)(P=0.05)产量呈线性降低趋势;乳脂FA(g/100 g总FA)中C16∶0呈线性(P0.01)和二次曲线增加(P0.01),而C18∶0和FAC16呈线性(P0.01)和二次(P=0.03和0.01)曲线降低;C8∶0(P=0.01)、C15∶0(P=0.06)、C16∶1(P=0.01)和C18∶1n9t(P=0.10)呈线性增加趋势,而C14∶0(P=0.09)和C18∶2n6c(P=0.08)呈线性降低趋势;与W0和W9.6组相比,W19.2和W28.8组乳脂C16∶0、C16∶1及C16∶0与C16∶1之和显著增加(P0.01),而C18∶0显著降低(P0.01)。结果提示:奶牛日粮中可用适当比例的粉碎小麦来替代玉米,替代比例不宜超过日粮DM的19.2%;高比例小麦日粮饲喂奶牛(W28.8组)可引起瘤胃p H值和乳脂率下降,进一步引起乳脂FA组成发生变化。     

Cow colostrum and early milk enriched with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acid

The objective of the study was to explore whether it is possible to alter cow colostrum and early milk fatty acid composition with a low level of fat supplement, high in docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) fatty acid. Diets included a control diet and a diet supplemented with DHA- and EPA-enriched fat supplement. Addition of fat supplement significantly decreased saturated fatty acids, C14:0 and C16:0 and increased the values of monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n3 fatty acids, EPA, DHA, C18:1n9cis and C18:1n11trans. The percentage of short-chain fatty acids significantly increased with the progress of lactation, while the percentage of PUFA, n3 and n6 significantly decreased. These results showed that fat supplement, high in DHA and EPA, modified the fatty acid profile of colostrum and milk fat and increased the proportion of beneficial fatty acids for human health.     

Research on the chemical composition of Saanen goat colostrum

Changes in chemical composition in Saanen goat colostrum were studied 3, 12, 24, 48, 72, 120 and 168 h after parturition. The concentrations of dry matter, fat, ash, lactose, protein and IgG at 3 h of lactation were 21.23%, 7.73%, 1.57%, 1.93%, 10.24% and 72.01 mg/mL respectively. Saanen goat colostrum contained very high concentrations of Ca, P and Mg, and very low concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cd, As, Pb and Hg. In Saanen goat colostrum, the total concentrations of 17 amino acids and 8 essential amino acids were 5796.6 mg/100 mL and 2567.7 mg/100 mL respectively. The concentrations of saturated fatty acids were 75.21%, and medium chain saturated fatty acids (C₈⁰, C₁₀⁰) were 19.84%.