Acoustic emission and damage characteristics of alumina

Advanced multi-channels acoustic emission (AE) system is used to study the fracture process of alumina material subjected by three-point-bending loading. Using AE counts and AE hits, the location of damage and damage characteristics are discussed. AE energy, AE counts, AE amplitude changing with loading time are analyzed for the notched alumina specimen. It is indicated that AE characteristic parameters reflect the damage process and fracture of material.     

Q345试件细观损伤的声发射量化评价实验研究

根据金属塑性材料细观损伤理论及微孔洞损伤机理,建立以孔洞扩张比V_G为损伤变量的声发射量化评价模型。以Q345钢圆棒缺口试件拉伸断裂过程为例,获取材料从屈服到断裂过程声发射信息;采用Gurson- Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN)模型,模拟得到Q345试件拉伸过程细观损伤参量数值解。结合声发射测试和数值模拟结果,建立Q345试件拉伸过程孔洞扩张比的声发射累积撞击计数N量化评价公式。结果表明:Q345钢从屈服到断裂过程N与V_G函数关系分为线性损伤及非线性损伤两个阶段,并确定当N达到128个时,材料处于损伤临界转变点。     

C—Mn钢焊接接头的解理断裂应力的研究

测定了Ｃ－Ｍｎ钢焊接接头不同焊缝百分含量ｗ％的光滑试样,缺口试样和裂纹试样的解理断裂应力,发现不同试样有两个解理断裂应力表征了解理断裂起裂于母材、焊颖两区。而且发现裂纹试验解理断裂应力比缺口试样高,缺口试样解理断裂应力比光滑试样高,其原因是因为裂纹试样解理断裂临界事件最小,光滑试样最大。     

Creep properties of a U‐type notch plate in Ni‐based superalloy

In the present investigation, the effect of notch on creep rupture behavior and creep rupture life of a Ni‐based superalloy has been assessed by performing creep tests on smooth and U‐notched plate specimen under 0°C. The finite element analysis coupled with continuum damage mechanics are carried out to understand the stress distribution across the notch throat and the creep damage evolution under multi‐axial stress state. The creep rupture life of U‐notched specimen is much larger than that of plane plate specimen under the same stress condition, indicating that there is a strengthening effect on notch specimen. Creep rupture life increases with increasing the notch radius, the smaller notch radius can induce the creep rupture easier. The effect of notch on the creep damage is also studied. It is found that the location of the maximum creep damage and the maximum equivalent creep strain initiates first at the notch root and gradually moves to the inside as the notch radius increases.     

Experimental investigation of fracture damage of notched granite beams under cyclic loading using DIC and AE techniques

Fracture experiments of three‐point bending notched granite beams were performed under cyclic loading using digital image correlation (DIC) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques. The damage evolution process of the specimen under cyclic loading was analysed on the basis of AE ring count and b value. The strain and displacement fields and the fracture process zone (FPZ) ahead of the crack tip were revealed by DIC. The results showed that the AE characteristics of rock fracture indicated a noticeable Kaiser effect in the stage of cyclic loading and unloading. Moreover, when the loading force reached 70% of its peak value, the AE characteristics showed the Felicity effect. The damage produced during the loading‐unloading process contributed to the development of the cracks leading to the catastrophic fracture. Besides, a relatively high loading rate was found to help to suppress the development of the FPZ at the crack tip.     

多轴载荷下缺口件的疲劳寿命估算方法

提出了一种多轴载荷下缺口件的疲劳寿命估算方法。该方法基于临界平面理论,计算出缺口件各部位的多轴疲劳损伤参数,以损伤参数最大的部位为缺口件的多轴疲劳危险点。根据临界距离思想,提出了热点法和线法的临界距离的计算方法,采用热点法和线法考虑缺口件疲劳危险点附近损伤梯度的影响,以临界距离修正的损伤参数计算多轴载荷下缺口件的疲劳寿命。采用SAE1045钢缺口件的多轴疲劳试验对该文提出的寿命估算方法进行评估和验证,结果表明:该文所建立的寿命预测方法具有较好的预测能力,预测结果大部分分布在试验结果的3倍分散带之内。     

The fracture energy and acoustic emission of a short carbon fiber reinforced nylon 66 composite

Two knee points which are found in the cumulative plotting of acoustic emission (AE) events on a semi-log sheet in a monotonically increasing tensile load system of the center notched carbon fiber reinforced nylon 66 composite (FRTP) are applied to the estimation of the energy value required for the beginning of the stable crack propagation, the one for the stable crack propagation and also the one for the final fracture. They have been examined with regard to the dependence of some mechanical properties of the material on the gauge length, the fiber content and the crack length to width ratio of the specimen. Correlations between the AE characteristic nature such as AE activity (the number of AE events per unit area) and the above energy values are also investigated with regard to the results of the fractographic measurement of the fracture surface. It has been found that the energy required for the stable crack propagation decreases with an increase in the crack length to width ratio and increases with an increase in the gauge length. However, for an unstable crack propagation, it decreases with an increase in the fiber content. The dependence of the energy value on crack length to width ratio disappears in the results for a 30% specimen and this value becomes constant.     

Study of low‐temperature effect on the fracture locus of a 420‐MPa structural steel with the edge tracing method

Quasi‐static tensile tests with smooth round bar and axisymmetric notched tensile specimens have been performed to study the low‐temperature effect on the fracture locus of a 420‐MPa structural steel. Combined with a digital high‐speed camera and a 2‐plane mirror system, specimen deformation was recorded in 2 orthogonal planes. Pictures taken were then analysed with the edge tracing method to calculate the minimum cross‐section diameter reduction of the necked/notched specimen. Obvious temperature effect was observed on the load‐strain curves for smooth and notched specimens. Both the strength and strain hardening characterized by the strain at maximum load increase with temperature decrease down to ?60°C. Somewhat unexpected, the fracture strains (ductility) of both smooth and notched specimens at temperatures down to ?60°C do not deteriorate, compared with those at room temperature. Combined with numerical analyses, it shows that the effect of low temperatures (down to ?60°C) on fracture locus is insignificant. These findings shed new light on material selection for Arctic operation.     

Energy approach to fatigue under combined cyclic bending with torsion of smooth and notched specimens

We present the results of fatigue tests of smooth and notched round specimens made of 10HNAP steel under the combined action of cyclic bending and torsion. The experimental results are analyzed by using the well-known energy models proposed by Neuber and Molski-Glinka and a new model proposed by the authors and based on the analysis of the amplitude of the strain-energy density. The accumulation of fatigue damage in the stage of crack initiation was observed only in the active part of the cross section of the specimen where the level of stresses is higher than the fatigue limit. The proposed model enables one to determine the fatigue life of smooth and notched specimens under the combined action of cyclic bending and torsion by using standard characteristics of uniaxial fatigue and the relationship between cyclic stresses and strains. Department of Mechanics and Machine Design, Technical University of Opole, Opole, Poland. Published in Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 34–42, September–October, 1998.     

Influence of sub-micrometer notches on the fracture of single crystal silicon thin films

The influence of notches on the fracture of single crystal silicon thin films was investigated. The tests were conducted on notched and smooth tensile specimens micromachined on a silicon wafer. The specimen geometry was 100 μm long, 50 μm wide and 5 μm thick. For the notched specimen, a V‐shaped sub‐micrometer notch was introduced on one edge of it by using a focused ion beam (FIB) process. The notch lengths ranged from 0.07 to 1.3 μm. Four types of specimens with different surfaces and tensile orientations were tested. The smooth specimens showed scattered fracture strengths and ‘collapsed’ fractures. For the restrictive‐shaped notches, the critical length was 0.5 μm. The short‐notched (<0.5 μm) specimens also showed ‘collapsed’ fractures, and the stress concentrations on notch tips decreased their fracture strengths. For the long‐notched (>0.5 μm) specimens, the notch was equivalent to a crack in the Griffith model and the crack mainly propagated on {111} cleaved planes.     

Notch effect on torsional fatigue of austenitic stainless steel: Comparison with low carbon steel

Notch effect in austenitic stainless steel under cyclic torsion is quite different depending on the superposition of static tension. In pure torsion, the rubbing of the serrated factory-roof type crack faces delays the crack growth along the notch root. Thus, the lifetime in notched specimen becomes longer than in smooth specimen. However, in cyclic torsion with static tension, the flat crack path and mean tensile stress reduce the influence of the crack face contact. Accordingly, shorter lifetime resulted from higher strain concentration at the notch root. Crack growth in low carbon steel under cyclic torsion is highly affected by the ferrite/pearlite banded microstructure besides the addition of static tension. Because of a small amount of the crack face contact, the reduction of lifetime in notched specimen is revealed irrespective of superposition of static tension.     

Fatigue life estimation of notched specimens of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel under uniaxial cyclic loading

Accuracy in the estimation of low cycle fatigue life of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel notched specimen by different analytical methods such as linear rule, Neuber’s rule, strain energy density method and numerical method such as finite element analysis have been studied in this investigation. The fatigue tests on notched specimens having notch radius of 1.25 mm, 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm were carried out at 823 K with net stress amplitudes of 250 MPa, 300 MPa and 350 MPa. The fatigue tests on smooth specimens were carried out with strain amplitudes ranging from ±0.3% to ±0.8% with a strain rate of 3 × 10^?3 s^?1 at 823 K to evaluate the fatigue life of notched specimen through strain-life approach. In order to predict the cyclic stress response of the material, Chaboche non-linear hardening model was employed considering two back stress components. Predicted hysteresis loops for smooth specimen were well in agreement with experimental results. Estimated fatigue lives of notched specimens by analytical methods and finite element analysis were within a factor ±16 and ±2.5 of the experimental lives respectively.     

Experimentelle und numerische Ermittlung dynamischer Risswiderstandskurven im Kerbschlagbiegeversuch

Experimental and numerical determination of crack resistance curves in the notched‐bar impact test The assessment of the reliability of components requires the knowledge of crack resistance curves, which are often not available due to lack of specimen material. More likely is the availability of typical material parameters such as the yield strength, tensile strength, uniform elongation, elongation at rupture as well as upper shelf impact energy and the lateral elongation of notched‐bar impact test specimens. The material model of Gurson describes ductile crack growth due to the nucleation, growth and coalescence of voids in the material. Although dependent on the material and temperature, the material parameters of the Gurson model are independent of the specimen geometry and rate of loading. This latter fact allows one to use the values of these parameters determined on statically‐loaded fracture mechanics specimens to model specimens with other geometries and subjected to different loading conditions, in particular to model impact loaded Charpy‐V specimens. A method is proposed to construct crack resistance curves based on available data of tension tests and on quasi‐static yield curves. Dynamic yield curves are determined using proven procedures as based on the analysis of the dislocation activation energy. The ductile damage parameters are then obtained via simulation of tests on notched tensile specimens and notched‐bar impact tests as well as the fitting to the upper shelf impact energy. In this way, the ductile damage parameters are determined, which in turn enable the determination of the required J‐resistance curves via simulation of ductile crack growth in fracture mechanics specimens. Thus, the application of the classical J‐integral concept gets possible. Furthermore, the independence of the identified material parameters from the geometry of the specimen then allows the use of the Gurson model to analyse the safety of structural components with cracks directly.     

Numerical prediction of notch bluntness effect on fracture resistance of SM490A carbon steel

The present work investigates the notch radius effect on fracture resistance using the finite element (FE) damage analysis based on the multiaxial fracture strain model. The damage model was determined from experimental data of notched bar tensile and fracture toughness test data using a sharp‐cracked compact tension specimen. Then, the FE damage analysis was applied to simulate fracture resistance tests of SM490A carbon steel specimens with different notch radii. Comparison of simulated results with experimental data showed good agreement. Further simulation was then performed to see effects of the specimen size, thickness, and side groove on J‐R curves for different notch radii. It was found that effects of the specimen size and thickness became more pronounced for the larger notch radius. Furthermore, it was found that without side groove, tearing modulus for notched specimens was similar to that for cracked specimens, regardless of the notch radius.     

Predicting Failure Strength of Randomly Oriented Short Glass Fiber-Epoxy Composite Specimen by Artificial Neural Network Using Acoustic Emission Parameters

Acoustic emission (AE) peak amplitude and cumulative energy emitted during 50% of failure of composite specimen was collected, analyzed, and utilized to predict the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) using artificial neural network (ANN) and the performance of various training algorithm on prediction was analyzed. AE data have been collected from finite numbers of randomly oriented short glass fiber-epoxy tensile specimens, while loading up to failure in a tensile testing machine. AE response from each of the specimen was classified and segregated by understanding the failure mechanism. A feed forward back-propagation type ANN was designed and the segregated data of amplitude hits and cumulative energy was processed using two separate networks to predict the UTS of corresponding specimens using it with appropriate parameters and the results were analyzed.     

Optimal design and testing of laminated light-weight composite structures with local reinforcements considering strength constraints: Part II: Testing

The present paper explains details of the measurement methods applied in the testing of strength-optimized locally reinforced laminates whose design has been explained in Part I. The measurement methods are an optical surface method, based on Digital Image Correlation (DIC), and measurements of Acoustic Emission (AE) which can originate from anywhere within the test specimen. Both methods are intended to identify early damage events or accumulation and the corresponding loads are compared to predicted first-ply-failure loads. The DIC method identifies non-linearities in the displacement path which infer that damage events have occurred. The AE method utilizes the signal energy rate per time to identify damage events. The results of the particular specimens show no correlation between the two measurement methods. The averaged values for the different type specimens show a significant dependency.     

Fatigue of casting flaws at a notch root under an SAE service load history

Smooth and notched specimens of a 319 cast aluminium alloy were fatigue tested under a Society of Automotive Engineers service load history in the as-cast and hipped conditions. The hipping process, which includes subjecting the cast material to a high pressure at high temperature and then slowly cooling down to eliminate internal flaws, decreased the flaw size and improved the fatigue life of cast Al 319 smooth specimens. A 0.6-mm-diameter hole was drilled at the notch root of notched specimens to simulate a natural flaw at the notch root. Specimens with two different notch sizes were tested. Circular edge notches reduced the fatigue strength and a 0.6-mm-diameter drilled hole at the notch root resulted in a further reduction.
The fatigue lives of smooth specimens, notched specimens and notched specimens with a flaw at the notch root subjected to the service load history were predicted using the strain-life approach, an effective strain-life approach and a strain-based intensity factor crack growth model. In crack growth modelling of the fatigue life of smooth cast aluminium specimens the flaw was modelled as a circular edge notch having the same diameter as the flaw. However, in the case of a flaw at a notch root the flaw was modelled as a three-dimensional cavity subjected to the notch stress field and the crack length was predicted in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the specimen cross-section. The strain-life approach was unconservative for all specimen geometries studied. The effective strain-life approach gave good predictions for smooth and blunt notched specimens but gave very conservative predictions for the specimens with flaws in the notch roots. The crack growth calculations gave accurate predictions for all the specimen geometries.     

ESEM investigations for assessment of damage kinetics of short glass fibre reinforced thermoplastics - Results of in situ tensile tests coupled with acoustic emission analysis

The damage mechanisms of short glass fibre reinforced polypropylene (PP) and polybutene-1 (PB-1) materials were investigated. For this purpose, in situ tensile tests were conducted in the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) while simultaneously recording the acoustic emission (AE). To be able to observe damage mechanisms directly during loading, notched specimens were used. This method allows the direct correlation of the recorded load - elongation data with observed damage mechanisms, as well as correlations with acoustic emission data. Hence, it is possible to describe the damage kinetics of short glass fibre composite.It was found that different bonding conditions of the two investigated materials result in different damage mechanisms as well as in different AE behaviour. For fibre reinforced PP with excellent bonding conditions of the fibres in the polymeric matrix, fibre fracture, slipping of fibres in the delamination area, debonding and pull-out with matrix yielding was observed. The determined AE parameter amplitude A_p and energy E_AE for the PB-1 material are lower because of the weak bonding of the fibres to the PB-1-matrix. Hence, energy dissipative damage mechanisms like pull-out with matrix yielding can occur only in a limited part of such materials.     

聚乙烯醇纤维混凝土损伤演化声发射监测及其评价

通过对掺入聚乙烯醇（PVA）纤维混凝土试件进行三点抗弯的声发射试验,来研究它的损伤失效机理。首先,通过三点弯曲试验,得到了PVA纤维腐蚀前后混凝土的抗弯强度。然后,基于加载全过程中声发射特征信号,根据声发射幅值、计数和能量相关图,并通过比较有无腐蚀PVA纤维混凝土声发射信号,揭示了PVA纤维腐蚀混凝土的抗弯强度下降原因及其损伤机理。 最后,借鉴NDIS-2421定量评定标准分析声发射信号,对混凝土试件的损伤情况做出定性评价,分析PVA纤维在腐蚀前后混凝土中的作用;此外,通过计算声发射特征信号裕度指标,发现PVA纤维混凝土弯曲损伤明显分为三个阶段,未腐蚀PVA纤维混凝土试件的裕度值较均匀。     

Analysis of mode II interlaminar fracture and damage behavior in end notched flexure testing of GFRP woven laminates at cryogenic temperatures

Summary Interlaminar fracture and damage behavior of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) woven laminates at cryogenic temperatures is investigated for end notched flexure (ENF) pure Mode II configuration. The corrected beam theory (CBT) and finite element analysis (FEA) are used to calculate the Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of ENF specimen at room temperature (RT), liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) and liquid helium temperature (4 K). A FEA coupled with damage is also employed to study the damage distributions within the specimen and to examine the effect of damage on the Mode II energy release rate. The numerical results show that damage occurs at the matrix and causes a decrease in the energy release rate. The technique presented can be efficiently used for the characterization of cryogenic Mode II interlaminar fracture and damage behavior of woven laminate ENF specimens.