注射水和氯化钙溶液对宰后猪肉肉色及其稳定性的影响

目的：探讨注射水和氯化钙溶液对宰后冷藏期间猪背最长肌肉色及其稳定性的影响。方法：猪背最长肌于宰后1.5h注射肉质量分数5%的水和200mmol/L氯化钙溶液,分别测定其冷藏期间肉色a*值、总色素含量、高铁肌红蛋白(MetMb)相对百分含量、MetMb还原酶活性等指标。结果：注射氯化钙溶液能降低肉中a*值、总色素含量、MetMb还原酶活性和乳酸脱氢酶-B(LDH-B)活性,增加MetMb相对百分含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量。注水能降低肉中总色素含量和MetMb还原酶活性,增加MetMb相对百分含量。结论：注射水和氯化钙溶液均能降低宰后冷藏期间猪背最长肌中总色素含量,增加MetMb相对百分含量,从而加快猪背最长肌的褪色,不利于其冷藏期间新鲜肉色的维持。     

托盘和真空包装对冷却猪肉中MetMb还原活性的影响

在冷却肉的贮藏过程中,其肌红蛋白(Mb)被氧化为高铁肌红蛋白(MetMb),导致了冷却肉的褐变。研究了托盘包装和真空包装条件下,冷却肉自身的还原系统活性变化规律及其对肉色稳定性的影响。在2周的贮藏期内,真空与托盘包装冷却肉糜肌浆蛋白粗提液的还原活性持续下降;但真空包装组MetMb还原酶粗提液还原活力第1天到第14天活性差异不显著,托盘包装组前后差异显著。真空包装组在贮藏期间MetMb含量持续下降,但托盘包装组MetMb含量则持续上升,说明无氧条件有利于MetMb的还原。托盘包装组TBA在贮藏期间持续上生,但真空包装组TBA变化不明显。结果表明,托盘包装不利于冷却肉自身MetMb还原能力的维持,而真空包装的无氧环境,有利于MetMb的还原和肉色的保持。     

不同包装冷却肉在贮藏过程中高铁肌红蛋白还原系统活性变化

在冷却肉的贮藏过程中,其肌红蛋白(Mb)被氧化为高铁肌红蛋白(MetMb),导致了冷却肉的褐变。研究了CO气调包装和真空包装条件下,冷却肉自身的还原系统活性变化规律及其对肉色稳定性的影响。结果表明:CO-MAP的包装护色效果最好,但是对MetMb含量下降和脂肪氧化没有明显作用;在19d的贮藏期内,肌肉中MetMb还原酶活力稳中有升,在其作用下,肉中MetMb含量不断下降,从第9天开始保持平稳,MetMb维持在较低的水平。结果表明,肌肉中MetMb的含量不仅与还原酶系统的活力有关,还与肌肉中自身的电子传递体NADH的含量有关。同时对肌肉中脂肪氧化程度变化的研究表明,TBA值与MetMb含量的变化趋势有一定的相关性。     

秦川牛宰后肉色与其食用品质的相关性

为研究宰后牛肉肉色变化与其食用品质的相关性,以秦川牛背最长肌为研究对象,对宰后排酸成熟7d牛肉的肉色、肌红蛋白相对含量、pH值、剪切力、持水力及蒸煮损失率的变化进行分析,采用主成分分析和相关性分析相结合的方法研究肉色与其食用品质的相关性。结果表明：排酸过程中牛肉亮度值（L*）和红度值（a*）呈现先上升后下降的趋势,黄度值（b*）缓慢上升;氧合肌红蛋白（oxymyoglobin,OxyMb）相对含量持续下降;脱氧肌红蛋白（deoxymyoglobin,DeoxyMb）相对含量先上升,5d后缓慢下降;高铁肌红蛋白（metmyoglobin,MetMb）相对含量逐渐上升;pH值先降低,5d后回升;持水力和剪切力逐渐减小;蒸煮损失率先呈上升趋势,7d后下降;L*与DeoxyMb相对含量呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,OxyMb相对含量与MetMb相对含量呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,MetMb相对含量与剪切力呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）,持水力与剪切力呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,OxyMb相对含量与持水力和剪切力呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,MetMb相对含量与持水力呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）。     

琥珀酸钠对牛肉糜色泽及高铁肌红蛋白含量的影响

在牛肉糜中加入0、4、6、8mmol/L的琥珀酸,研究其对牛肉糜pH、颜色、Mb和MetMb含量、TBARS的影响,以揭示琥珀酸-琥珀酸脱氢酶体系在MetMb还原中的作用。结果显示:琥珀酸添加对牛肉糜pH没有影响,低浓度琥珀酸（4～6mmol/L）可提高红度值和Mb含量,降低MetMb含量,但对肉的脂肪氧化没有抑制作用。      

高铁肌红蛋白氧化对牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白生化特性的影响

为探究高铁肌红蛋白(metmyoglobin,MetMb)氧化处理对宰后牦牛肉成熟24 h肌原纤维蛋白生化特性的影响,以不同浓度(0、0.01、0.05、0.5 mmol/L)MetMb氧化体系氧化孵育24 h的牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白为研究对象,以未加氧化剂的肌原纤维蛋白为空白对照,测定不同氧化浓度下肌原纤维蛋白的羰基浓度、巯基浓度、二硫键浓度、表面疏水性、Ca/K-ATPase活性、二聚酪氨酸等指标的变化规律。结果表明,随着MetMb浓度的增加,不同处理组间牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白均表现出不同程度的氧化水平,其中羰基浓度、二硫键浓度、表面疏水性、二聚酪氨酸含量和Ca-ATPase活性均呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05),巯基浓度和K-ATPase活性则显著降低(P<0.05)。当氧化液浓度增加至0.5 mmol/L时,羰基浓度较空白对照组升高了近4倍,而巯基浓度较空白对照组下降31.5%。综上,MetMb氧化促使肌原纤维蛋白发生了不同程度的氧化,增加了蛋白的氧化程度。本研究结果为牦牛肉生产加工过程中蛋白氧化控制提供了一定的参考。     

肌肽对牛肉糜肉色及脂肪氧化的影响

在牛背最长肌中添加肌肽(C9H14N4O3),研究在4±1℃冷藏条件下,不同浓度(0.05%、0.1%、0.5%、1.0%)肌肽对牛肉肉糜高铁肌红蛋白(MetMb)还原酶活性、色素含量、脂肪氧化及肉色稳定性的影响。结果表明:在7d的贮藏期内,添加不同浓度肌肽均可有效抑制肉糜MetMb含量上升、提高高铁肌红蛋白还原酶活性,并与无添加组有显著性差异(p<0.05)。0.1%、0.5%浓度肌肽对抑制脂肪氧化、稳定肉色有显著作用,护色效果较理想。      

丙二醛氧化修饰对白鲢肌原纤维蛋白结构性质的影响

采用丙二醛模拟氧化体系研究脂肪氧化的次级产物小分子醛类对白鲢肌原纤维蛋白结构性质的影响。结果表明:丙二醛浓度范围在0.05～0.50 mmol/L内,肌原纤维蛋白的羰基和游离氨基含量变化不显著,活性巯基含量以及表面疏水性在丙二醛浓度为0.05～0.25 mmol/L范围内有所上升,二聚酪氨酸含量略有下降,Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性先下降后上升,溶解度随着丙二醛浓度上升而下降。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱显示,氧化使蛋白质分子间发生了交联和聚集,二硫键是主要的交联方式。随着丙二醛浓度的上升,蛋白α-螺旋相对含量下降,β-折叠相对含量上升。结果表明以丙二醛为代表的脂肪氧化次级产物在适宜浓度范围内引起的肌原纤维蛋白氧化较为温和,丙二醛浓度为0.25 mmol/L时肌原纤维蛋白发生的轻度氧化能够促进蛋白质结构伸展,暴露更多活性位点,有助于蛋白质之间的交联,可能对鱼糜凝胶的形成有促进作用。     

自由基氧化对猪肌球蛋白-醛类化合物吸附特性的影响

采用FeCl3/抗坏血酸/H2O2羟自由基氧化体系模拟猪肌球蛋白氧化,研究不同H2O2浓度对肌球蛋白巯基总量、活性巯基、二级结构和表面疏水性的影响及与4?种典型醛类风味物质间的相互作用。结果表明：H2O2浓度对蛋白质构象有显著影响,随着H2O2浓度逐渐增加,活性巯基含量显著下降（P＜0.05）,表面疏水性显著增加（P＜0.05）。当H2O2浓度在0～5?mmol/L之间时,巯基总量、α-螺旋相对含量显著下降（P＜0.05）,蛋白质吸附能力显著增强（P＜0.05）;当H2O2浓度在5～10?mmol/L之间时,α-螺旋相对含量显著上升（P＜0.05）,蛋白质吸附能力显著减弱（P＜0.05）;当H2O2浓度在10～20?mmol/L之间时,蛋白质吸附能力显著增强（P＜0.05）。肌球蛋白与醛类化合物间的作用力主要为氢键和疏水相互作用,氢键和（或）疏水相互作用越强,蛋白质对醛类化合物吸附能力越强。     

光照条件对冷却猪肉MetMb还原活性及色泽稳定性的影响

冷却肉中的肌红蛋白很容易受到光的作用而发生褪色,导致颜色劣变.本文采用猪冷却肉为原料,在相同光照强度(40～ 80Lux)下,研究不同波长光照对冷却猪肉肉糜中MetMb还原酶活性及肉色稳定性的影响.结果表明:不论托盘包装还是真空包装,避光与其他光照条件(紫光、绿光、红光、白光)对肉的色泽影响差异显著(P<0.05);真空包装有利于保持肉中MetMb还原酶活性.     

Effect of salt on myoglobin derivatives in the sarcoplasmic extract from pre- and post-rigor beef in the presence or absence of mitochondria and microsomes

The effect of salt and pH on the colour stability (oxymyoglobin) in the sarcoplasmic extract (SPE) prepared from pre- and post-rigor beef muscle was studied in the presence or absence of mitochondria and microsomes during 96 h at 4°C. The sarcoplasmic extract from the post-rigor meat (pH 5·4) or from the pre-rigor meat adjusted to pH 5·4 contained more oxymyoglobin (MbO(2)) than the pre- or post-rigor SPE maintained at pH 7·4. The presence or absence of mitochondria and microsomes in the SPE at pH 5·4 had little effect on the percentage of MbO(2). At pH 7·4, however, the percentage of MbO(2) decreased in the SPE in the presence of mitochondria, whereas the percentage of MetMb was lower in the presence of microsomes. The relative proportion of MbO(2) decreased and that of metmyoglobin (MetMb) increased with increasing salt concentration at low pH (more so in the absence of subcellular organelles) and with storage period in the SPE from both pre- and post-rigor meat. However, at pH 7·4, high levels of salt (2-4%) helped to maintain a high percentage of MbO(2) in SPE in the absence of subcellular organelles, especially the mitochondria. The first-order interactions of pH value × subcellular organelles (P < 0·01) and pH value × salt concentration (P < 0·01) accounted for about 55% of the total variation in the percentage of MbO(2) in the SPE. It is suggested that depressing microbial growth may be the operative mechanism by which added salt stabilizes the colour in pre-rigor minced meat rather than by enzymic effects of subcellular organelles.     

Effects of pyruvate on bovine heart mitochondria-mediated metmyoglobin reduction

Pyruvate can regenerate NADH through a variety of biochemical processes. However, no meat science research has determined if NADH produced via pyruvate can be used for mitochondria-mediated metmyoglobin reduction. Thus, our objectives were to assess the effects of pyruvate on mitochondria isolated from bovine cardiac muscle: oxygen consumption and metmyoglobin reduction at pH 5.6 and 7.4, 25 °C in vitro. Both mitochondria and myoglobin were isolated from fresh bovine hearts (n = 5). Mitochondria were reacted with pyruvate (50 mM), succinate (positive control; 50 mM), and antimycin A (mitochondrial inhibitor; 0.01 mM) and oxygen consumption was measured using a Clark oxygen electrode. Mitochondria (3 mg/mL) and metmyoglobin (0.15 mM) were reacted with either pyruvate, succinate, or antimycin A for 3 h. Addition of succinate and pyruvate increased oxygen consumption and metmyoglobin reduction at pH 5.6 and 7.4 (succinate > pyruvate, P < 0.05). Addition of a complex III inhibitor (antimycin A) decreased (P < 0.05) oxygen consumption as well as metmyoglobin reduction associated with pyruvate and succinate. Results from the current study suggest that pyruvate can increase the ability of mitochondria to consume oxygen and reduce metmyoglobin.     

Oxygen consumption rate of permeabilized cells and isolated mitochondria from pork M. masseter and liver examined fresh and after freeze-thawing at different pH values

Abstract: The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of 2 types of permeabilized tissues and their corresponding isolated mitochondria from porcine M. masseter and liver, resulting in 4 systems, was studied at different pH values (5.0 to 7.1) using fresh samples and samples frozen directly in liquid nitrogen (N₂) or air‐frozen at ?20°C. A protocol with the additive sequence rotenone–succinate–ADP (adenosine diphosphate)–cytochrome c–FCCP (carbonyl cyanide p‐trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone) was used to study respiration changes. The OCR of liver respiring on succinate (OCR _S ) was higher than that of muscle tissue. pH had a larger effect on OCR_S than freeze‐thawing. Low pH was associated with reduced OCR_S. The OCR_S of isolated muscle mitochondria appeared to be an underestimated relative to the OCR_S of permeabilized muscle cells. Increasing pH, following prior subjection to pH 5.0, showed partial reversibility of the OCR_S. The freeze‐thaw cycle increased the OCR_S when muscle systems were frozen and examined above pH 6.0; this effect was less apparent for liver tissue. A response to cytochrome c addition, indicating a defective outer mitochondrial membrane, was observed for all 4 systems. The response was, however, lowest for permeabilized cells. The ADP/FCCP additive pair indicated partial coupling for isolated liver and muscle mitochondria. These additives gave weak responses for the permeabilized liver cells while the OCR seemed to be inhibited for permeabilized muscle fibers when ADP/FCCP was added. Practical Application: The mitochondrial state is believed to be important for myoglobin reduction, development of flavor, and possibly other meat qualities. By monitoring the oxygen consumption in mitochondria and meat we can better understand and control such processes following freezing and thawing.     

Effects of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal on beef heart mitochondrial ultrastructure, oxygen consumption, and metmyoglobin reduction

The effects of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) on mitochondria isolated from bovine hearts (n = 5) were assessed using ultrastructure, oxygen consumption, membrane permeability, HNE binding, and metmyoglobin reduction in vitro. Pre-incubation (pH 5.6 and 7.4 at 25 °C) of mitochondria with HNE decreased oxygen consumption compared with samples without HNE (P < 0.05). Electron microscopy revealed that HNE-treated mitochondria were swollen and had increased membrane permeability at pH 7.4, compared with ethanol controls. Conversely, mitochondria incubated with HNE at pH 5.6 had decreased volume and permeability. Fluorescence studies indicate that HNE binds to the membrane of mitochondria isolated from bovine cardiac muscle (at pH 5.6 and 7.4). HNE-treated mitochondria at both pH 5.6 and 7.4 had lower metmyoglobin reduction and NADH dependent metmyoglobin reductase activity compared with control mitochondria without HNE (P < 0.05). In addition to covalent binding with myoglobin, HNE may influence beef color stability by interacting with mitochondria.     

甘油醛-3-磷酸对羊肉色泽稳定性和高铁肌红蛋白还原的影响

目的：甘油醛-3-磷酸（3-phosphoglyceraldehyde,GAP）是糖酵解过程的代谢产物,其能够在甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶（glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,GAPDH）的催化下,生成还原型辅酶I（nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NADH）,而NADH会通过促进高铁肌红蛋白的还原而提高宰后肌肉色泽的稳定性。但GAPDH催化GAP产生的NADH能否直接作用于高铁肌红蛋白的还原并不明确。因此,该研究的目的在于探究添加GAP对肉色稳定性的影响及其作用途径。方法：采用原位模型和离体模型,在原位模型中将GAP添加到羊肉样品中,测定色差值及NADH含量;离体模型中,提取羊心肌中的线粒体,分别与高铁肌红蛋白、GAP等共同孵育,测定高铁肌红蛋白的占比。结果：原位模型中,向羊肉中添加GAP,显著升高了样品的红度值和NADH含量。离体模型中,GAP与GAPDH共同孵育显著降低了高铁肌红蛋白的占比,并且会增加孵育体系的氧气消耗率。结论：添加GAP提高羊肉的色泽稳定性,是由于GAP在肉中GAPDH催化下生成的NADH能够直接被用于还原高铁肌红蛋白,进而延缓了高铁肌红蛋白的累积,肉色稳定性较高。     

Effects of succinate on ground beef color and premature browning

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of succinate on raw and cooked ground beef color. Chubs (n=10) were divided in half and assigned to either succinate (final w/w concentration of 2.5%) or distilled water. Patties (n=14 per chub half) were assigned to initial day 0 color and each of 6 treatment combinations, created by crossing 3 packaging types (vacuum, high-oxygen/80% O(2), and PVC) with 2 storage times (days 1 and 3). After storage, patties were cooked to either 66 °C or 71 °C. Succinate increased (P<0.05) ground beef pH and metmyoglobin reducing activity but had no effect (P>0.05) on raw a* and chroma values. Moreover, succinate decreased (P<0.05) raw L* values, lipid oxidation, and premature browning for patties packaged in PVC and high-oxygen. Succinate may increase cooked patty redness via its influence on meat pH.     

猕猴桃多酚在羊肉反复冻融过程中的改善肉质和延缓氧化作用

反复冻融会造成羊肉品质下降,为明确猕猴桃疏果多酚在羊肉反复冻融中的作用,从而达到保持羊肉品质、延缓羊肉氧化、延长冻融羊肉货架期的目的。本研究用猕猴桃疏果多酚、表儿茶素、叔丁基对苯二酚（tertbutylhydroquinone,TBHQ）对羊肉浸泡,进行1、3、5次冻融处理,测定羊肉汁液流失率、显微结构、物性指标、pH值、色泽及肌红蛋白氧化状态、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）值、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N）值及羊肉脂肪酸相对含量。结果发现,随着冻融次数的增加汁液流失值呈增加趋势,在冻融结束时,疏果多酚组的汁液流失率较表儿茶素、TBHQ及空白组分别降低了17.57%、16.83%和40.10%(P<0.05);在冻融期间,羊肉在疏果多酚处理下有利于维持其肌纤维结构的完整性,可以减缓冻融羊肉硬度过度降低（P<0.05）;pH值随冻融次数的增加而降低,冻融5次结束后,疏果多酚组的pH值最高且比表儿茶素组显著升高了4.55%(P<0.05)...     

The rate of metmyoglobin formation in beef, pork, and turkey meat as influenced by pH, sodium chloride, and sodium tripolyphosphate

This study investigated the effects of pH (5·5 to 7·0), sodium chloride concentration (0·0-3·0%), and sodium tripolyphosphate concentration (0·0 and 0·5%) on the rate of metmyoglobin formation in ground beef, pork and turkey meat during refrigerated storage. Increasing the sodium chloride concentration produced a progressive increase in the rate of metmyoglobin formation in ground beef. Increasing the pH between pH 5·5 and 6·5 had no effect on the rate of metmyoglobin formation with ground beef and turkey meat, but produced a marked decrease between pH 6·5 and 7·0. In contrast pH had no consistent effect on the rate of metmyoglobin formation of ground pork and the rate of formation remained low at all pH levels. When ground beef contained 0·5% sodium tripolyphosphate, the effect of pH was reversed and the rate of metmyoglobin formation was lowest at pH 5·5, increased as the pH increased to 6·5 and then plateaued.