激光表面熔覆技术进展

文章多方位对激光熔覆工艺特点、涂层材料体系和组织形貌特征进行分析,并对其研究走向予以展望。     

激光涂复的搭接区分析

文章利用扫描电镜等方法对激光熔化区的单次扫描区和搭接扫描区进行分析、比较,发现了激光搭接区出现晶粒粗大、成分偏析和显微硬度下降等现象。     

Modeling of laser cladding with powder injection

Laser cladding is one of the material additive manufacturing processes used to produce a metallurgically bonded deposition layer. To obtain a high-quality resulting part, a deep understanding of the underlying mechanisms is required. In this article, a mathematical model is developed to simulate the coaxial laser-cladding process with powder injection, which includes laser- substrate, laser-powder, and powder-substrate interactions. The model considers most of the associated phenomena, such as melting, solidification, evaporation, evolution of the free surface, and powder injection. The fluid flow in the melt pool, which is mainly driven by Marangoni shear stress as well as particle impinging, together with the energy balances at the liquid-vapor and the solid-liquid interfaces, are investigated. Powder heating and laser power attenuation due to the powder cloud are incorporated into the model in the calculation of the temperature distribution. The influences of the powder injection on the melt pool shape, penetration, and flow pattern are predicted through the comparison for the cases with powder injection and without powder injection. Dynamic behavior of the melt pool and the formation of the clad are simulated. The effects of the process parameters on the melt pool dimension and peak temperature are further investigated based on the validated model.     

激光熔覆Fe基TiC涂层的组织与性能

采用激光熔覆方法在45#钢基体上制备含TiC质量分数为20%~50%的Fe基TiC复合涂层。分别用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X线衍射(XRD)、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损机对熔覆层的微观组织、物相、硬度及耐磨性进行研究。结果表明:当TiC质量分数为30%时,涂层组织致密,TiC颗粒分布均匀、部分溶解、尺寸减小;涂层主要是由α-Fe固溶体,Fe C,Fe B,B4C,B4Si,Cr5B3,Ti B以及未溶解的TiC等组成;当TiC质量分数为30%时,熔覆层平均维氏硬度为783.8,磨损率为45#钢基体的1/38。     

A simple but realistic model for laser cladding

A model which takes into account the main phenomena occurring during the laser-cladding process is proposed. For a given laser power, beam radius, powder jet geometry, and clad height, this model evaluates two other processing parameters, namely, the laser-beam velocity and the powder feed rate. It considers the interactions between the powder particles, the laser beam, and the molten pool. The laser power reaching the surface of the workpiece is estimated and, assuming this power is used to remelt the substrate with the clad having been predeposited, the melt-pool shape is computed using a three-dimensional (3-D) analytical model, which produces mmediate results, even on personal computers. The predictions obtained with this numerical model are in good agreement with experimental results. Processing engineers may therefore use this model to choose the correct processing parameters and to establish cladding maps. Formerly Postdoctoral Fellow, Physical Metallurgy Laboratory.     

A thermal model of laser cladding by powder injection

A two-dimensional (2-D) finite element model is presented for laser cladding by powder injection. The model simulates the quasi-steady temperature field for the longitudinal section of a clad track. It takes into account the melting of the powder in the liquid pool and the liquid/ gas free surface shape and position, which must conform to the thermal field in order to obtain a self-consistent solution. The results for an idealized problem, where there is almost no melting of the substrate material, demonstrate the linear relationship between the laser power, the processing velocity, and the thickness of the deposited layer. The calculated clad heights agreed well with the experimental values for the conditions where a cobalt-based hard-facing alloy is clad onto mild steel with a linearly focused laser source. Formerly Postdoctoral Fellow, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne     

激光熔覆铁基涂层工艺参数的研究

以激光熔覆铁基涂层为研究对象,在MM-P2屏显式摩擦磨损试验机上进行摩擦磨损对比实验,分析了不同工艺参数下熔覆层形貌及熔覆涂层后磨损量的变化关系.结果表明:熔覆涂层后的表面硬度均在62HRC以上,远高于基体的硬度;熔覆层的形貌和质量主要影响因素是扫描速度,激光功率次之,并在此基础上采用能量密度进行表征,能量密度为60 J/mm2左右时的耐磨性最好,其最佳组合工艺参数为激光功率3.2 kW左右、扫描速度300 mm/min左右.激光功率过高,扫描速度过快都会导致熔覆层耐磨性能下降.      

大面积激光熔覆NiCrBSi合金组织结构

采用CO2激光器及六轴六联动三维激光加工机床对40Cr钢进行大面积激光熔覆处理,利用扫描电镜、金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪等仪器对熔覆层组织进行了研究。结果表明:激光熔覆涂层由熔覆区、结合区和热影响区三部分组成,涂层与基体呈冶金结合;涂层主要含γ-(Ni,Fe)、Ni3(Fe,Si,B)、Cr23C6相;多道搭接试样受"二次加热"效应的影响,搭接结合区的组织粗大,形态多样复杂且易产生裂纹;多层叠加熔覆层中心区域枝晶分解得较完全,第一和第二层熔覆层交界处不足以完全形成平面晶,仍以柱状晶外延方式生长。     

激光制备NiCrBSiCoWC熔凝层的特性

为改善汽轮机叶片性能,利用5 kW CO2激光器在汽轮机末级叶片表面制备NiCrBSiCoWC涂层,利用SEM观察熔凝层组织,利用HB1000B维氏硬度计测试熔凝层显微硬度,在XP-5数控高温摩擦磨损试验机上进行磨损试验,分析影响叶片熔凝层开裂行为的因素。实验结果表明:激光熔凝层与基材形成良好的冶金结合,熔凝层组织均匀,当熔凝层厚度为0.2～0.3 mm,基材预热至220℃时,熔凝层裂纹宽度和长度能得到有效控制,熔凝层平均硬度约为964 HV,其耐磨性比基体有明显的提高,熔凝层磨损后表面平滑,磨损体积减少约89%。     

Microstructure and high-temperature properties of Fe-Ti-Cr-Mo-B-C-Y_2O_3 laser cladding coating

Fe-based composite coatings were fabricated on 5 CrNiMo die steel by laser beam melting a precursor mixture of ferrotitanium,ferrochromium,ferromolybdenum,B4 C and Y_2 O_3 powders.Micro structure and properties of the coatings were studied by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy-dispersive spectrometer(EDS),resistance furnace and high-temperature tribometer.The results show that(Ti,Mo)C particles with flower-like and(Ti,Mo)B_2 with block-like shapes are in situ formed during laser cladding.Volume faction of multiple ceramic particles increases with the increasing of Y_2 O_3.The cumulative oxidation mass of the coating with 2 wt% Y_2 O_3 is decreased by one-third than that of the coating without Y_2 O_3.The oxidation layer of the coating with Y_2 O_3 is getting smooth.Meanwhile,high temperature wear volume loss of the coating with 2 wt% Y_2 O_3 is about 40% that of the coating without Y_2 O_3.The coating with 2 wt% Y_2 O_3 shows a smoother wear scar and few flat grooves are observed after high temperature wear test.     

laser cladding of Ni-Al bronze on Al alloy AA333

The present study investigates the effects of laser-processing parameters, such as laser power, traverse speed, powder-feed rate, and flow rate and species of assisting gas, and material prop-erties, such as substrate surface condition, on laser cladding of Ni-Al bronze on Al alloy AA333. The proper processing parameters were determined experimentally and are discussed in terms of their effects on laser-clad quality and microstructure as observed using optical and scanning electron microscopes. Despite a large difference in melting points between the cladding material, Ni-AI bronze (MP = 1063 °C), and the substrate, Al-alloy AA333 (MP = 577 °C), clads of thickness from 1.2 to 2.5 mm that are crack-free and had good fusion were achieved. The substrate surface condition and the flow rate and species of assisting gas were found to be important for clad formation. A sandpaper-polished substrate absorbs less energy at the molten pool front and facilities reducing dilution. A large flow rate of assisting gas, such as helium, also has an effect on reducing dilution. A laser-generated molten-pool model was developed to explain the preceding experimental results. Y. LIU formerly Research Associate, Center for Laser Aided Materials Processing, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.     

NiCrBSiC合金大面积激光熔覆层性能研究

采用CO2激光器及LASERCELL-1005六轴六联动三维激光加工机床在40Cr钢上进行激光熔覆处理。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、电化学测试系统、磨料磨损试验机等设备对熔覆层组织、硬度、磨损、腐蚀性能进行研究。结果表明:大面积激光熔覆层主要由Cr23C6,Ni3B,(Fe,Ni),Ni等相组成。激光熔覆层的显微硬度值在420~1 320 HK之间。熔覆层的硬度、耐磨性和耐蚀性与基体相比均有较大的提高;大面积激光熔覆层的显微硬度、耐磨性、耐蚀性均不及单道激光熔覆层;多层叠加熔覆层的耐蚀性能优于     

Microstructural evolution during laser cladding of M2 high-speed steel

Laser cladding of gas-atomized M2 high-speed steel on the mild steel substrate was performed using scan rates of 1 to 10 mm/s, scan line spacings of 0.1 to 0.5 mm, and powder feed rates of 1 to 10 g/min, for a given laser power of 400 W. This article presents a detailed study of the microstructural evolution during laser cladding. The effect of scan rate, scan line spacing, and powder feed rate on cooling rate can be described in terms of the cladding-layer thickness, i.e., the thinner the layer, the higher the cooling rate. The degree of metastability in the laser-clad microstructure can be understood in terms of the lattice parameter of the bcc phase. The lattice parameter of the bcc phase increased with increasing layer thickness and reached a maximum value at a thickness of 0.3 mm. Correspondingly, the microstructure varied from a cellular or dendritic structure of δ ferrite and austenite to a mixture of martensite and retained austenite. However, further increasing the layer thickness led to a decrease of both the lattice parameters of the bcc phase and the proportion of retained austenite in the martensite. This was accompanied by an increase of the amount of carbide at the prior austenitic grain boundaries and a decrease of the carbon content in the martensite and retained austenite.     

激光熔铸技术对电机转子轴的修复

风机电机转子轴经长时间运行,磨损严重,运用激光熔铸技术,很好地将转子轴磨损修复,彻底解决了电机振动超标问题,保证了生产的正常运行。     

碳钢轴类零件激光熔覆弯曲的定量实验研究

为了得到不同激光熔覆面积下轴弯曲量的变化情况,得到轴类零件激光熔覆弯曲过程的数学模型,得出熔覆面积与轴弯曲程度之间的经验公式,设计了激光熔覆校轴实验.实验在相同熔覆长度和深度下,改变熔覆中心角,即熔覆面积,进行激光熔覆.实验结果表明,在激光熔覆校轴中,轴发生了朝向激光束的弯曲;熔覆层所对中心角小于90(°)时,轴弯曲量...     

In625镍基合金粉末激光熔覆参数研究

为了确定在ZG06Cr13Ni4Mo不锈钢板上激光熔覆In625镍基合金粉末的最佳生产工艺参数,采用响应曲面分析法设计并开展一系列的激光熔覆参数实验,并利用Desigh-Expert软件中Response Surface模块对最终数据进行方差定量分析。通过金相显微镜对多道搭接熔覆试样的表面形态和横截面组织进行了观察和定性分析,从而确定熔覆工艺的最佳参数组合。结果表明,在维持送粉量不变的条件下,熔覆层高度对激光功率与扫描速度的响应都比较明显;熔覆工艺的最佳参数组合为激光功率2000 W,送粉量84 g·min?1,扫描速度5 mm·s?1,在此参数下获得的熔覆试样具有高质量的熔覆层,无气孔和裂纹,且表面光滑。     

Tribological properties of FeCoCrNiAlBx high-entropy alloys coating prepared by laser cladding

FeCoCrNiAlBx(x=0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75) coatings were prepared by laser cladding to study the effects of boron on the structure and properties of high-entropy alloys coatings.The microstructure, microhardness, and wear resistance properties of the samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, metallographic micro-hardness test, and friction-wear test, respec-tively, and the mechanism of the wear behavior was also analyzed.The results showed that the high-entropy alloys consisted of BCC phase and eutectic structure, which contained FCC phase and M2 B. With boron addition, the content of BCC phase increased while that of eutectic structure decreased. The wear resistance of the high-entropy coatings was considerably improved with increasing addition of boron, and accordingly, the FeCoCrNiAlB0.75 coating showed the best wear resistance.     

不锈钢表面激光熔覆强化层研究现状与展望

不锈钢是推动现代工业发展的关键金属材料之一。在重载、盐雾、空化、高温等恶劣工作环境下,不锈钢材料存在耐磨损、耐腐蚀、抗空蚀、抗高温氧化等表面性能不足的问题,限制了其更为广泛的应用。激光熔覆技术是近年发展较为迅速的绿色表面改性技术,其熔覆层具有组织致密且均匀、晶粒细小、膜基结合强等优点,已被广泛应用于不锈钢表面强化领域。对影响熔覆层质量的关键工艺参数与送料方式进行研究,归纳熔覆层表面强化研究现状,总结激光熔覆技术的工业应用和新型激光熔覆复合技术,进而对激光熔覆技术发展趋势及应用前景进行展望。     

半导体激光熔覆Ni包B_4C涂层的组织与性能

在304不锈钢表面采用半导体激光熔覆制备Ni包B_4C涂层,研究激光加工参数对涂层的组织形貌、物相组成、硬度和耐磨性能的影响。结果表明,当激光功率为3 k W和扫描速度为6 mm/s时,熔覆层无气孔、无裂纹,与基体呈冶金结合;熔覆层的显微组织为枝晶共熔体和再生的二次枝晶,熔覆层的主要物相由γ-Ni,Ni_4B_3,Fe_3C,B_4C,B_(13)C_2,Cr_3Ni_2,(Fe,Ni)23C6和Fe_(23)(C,B)_6等组成;熔覆层具有较高的硬度(平均值为900 HV_(0.2)),耐磨性是基体的7.6倍,硬度和耐磨性的提高归因于熔覆层中未完全熔解的B_4C颗粒以及新形成的强化相和硬质相。