Wear Analysis of Thermal Spray Coatings on 3D Surfaces

Even though the application of thermal spray coatings on complex geometries gained a greater interest in the last decade, the effect of different geometrical features on the wear behavior is still ill-defined. In this study, the wear resistance of FTC-FeCSiMn coated 3D surfaces was investigated. The wear test was carried out by means of two innovative testing procedures. The first test is a Pin-on-Tubes test where the rotating motion is realized by a lathe chuck. The specimens in the second test were fixed on the table and a robot arm operated the pin. This wear test was applied on specimens with concave or convex surfaces. The residual stresses, which were determined by means of an incremental hole-drilling method, show a dependency on the substrate geometry. The obtained stresses were put in relation to the different radii. After the wear test, a 3D-profilometer determined the wear volume and the sections of the coatings were characterized by a scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that the wear resistance is strongly influenced by the geometry of the substrate.     

Intermetallic Al-, Fe-, Co- and Ni-Based Thermal Barrier Coatings Prepared by Cold Spray for Applications on Low Heat Rejection Diesel Engines

Conventional thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems consist of a duplex structure with a metallic bond coat and a ceramic heat insulating topcoat. They possess the desired low thermal conductivity, but at the same time they are very brittle and sensitive to thermal shock and thermal cycling due to the inherently low coefficient of thermal expansion. Recent research activities are focused on the developing of multilayer TBC structures obtained using cold spraying and following annealing. Aluminum intermetallics have demonstrated thermal and mechanical properties that allow them to be used as the alternative TBC materials, while the intermetallic layers can be additionally optimized to achieve superior thermal physical properties. One example is the six layer TBC structure in which cold sprayed Al-based intermetallics are synthesized by annealing in nitrogen atmosphere. These multilayer coating systems demonstrated an improved thermal fatigue capability as compared to conventional ceramic TBC. The microstructures and properties of the coatings were characterized by SEM, EDS and mechanical tests to define the TBC material properties and intermetallic formation mechanisms.     

冲压模具热喷涂涂层的优化*

为了提高冲压模具的使用寿命,分别采用电弧喷涂工艺制备FTC-FeCSiMn耐磨涂层和高速火焰喷涂工艺制备WC-12Co耐磨涂层,并对其参数进行优化。由于电弧喷涂工艺受到较少参数的影响,而高速火焰喷涂工艺受到煤油流量、氢气流量和氧气比等十几个参数的影响,所以优化过程采用单次单因子法的试验设计法。对微硬度、孔隙率、表面粗糙度及沉积效率等涂层性质进行研究,取得较好效果。其中高速火焰喷涂的WC-12Co涂层经优化后,硬度1 547HV0.1,沉积效率34.5%,孔隙率1.0%,粗糙度1.84μm,与理论预期值非常接近。最后使用销盘试验测试涂层耐磨性,结果表明电弧喷涂的FTC-FeCSiMn涂层使工件的抗磨性提高2个数量级,而高速火焰喷涂的WC-12Co涂层更使工件的抗磨性提高4个数量级。     

Thermal Spray Coatings for Fusion Applications—Review

Thermonuclear fusion is a potential source of cleaner and safer energy for the future. Its technological realization depends on the development of materials able to survive and function in extreme conditions. This article reviews the applications of thermally sprayed coatings for fusion reactor materials. First, the principle and purpose of fusion is briefly introduced, and technological objectives are mentioned. Material-environment interactions are summarized, together with materials requirements and the role of coatings. Then, specific applications—e.g., the plasma facing components—are reviewed, focusing on application issues as well as issues related to thermal spray processing and specific properties of the respective materials. An overview of specific materials testing methods is also provided.     

Quality Considerations for the Evaluation of Thermal Spray Coatings

Revealing the true structural and mechanical properties is of utmost importance for the optimized use of thermal sprayed coatings. Only the true properties can be expected to correlate to the spray parameters. During the recent decade, the gas turbine industry has experienced a focus on the laboratory procedures being the weakest link in a frozen and robust process. This article will show several results indicating that the laboratory procedures are more essential to the evaluation results than the spray parameters themselves. With new and robust laboratory techniques, the true properties of thermal spray coatings are revealed, causing a major problem with respect to the quality standards developed 30-40 years ago. In many cases, these old specifications need updates, which is a difficult task from a cost, time, and quality perspective for OEM’s. Coatings that have been successfully used for almost half a century no longer conform to the specification they were optimized to, because of these new appropriate laboratory techniques and procedures. What is actually meant when stating the following? (1) The coating has 5% porosity; (2) No cracks are allowed; (3) Tensile bond is 50 Mpa; (4) Hardness is 1000 HV; and (5) Coating thickness is 100 μm. This article also initiates a discussion on the measurement inaccuracies, for testing of thermally sprayed coatings, with respect to the commonly used general international standards (such as QS9000, ISO17025, AS9003, and ISO10012), as well as with respect to recommendations from the Six Sigma methodology.     

热喷涂可磨耗涂层的三维显微结构

采用超音速火焰喷涂和大气等离子喷涂在高温合金表面制备由金属粘结层NiCoCrAlYTa和陶瓷面层Dy₂O₃稳定的ZrO₂组成的可磨耗涂层,利用X射线显微镜（XRM）对涂层三维微观结构进行表征,结合扫描电子显微镜对经高温后的涂层孔隙、界面及裂纹演变进行研究。结果表明：在1100 ℃高温氧化条件下,随着氧化时间增加,粘结层中的富Ta相逐渐溶解并向晶界扩散,60 h后Ta元素完全固溶;粘结层/面层界面处形成双氧化层,由较致密均匀的氧化铝内层和混合氧化物外层构成;涂层的剥落失效主要由涂层中的裂纹缺陷导致,其在高温下优先沿界面、贯穿孔隙扩展。     

中等功率柴油机缸体和缸盖制芯工艺

总结了中等功率柴油机缸体、缸盖制芯工艺的要点,包括:缸体缸筒砂芯设计应尽量避免实心制芯;在湿砂造型生产线大批量生产缸盖的情况下,应尽量采用底座砂芯;水套砂芯应尽量设计成整体;缸体、缸盖砂芯一次涂料一般用水基涂料,特别部位的二次涂料一般用醇基涂料;缸体、缸盖砂芯必须采用组芯胎具和夹具来完成组芯和下芯工序;等。最后指出:近精确制芯技术是中等功率柴油机铸造业的发展方向。     

电热爆炸喷涂和等离子喷涂联合法制备热障涂层的研究

采用电热爆炸喷涂和等离子喷涂联合制备热障涂层,以电热爆炸喷涂法在DZ125合金表面制备NiCoCrAlY粘结层,以等离子喷涂技术制备陶瓷顶层。利用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)仪对所制备的粘结层进行分析,结果表明:电热爆炸喷涂的粘结层与基体结合良好,喷涂态的粘结层的相主要由Ni3Al组成。采用联合法制备的热障涂层,在喷涂态的陶瓷层、粘结层、基体3者结合良好,界面清晰。在高温热循环过程中,粘结层/陶瓷层界面间生成了连续、致密的Al2O3膜,阻碍粘结层的氧化。粘结层/TGO界面产生平行于界面的裂纹,是导致热障涂层失效的主要原因。     

悬浮液等离子喷涂热障涂层研究进展

悬浮液等离子喷涂(SPS)解决了纳米尺度粉末输送困难的问题,在热喷涂领域得到了快速发展。介绍了悬浮液等离子喷涂的原理和特点,综述了不同工艺条件对热障涂层结构的影响:降低弧电压的波动可以提高SPS工艺的可控性;降低喷枪功率、降低悬浮液浓度、增大喷涂距离,可实现涂层由垂直裂纹结构向柱状晶结构的演变;降低表面粗糙度可提高柱状晶的均匀性;溶剂为乙醇、溶质粒度分布合理的悬浮液更容易获得柱状晶结构。总结了SPS制备热障涂层产生垂直裂纹结构和类柱状晶结构的机理,认为在相同表面粗糙度下,熔滴尺寸和切向速度是影响涂层结构的关键。SPS-8YSZ涂层的隔热性能和热循环性能较好,具有良好的应用前景。     

Indentation of Metallic and Cermet Thermal Spray Coatings

Indentation methods are presented by which the elastic and inelastic stress-strain characteristics of metallic thermal spray (TS) coatings on substrates may be extracted. The methods are based on existing techniques for brittle solids, and adapted for the finite geometry associated with coatings. Basic assumptions and derivations are given, along with guidelines for experimental measurement. Using these, indentation inelastic stress-strain curves are generated for NiCrAlY and Ni-Al bondcoats, as well as WC-Co cermet coatings. Elastic moduli are extracted for CoNiCrAlY coatings. Results are briefly discussed in the context of the effect of feedstock material, process and post-process heat treatment on the intrinsic properties of splats as well as their in-coating cohesion. The methods presented are attractive, particularly for the TS industry, due to the minimal specimen preparation and lack of intricate equipment required for measurement.     

高功率密度柴油机缸套活塞环摩擦副磨损失效机理*

为延缓摩擦副磨损失效,提升高功率密度柴油机的寿命,同时为减磨措施提供理论依据,研究缸套—活塞环摩擦副的磨损失效机理。利用扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)对原始及实际使用500h以后失效缸套和活塞环的表面形貌和化学成分进行了分析。结果表明:对于缸套,上止点附近的磨损机理为综合的磨粒磨损、粘着磨损、腐蚀磨损。缸套中部磨损机理与上止点附近相似,但没有发生大面积的粘着磨损。下止点附近的磨损机理以磨粒磨损为主。梯形环表面的铬电镀层失效,失去了保护基体的作用,磨损机理为综合的磨粒磨损、粘着磨损、疲劳磨损。扭曲气环表面仍然覆盖着比较完整的铬电镀层,磨损机理以磨粒磨损为主。     

大型船用柴油机缸套的细长孔铸造

分析了大型船用柴油机缸套铸件的细长孔铸造方案，介绍了采用镶铸钢管的方法来形成铸件内弯曲细长孔，它具有制作方便、孔的圆度和平直度好、孔内表面光洁等优点。同时在铸造过程中，必须采取措施解决镶铸管因受热膨胀而产生弯曲变形、被液态金属熔穿和减少铸件的热应力等问题。     

S20CrMoVS钢船用柴油机气缸盖锻件材料研究

对98机型S20Cr Mo VS材质的船用柴油机气缸盖锻件进行解剖,在气缸盖内部不同位置取样进行力学性能、硬度、组织、疲劳性能等相关试验,通过试验数据对整个气缸盖综合力学性能进行评定。     

Wear Behavior of Thermal Spray Coatings on Rotavator Blades

A rotavator is a motorized cultivator, popularly used to decrease the total time and human efforts in soil preparation. However, under dynamic loading, rotavator blades are subjected to extreme abrasive wear. The objective of this study was to enhance the working life of the rotavator blade in order to decrease the idle time required to reinstate the blade periodically during cultivation. The objective was carried out by means of thermal spray coatings, where the effect of the coatings on the extent of wear and the wear characteristics of the rotavator blades were examined. Three different detonation gun sprayed coatings, namely WC-Co-Cr, Cr₃C₂NiCr and Stellite-21 were compared in this study on high tensile steel rotavator blades. The wear rates of Cr₃C₂NiCr and Stellite-21 coated blades showed significant superiority over the uncoated blade, but not as much as shown by WC-Co-Cr coated blade.     

热喷涂涂层结合强度的冲击测量法

讨论了一种新型快速定性评价热喷涂层结合强度的冲击测试方法,采用自由落体的落锤冲击设备对涂层进行冲击试验,并采用声发射技术进行动态监测,以定性分析涂层结合强度。首先用超音速等离子喷涂技术分别制备了组织致密,性能良好的Ni Cr金属、Cr_2O_3陶瓷涂层。采用90°和120°金刚石压头、120°及Ф2 mm球形硬质合金压头试验,其中120°硬质合金压头更适合冲击法测试涂层结合强度。随着冲击能量的提高,声发射的能量计数也不断提高,但是落锤高度超过400 mm后,能量计数变化不大,说明在400 mm时涂层发生了破坏。对基体金属、Ni Cr涂层、以及有无Co Cr Al Y为结合层的Cr_2O_3陶瓷涂层进行对比测试,发现声发射能量计数峰值随着涂层结合强度的增强而降低。     

Infrared Thermography as a Non-destructive Testing Solution for Thermal Spray Metal Coatings

In this work, an infrared (IR) thermographic procedure was evaluated as a non-destructive testing tool to detect damage in thermal spray metallic coatings. As model systems, polished HVOF- and HVAF-sprayed Fe-based layers deposited onto steel plates were employed. Damage by external-object impingement was simulated through a cyclic impact-test apparatus, which induced circumferential and radial cracks across all model systems, and interface cracks of different sizes in distinct samples. Damaged and undamaged plates were bulk-heated to above 100 °C using an IR lamp; their free-convection cooling was then recorded by an IR thermocamera. The intentionally induced defects were hardly detectable in IR thermograms, due to IR reflection and artificial “hot” spots induced by residuals of transfer material from the impacting counterbody. As a micrometer-thin layer of black paint was applied, surface emissivity got homogenized and any artifacts were effectively suppressed, so that failed coating areas clearly showed up as “cold spots.” This effect was more apparent when large interface cracks occurred. Finite-element modeling proved the physical significance of the IR-thermography approach, showing that failed coating areas are cooled by surrounding air faster than they are heated by conduction from the hot substrate, which is due to the insulating effect of cracks.     

大中功率船用柴油机气缸套振动时效工艺研究

在大中功率船用柴油机离心浇铸合金铸铁气缸套时效处理工艺中,采用振动时效替代传统热时效,结果表明其精度稳定性达到或超过热时效的效果,而且环保、节能、降耗,工效高.     

热喷涂制备 TiO2 光催化涂层研究进展

TiO2光催化剂因其利用可持续的太阳光进行光催化反应,在环境保护、医疗卫生等领域具有潜在的应用价值,近年来引起了研究者的广泛关注。目前,颗粒状TiO2催化剂获得了一定的实际应用,但在液相中使用后需要回收,不仅增加了工艺的复杂性,而且提高了设备等成本的投入。负载型催化剂和涂层技术是将TiO2固定在载体上,可有效避免颗粒状催化剂难回收的问题。在众多涂层制备技术中,热喷涂技术可快速高效大面积地制备TiO2光催化涂层,且涂层机械性能优异,喷涂成本低廉,因而使TiO2的工业化制备和应用更具前景。综述了近年来国内外制备TiO2涂层常用的传统热喷涂技术、改进后的液相热喷涂技术和冷喷涂技术,并论述了影响TiO2光催化性能的材料相组分、涂层结构和元素掺杂等因素,总结了相应的性能改进措施,指出了目前TiO2光催化涂层的应用研究存在的问题和研究方向。