Dose-response functions for the soiling of heritage materials due to air pollution exposure

A set of materials (Portland limestone, white painted steel, white plastic and polycarbonate filter material) was exposed at locations in London, Athens and Krakow. Regular measurements of reflectance were taken over a period of twelve months. Co-located measurements of PM₁₀ concentrations were available. Based on these results, the relationship between soiling (measured as loss of reflectance) and ambient PM₁₀ concentrations was quantified leading to the development of dose–response functions for the soiling of materials. The results for limestone revealed too much scatter for a prediction to be made. Implications for air quality management and for the conservation of cultural heritage buildings are considered, including public acceptability and economic factors.     

浅谈建筑用光伏玻璃和真空玻璃的结构功能一体化的发展与应用

光伏玻璃和真空玻璃是典型的建筑节能型玻璃,在建筑工程结构中的应用越来越广泛。服役过程中,功能的退化导致节能环保效果的消失,而结构性能的不足则常引起人民生命财产的损失甚至灾难性的后果。建筑玻璃的结构功能一体化是将玻璃产品实用化的关键。针对我国大力开展光伏玻璃和真空玻璃的研发和生产的现状以及这两类节能玻璃在建筑结构应用中安...     

Asian Dust Storm and pulmonary function of school children in Seoul

Health effects of the Asian Dust Storm (ADS) have not been evaluated adequately, even though it may affect health of people in East Asia. This study was conducted to evaluate whether the ADS affects particulate air pollution and pulmonary function of children. We studied 110 school children in Seoul, Korea with daily measurement of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) from May 13 to June 15, 2007. PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and metals bound to the particles were also determined daily during the study period in Ala Shan and Beijing (China) as well as in Seoul (Korea). Three-day back trajectories showed that air parcels arrived at Seoul mostly from the desert areas in China and Mongolia through eastern China during ADS event affecting levels of particulate pollutants in the areas. Analysis of metals bound to the particulates showed that natural metal levels were much higher than the anthropogenic metal levels. We found that ambient concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were not significantly associated with PEFR in school children except asthmatics during the study period (P > 0.05). However, most of the metal concentrations bound to the particulates were significantly associated with decrease of the children's PEFR (P < 0.05). The effect of anthropogenic metals was not different from natural components of metals for reduction of PEFR. This result indicates that exposure to the metals bound to particles during the ADS period reduces children's pulmonary function, but there was no difference of potency for reduction of the pulmonary function between natural and anthropogenic metal components.     

浅谈玻璃在现代建筑中的应用

分析了玻璃在现代建筑玻璃幕墙、防火玻璃隔墙等方面的应用，介绍了夹层玻璃、钢化玻璃、防火玻璃和复合玻璃的性能，讨论了气体灭火系统防护区内隔墙玻璃的选用方法。     

强化建筑安全玻璃检测提高建筑产品的安全性

建筑安全玻璃引入工程验收检测项目之列，是执行建设部关于《建筑安全玻璃管理规定》的有力保证，也符合行业发展的要求。本文对此进行深入的调研，并借鉴汽车用安全玻璃的检测情况，提出了建筑安全玻璃检测项目的建议方案。     

Personal daily exposures to benzo(a)pyrene of taxi drivers in Genoa, Italy

Twenty-four hour personal exposures (both occupational and environmental) to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) of 15 taxi drivers working in Genoa, Italy, were monitored in May-July 1998 (15 samplings), February 1999 (7 samplings) and June 1999 (7 samplings). The mean BaP exposures measured at these different times were 1.4 ng/m3, 1.23 ng/m3 and 1.22 ng/m3, respectively, values were significantly greater than the levels found in controls (0.16+/-0.2 ng/m3). Mean daily personal BaP exposures of taxi drivers were not statistically different from the mean daily airborne BaP concentrations measured by fixed samplers during the same sampling periods.     

The corrosion of Pentelic marble by the dry deposition of nitrates and sulphates

The corrosion of Pentelic marble by the dry deposition of nitrates and sulphates, on the Acropolis hill in central Athens, during summer and autumn, was investigated with the aid of a specially designed reactor. The main feature of this reactor was the incorporation of a filter pack, which enabled an estimation of all the reacted and unreacted species involved in the corrosion of marble. Taking the prevailing experimental conditions into account, a comparison of the extent of corrosion by nitrates to that caused by sulphates was made. This showed that they were of the same order of magnitude.     

CFD在地铁站台空调系统设计中的应用

以典型的北京地铁建国门站为研究对象,以Navier-Stokes方程为基础,引入了广泛应用的标准的k-ε湍流模型,建立用于求解典型地下铁道站台内流场的计算流体力学模型。采用计算流体力学场模拟软件ANSYS CFX为计算工具,建立典型地铁车站的物理与数学模型,以试验测试与大量参考文献综合计算的活塞风结果为计算边界条件,模拟计算城市地铁空调系统的气流场,得出地铁站台典型断面的温度场、速度场以及候车区关键位置的空气温度与速度分布规律。     

玻璃纤维对水泥混凝土塑性开裂性能的影响

依据GB/T 15231-2008《玻璃纤维增强水泥性能试验方法》,对不同玻璃纤维掺量的改性水泥混凝土进行了早期塑性收缩开裂试验,基于浇筑后暴露于模拟自然条件后第1个24 h内产生的裂缝数量、裂缝总面积以及开裂指数,发现加入玻璃纤维可以有效抑制24 h内塑性收缩裂缝的形成和发展,且裂纹数量会随着纤维掺量的增大呈递减趋势.     

玻璃幕墙的连接计算

根据JGJ102—2003和GB50017—2003两种规范，介绍了玻璃幕墙的螺栓、焊缝、钢角码的计算方法，并列举了实例，指出幕墙设计人员应重视连接的设计计算工作，确保幕墙结构的安全性、可靠性。     

建筑工程中防火玻璃应用的若干误区

通过防火玻璃的性能以及相关标准和规范的介绍,对建筑工程中防火玻璃应用的几个误区进行分析,提出正确应用防火玻璃的意见。     

建筑幕墙玻璃破裂坠落的原因分析及对策

近年来,全国各地频繁发生的幕墙玻璃坠落伤人事件引发了人们对玻璃幕墙质量的担忧。本文从媒体报道的玻璃幕墙玻璃坠落事件着手,依据国家玻璃幕墙相关技术标准和法规,结合幕墙颅量监督工作实践,探讨了幕墙玻璃破裂和坠落的原因,并据此提出防范措施与建议。     

Predicting personal exposure of pregnant women to traffic-related air pollutants

As epidemiological studies report associations between ambient air pollution and adverse birth outcomes, it is important to understand determinants of exposures among pregnant women. We measured (48-h, personal exposure) and modeled (using outdoor ambient monitors and a traffic-based land-use regression model) NO, NO(2), fine particle mass and absorbance in 62 non-smoking pregnant women in Vancouver, Canada on 1-3 occasions during pregnancy (total N=127). We developed predictive models for personal measurements using modeled ambient concentrations and individual determinants of exposure. Geometric mean exposures of personal samples were relatively low (GM (GSD) NO=37 ppb (2.0); NO(2)=17 ppb (1.6); 'soot', as filter absorbance=0.8 10(-5) m(-1) (1.5); PM(2.2)=10 microg m(-3) (1.6)). Having a gas stove (vs. electric stove) in the home was associated with exposure increases of 89% (NO), 44% (NO(2)), 20% (absorbance) and 35% (fine PM). Interpolated concentrations from outdoor fixed-site monitors were associated with all personal exposures except NO(2). Land-use regression model estimates of outdoor air pollution were associated with personal NO and NO(2) only. The effects of outdoor air pollution on personal samples were consistent, with and without adjustment for other individual determinants (e.g. gas stove). These findings improve our understanding of sources of exposure to air pollutants among pregnant women and support the use of outdoor concentration estimates as proxies for exposure in epidemiologic studies.     

玻纤格栅面层加筋位置的数值模拟和试验研究

从车辙机理分析入手,由ANSYS确定面层内部最大剪应力位置,再通过不同层位室内车辙试验的对比验证,得到了工程路面铺筑的最佳位置,可为工程实际提供参考依据。     

离心玻璃棉在工程空调风管保温中的施工技术

介绍了离心玻璃棉在风管保温中的施工工艺、要点及注意问题。     

提高玻璃幕墙建筑防雷效果的做法探讨

通过对高层建筑玻璃幕墙防雷设计和施工的分析,结合一些规范及经验,具体介绍了通过提高玻璃幕墙节点的抗锈蚀能力,实现玻璃幕墙铝合金型材与结构钢筋间的可靠电气连接,改善和提高玻璃幕墙建筑的防雷效果。     

点式支承玻璃板承载能力影响因素分析

点式玻璃幕墙在国内运用越来越广。为此,对点支式玻璃幕墙的玻璃在均布荷载作用下的应力与挠度进行了计算,分析了影响点式支承玻璃板承载性能的几个重要因素：玻璃板厚度、孔心至玻璃板边缘距离、玻璃板尺寸、玻璃板长宽比,得到了一些有价值的结论,对工程设计具有指导作用.     

Short-term effect of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on daily mortality due to diseases of the circulatory system in Madrid (Spain)

Introduction

Owing to their small size, fine particles, i.e., those having a diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM_2.5), have a high alveolar penetration capacity, thereby triggering a local inflammatory process with circulatory repercussion. Despite being linked to respiratory and cardiovascular morbidities, there is limited evidence of an association between this type of particulate matter and short-term increases in mortality.

Objective

The aim of this study was to analyse and quantify the short-term impact of PM_2.5 on daily mortality due to diseases of the circulatory system, registered in Madrid from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2005.

Methods

An ecological longitudinal time-series study was conducted, with risks being quantified by means of Poisson regression models. As a dependent variable, we took daily mortality registered in Madrid from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2005, attributed to all diseases of the circulatory system as classified under heads I00-I99 of the International Classification of Diseases-10th revision (ICD-10) and broken down as follows: I21, acute myocardial infarction (AMI); I20, I22-I25, other ischemic heart diseases; and I60-I69, cerebrovascular diseases. The independent variable was daily mean PM_2.5 concentration. The other variables controlled for were: chemical pollution (PM₁₀, O₃, SO₂, NO₂ and NO_x); acoustic and biotic pollution; influenza; minimum and maximum temperatures; seasonalities; trend; and autocorrelation of the series.

Results

A linear relationship was observed between PM_2.5 levels and mortality due to diseases of the circulatory system. For every increase of 10 μg/m³ in daily mean PM_2.5 concentration, the relative risks (RR) were as follows: for overall circulatory mortality, associations were established at lags 2 and 6, with RR of 1.022 (1.005-1.039) and 1.025 (1.007-1.043) respectively; and for AMI mortality, there was an association at lag 6, with an RR of 1.066 (1.032-1.100). The corresponding attributable risks percent (AR%) were 2.16%, 2.47% and 6.21% respectively. No statistically significant association was found with other ischemic heart diseases or with cerebrovascular diseases.

Conclusion

PM_2.5 concentrations are an important risk factor for daily circulatory-cause mortality in Madrid. From a public health point of view, the planning and implementation of specific measures targeted at reducing these levels constitute a pressing need.     

玻璃幕墙热工性能与其他功能的关系

以湖北大学体育馆玻璃幕墙为例,从建筑节能上考虑了玻璃幕墙设计和用材以及其热工性能与其他功能的关系,提出不能笼统封停玻璃幕墙,应对热工性能不好的幕墙进行改造,以满足功能和舒适度的需要。     

Dust exposure and lung function of workers in the brick and clay pottery factories in the Northeast of Thailand

This study aimed to determine the particulate matter concentrations (PM10) in workplace air and personal dust, and their effects on the respiratory health of exposed workers. The lung function of 449 exposed workers was examined. The concentration of PM10 in workplace air and personal dust exposure was measured. Spirometry was used to evaluate the lung function capacity included forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced expiratory volume ratio (FEV%) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEF). The forced expiratory flow at 25% to 75% of the FVC (FEF 25-75%) was determined. The PM10 concentration in workplace air (6 study sites) and personal dust (4 study sites) exceeded the standard (REL) of 0.12 mg/m3. The results of this study showed a decrease in the mean values and percent predicted value of FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, PEF and FEF 25-75%. The lung capacity of participants revealed that 24.50%, 4.45% and 7.13% had mildly, moderately restrictive and small airway disease. The respiratory symptoms were dyspnoea (22.49%), wheezing (10.69%), chest pain (10.69%) and chronic cough (2.90%). Factors influencing lung capacity included mask usage (Adj.OR: 0.44 CI: 0.25-0.79 p-value: 0.006) and chest pain (Adj.OR: 2.68 CI: 1.14-6.30 p-value: 0.024).