锌酸盐体系Zn-Fe合金电镀阴极电流效率的研究

对碱性锌酸盐体系电镀Zn-Fe合金阴极电流效率的影响因素进行了系统的研究,并分析了镀层中铁原子的引入对Zn-Fe合金电镀阴极电流效率的影响原因及合金镀层中铁含量与阴极电流效率的关系,以期通过控制镀液组成及工艺条件在一定程度上提高阴极电流效率.增加电镀液中锌铁离子总摩尔浓度,提高镀液中锌铁离子摩尔比,降低铁离子浓度,适当控制阴极电流密度,升高镀液温度均可提高锌铁合金电沉积的阴极电流效率.添加剂ZFA的加入使Zn-Fe合金电镀的阴极电流效率降低.合金镀层中引入Fe明显降低了电沉积的阴极电流效率,镀层中的Fe含量从0升高至0.73%,合金电沉积的阴极电流效率却从79.48%降低至68.23%.这是由于碱性溶液中,氢气在金属Fe上析出的过电势明显小于在金属Zn上的过电势,使析氢容易进行引起的.     

碱性锌酸盐体系Zn-Fe合金电镀异常共沉积研究

采用分电流曲线法研究了碱性锌酸盐体系Zn-Fe合金电镀异常共沉积的规律.研究发现:Zn-Fe合金共沉积在低电流密度下为正常共沉积,高电流密度下为异常共沉积,且存在一转换电流密度;锌铁离子摩尔比、NaOH、配合剂等影响锌铁离子阴极还原交换电流密度的因素均对转换电流密度有影响;Zn-Fe合金共沉积过程中锌发生了欠电势沉积.锌铁离子的交换电流密度不同是引起Zn-Fe合金异常共沉积的主要原因.     

镍铁钨合金电沉积工艺

为获得性能良好的镍铁钨合金镀层,研究了电解液pH值、温度、电流密度、柠檬酸钠浓度对施镀阴极电流效率和镍铁钨合金镀层组分、表面形貌、显微硬度的影响.结果表明:镀液pH值对镀层形貌和阴极电流效率影响较大;随柠檬酸钠浓度增加,电流效率逐渐降低,镀层表面形貌更加粗糙.在镀液pH=8,温度70℃,电流密度7 A/dm2,柠檬酸钠...     

电镀铬铁合金镀层中铬铁比的影响因素研究

研究了在三价铬氯化物体系中电沉积Cr-Fe合金镀层的最佳工艺:导电盐NaCl、配位剂甘氨酸,电流密度10 A/dm2、pH=2.0、电镀时间15 min、脉冲电源,利用该工艺获得了较好的Cr-Fe合金镀层并采用原子吸收光谱法测定了镀层中Fe的含量.结果表明,通过改变电镀工艺条件可以改变镀层中Cr、Fe的含量比及电流效率;当电流密度为10 A/dm2时,铬铁比和电流效率达到最大;通过极化曲线分析得出温度升高不利于铬铁沉积;加入甘氨酸作配位剂、NaCl为导电盐可增大铬铁比并获得光亮、致密的管内壁镀层.     

锌-铁合金异常共沉积中锌沉积机理的研究(Ⅰ)--Zn阴极沉积反应历程的拟定

为确定Zn-Fe合金异常共沉积过程中Zn的沉积机理,在机理研究的合理假设条件下,运用各种电化学测试方法研究了Zn-Fe合金异常共沉积中Zn的阴极沉积性质,将理论推导与试验数据相结合拟定出了电极反应历程.碱性锌酸盐电镀液中(pH＞13)锌离子主要是以四配位体Zn(OH)24-的形式存在;电极反应活化能为38.93kJ/mol,表明Zn(OH)24-在阴极放电受电化学极化控制,Zn(OH)24-在阴极放电首先经历前置化学转化反应,放电分两步进行,Zn(OH)24-的扩散系数为2.452×10-6cm2/s.体系中直接放电的配离子为Zn(OH)2.     

电镀工艺对铜锡合金镀层渗氢的影响

为了减少铜锡合金电镀过程中的渗氢,在调质处理钢上直流电镀和脉冲电镀铜锡合金,采用Devanathan装置原位测氢,研究了2种电镀工艺及工艺参数对电镀铜锡合金过程中渗氢行为的影响。结果表明:直流电镀时,随着电流密度的增加,稳态渗氢电流密度和渗氢量增加;脉冲电镀工件表面可扩散氢浓度较低,渗氢量较小;脉冲频率和占空比对脉冲电镀铜锡合金中稳态渗氢电流密度和渗氢量影响显著,当平均电镀电流密度为5 A/dm2时,脉冲频率为1 500 Hz,占空比为35%时,稳态渗氢电流密度最小,约为1.5μA/cm2,渗氢量最小,约为2.9 mL,较直流电镀降低了72%。     

碱性溶液中电镀含低铁量的锌铁合金的研究

为了提高镀锌层的抗蚀能力,研究了在碱性溶液中电镀含低铁量的锌铁合金工艺及其添加剂,讨论了各种因素对合金层中含铁量的影响,并应用电化学方法、中性盐雾试验、扫描电镜方法对所得的锌铁合金镀层进行了分析和测试.结果表明:合金镀液的阴极电流效率为73%,深镀能力为100%,合金层中含铁量为0.4%～0.8%;经钝化后,其盐雾试验出现白锈时间为240 h(镀锌层为94～144h).本研究推荐的电镀低铁的锌铁合金镀液及操作条件是:10～12 g/L ZnO,120～140 g/L NaOH,20～35 mL/L铁补充剂,15～20 mL/L光亮剂,5～8 mL/L辅助剂,阴极电流密度0.5～4.5 A/dm2,温度15～40℃.     

氯化胆碱-尿素体系中电沉积Ni-Fe-Sm析氢催化电极研究

采用恒电位电沉积技术,在氯化胆碱-尿素体系中制备Ni-Fe-Sm/Cu稀土合金电极并研究其析氢(HER)性能。通过阴极极化曲线(LSV)、循环伏安曲线(CV)等电化学测试方法及SEM等表征技术,研究沉积条件对稀土合金电极的析氢性能及其表面形貌的影响。结果表明,添加稀土元素Sm能够有效提升合金电极的析氢性能。在-1.22 V的沉积电位下,沉积20 min制备的Ni-Fe-Sm/Cu稀土合金电极析氢性能最佳。在10 mA/cm²电流密度下,稀土合金电极的析氢过电位仅115 mV,Tafel斜率最小,析氢反应受Volmer-Heyrovsky反应控制。且该条件下制备的Ni-Fe-Sm/Cu稀土合金具备最高的双电层电容,电催化活性表面积最大。通过交流阻抗法(EIS)可知,Ni-Fe-Sm/Cu合金电极具有较高电荷转移速率。此外,Ni-Fe-Sm/Cu稀土合金电极在碱性介质中具有较好的稳定性,在经过1000圈的循环侧安测试,电催化析氢性能没有明显变化。     

钢铁酸性直接镀铜工艺

钢铁酸性直接镀铜工艺具有节能、环保双重优点.采用250 mL赫尔槽和加热急冷等方法,研究了组合添加荆GB-93在钢铁酸性直接镀铜中对镀层光亮范围、孔隙率、阴极电流效率、镀液深镀能力和镀层与基体结合力的影响.结果表明,通过加入GB-93添加剂,可在钢铁基体上直接电镀出光亮、结合力好的酸性铜层,可用于管件、盲孔件、铸铁件,也可用于滚镀或继续加厚其他镀层.酸性直接镀铜工艺解决了钢铁在碱性无氰镀铜中因钝化而导致结合力不良的问题,亦解决了钢铁管状件在电镀酸铜时内孔易出现铜粉的难题,可以代替剧毒的氰化铜预镀工艺.试验获得最佳工艺条件:20 g/L CuSO4·5H2O,40 g/L H2SO4,15mL/LGB-93A主剂 ,15 mL/L GB-93B助光剂,阴极电流电流密度0.8 A/dm2,温度30℃,电镀时间3 min.在上述工艺条件下,可以得到较高的阴极电流效率和良好的结合力.     

高性能活性炭电极材料在双电层电容器中的应用

以椰壳为原料，ZnCl2为活化剂，用同步物理-化学活化法制备活性炭。所得的炭样品用氮吸附法表征，并根据77K时的吸附-脱附等温线计算了它们的比表面和孔结构参数。用恒流充放电和循环伏安法研究了由活性炭电极与KOH电解质构成的双电层电容器的性能。结果显示，在5mA时放电，活性炭比电容最高达到360F／g：在大电流50mA时，比容量仍超过200F／g。同时分析研究了炭材料比表面积和孔径对电化学性能的影响，发现比表面积与比电容关联性不明显；而孔径大小对炭材料的比电容影响很大。在小电流放电时，中孔炭表面对比电容的贡献明显大于微孔炭表面；随着放电电流的增加，由中孔炭表面构成的双电层电容下降显著，而微孔炭表面的双电层电容下降幅度较小。在大电流放电时，孔径在1．5nm-2nm的较大微孔对储存电能起主要作用。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...