Optical constants of aluminum films in the extreme ultraviolet interval of 82-77 nm

Measurements of the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) reflectance of unoxidized aluminum films versus the angle of incidence in the interval of 82-77 nm, just below the aluminum plasma wavelength (83 nm), are presented. The continuum of helium was used as a radiation source for the first time in EUV reflectometry, to our knowledge. The surface roughness of substrates and samples was characterized by atomic force microscopy. The complex refractive index of unoxidized aluminum was obtained from reflectance measurements at each wavelength for the first time in this spectral range. Data on the refractive index, the dielectric constant, and the energy loss function in the above interval are shown together with our previous data obtained in an interval of 82.6-113.5 nm. Current results on the refractive index show a good match with the data in the literature calculated through the Kramers-Kronig analysis, the largest differences being in the imaginary part of the refractive index at the shortest wavelengths.     

Comparative study of magneto-optical resonance in heavy rare earth metals

The optical conductivity and the complex refractive index of terbium, dysprosium and holmium were measured at temperatures of 30, 80, 180 and 300 K using a polarimetric method. For terbium, changes in the magnetic state are observed for energies lower than 1.5 eV; they give rise to an optical resonance in σ(Ω) near 0.55 eV which corresponds to an effective s-f exchange energy J(q) ≈1.47×10^-13erg. In contrast, for dysprosium such changes have little influence on the optical properties. For holmium it is found that the highest values of the conductivity and the refractive index occur near 180 K, i.e. above the phase transition temperatures.     

Localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy of single silver triangular nanoprisms

The plasmonic properties of single silver triangular nanoprisms are investigated using dark-field optical microscopy and spectroscopy. Two distinct localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR) are observed. These are assigned as in-plane dipolar and quadrupolar plasmon excitations using electrodynamic modeling based on the discrete dipole approximation (DDA). The dipole resonance is found to be very intense, and its peak wavelength is extremely sensitive to the height, edge length, and tip sharpness of the triangular nanoprism. In contrast, the intensity of the quadrupole resonance is much weaker relative to the dipole resonance in the single particle spectra than in the ensemble averaged spectrum. Several parameters relevant to the chemical sensing properties of these nanoprisms have been measured. The dependence of the dipole plasmon resonance on the refractive index of the external medium is found to be as high as 205 nm RIU(-1) and the plasmon line width as narrow as approximately 0.17 eV. These data lead to a sensing figure of merit (FOM), the slope of refractive index sensitivity in eV RIU(-1)/line width (eV), as high as 3.3. In addition, the LSPR shift response to alkanethiol chain length was found to be linear with a slope of 4.4 nm per CH2 unit. This is the highest short-range refractive index sensitivity yet measured for a nanoparticle.     

溅射气压对HfO_2薄膜结构和光学性能的影响

HfO2薄膜的结构和光学性能与反应溅射时使用的气压有很强的依赖关系。薄膜的晶粒生长取向、生长速率和折射率明显受溅射气压的影响。所有的薄膜均为单斜相,晶粒尺寸在纳米量级。薄膜的折射率在1.92～2.08范围内变化,透过率大于85%。结果表明,这些HfO2薄膜很适宜用作增透膜或者高反膜。此外,通过Tauc公式推出光学带隙在5.150～5.433eV范围内变化,表明样品是良好的绝缘体。     

Optical properties of LPCVD silicon oxynitride

Low pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD) silicon oxynitride films of various compositions (from pure SiO₂ to pure Si₃N₄) were deposited by changing the relative gas flow ratio. The effects of oxygen on the physical properties of the films were studied by spectroellipsometry (using Bruggeman approximation and Wemple Di Domenico model) and infrared spectroscopy. Refractive index measured by spectroellipsometry method is studied as a function of some deposition parameters: temperature of deposition, gases fluxes ratio. The high value of deposition temperature means low values in refractive index. More oxygen into films decreases the refractive index. The refractive index dispersion is studied by single-oscillator Wemple Di Domenico model. The optical band gap varies monotonically from 5 eV for silicon nitride, to 9eV for HTO LPCVD silicon dioxide and for the studied silicon oxynitride was found to be between 5 and 6 eV.     

Ba0.9Sr0.1TiO3薄膜的椭偏光谱研究

用椭偏光谱仪首次在光子能量为2.15.2eV的范围内,测量了不同热处理温度下Ba0.9Sr0.1TiO3(BST)薄膜的椭偏光谱.建立适当的拟合模型,并用Cauchy色散模型描述BST薄膜的光学性质,用最优化法获得了所有样品的光学常数(折射率n和消光系数k)谱及禁带能Eg.比较这些结果,初步得到了BST薄膜的折射率n、消光系数k和禁带能Eg随退火温度变化的变化规律.     

Refractive index, optical bandgap and oscillator parameters of organic films deposited by vacuum evaporation technique

In this work, the organic thin films of 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum (Alq₃), 9,10-bis-(β-naphthyl)-anthrene (ADN), and aluminum (III) bis-(2-methyl-8-quninolinato)-4-phenylphenolate (BAlq) were deposited by vacuum evaporation technique, and the optical and dielectric properties of the films were investigated. The optical constants such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, dielectric constant and dissipation factor were determined from the measured transmittance spectra using the envelope method. Meanwhile, the dispersion behavior of the refractive index was studied in terms of the single-oscillator Wemple-DiDomenico (W-D) model, and the physical parameters of the average oscillator strength, average oscillator wavelength, average oscillator energy, the refractive index dispersion parameter and the dispersion energy were achieved. Furthermore, the optical bandgap values were calculated by W-D model and Tauc model, respectively, and the values obtained from W-D model are in agreement with those determined from the Tauc model. These results provide some useful references for the potential application of the thin films in optoelectronic devices.     

Optical properties of swift ion beam irradiated CdTe thin films

This paper reports the effect of swift (80 MeV) oxygen (O⁺⁶) ion irradiation on the optical properties of CdTe thin films grown by conventional thermal evaporation on glass substrates. The films are found to be slightly Te-rich in composition and irradiation results no change in the elemental composition. The optical constants such as refractive index (n), absorption coefficient (α) and the optical band gap energy show significant variation in their values with increase in ion fluence. Upon irradiation the band gap energy decreased from a value of 1.53 eV to 1.46 eV whereas the refractive index (n) increased from 2.38 to 3.12 at λ = 850 nm. The photoluminescence spectrum shows high density of native defects whose density strongly depends on the ion fluence. Both analyses indicate considerable defect production after swift ion beam irradiation.     

Optical Properties of Ca_(0.25)Ba_(0.75)Nb_2O_6 Thin Films Prepared by Spinning Coating

Ca0.25Ba0.75Nb2O6 (CBN25) thin film was prepared on quartz substrate by spinning coating and the optical properties were investigated by a Hitachi U-3410 spectrophotometer and a Metricon 2010 prism coupler. The optical band gap, thickness and refractive index at 632.8 nm of the CBN25 thin film were determined to be 3.65 eV, 529 nm and 2.2258, respectively. The dispersion of the refractive index fitted to Sellmeier relation well and optical waves could be guided into the thin film, which implied that CBN25 thin films were promising for integrated optics and optically active devices.     

Ab initio study of the electronic and optical properties of sillimanite (Al2SiO5) crystal

Ab initio calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) are used to investigate the electronic and optical properties of sillimanite. The geometrical parameters of the unit cell, which contain 32 atoms, have been fully optimized and are in good agreement with the experimental data. The electronic structure shows that sillimanite has an indirect band gap of 5.18 eV. The complex dielectric function and optical constants, such as extinction coefficient, refractive index, reflectivity and energy-loss spectrum, are calculated. The optical properties of sillimanite are discussed based on the band structure calculations. It is shown that the O-2p states and Al-3s, Si-3s states play the major role in optical transitions as initial and final states, respectively.     

Effect of carbon concentration on the optical properties of nanocrystalline diamond films deposited by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition method

With reducing diamond grain size to nano-grade, the increase of grain boundaries and non-diamond phase will result in the change of the optical properties of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond films. In this paper, the structure, morphology and optical properties of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films, deposited by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) method under different carbon concentration, are investigated by SEM, Raman scattering spectroscopy, as well as optical transmission spectra and spectroscopic ellipsometry. With increasing the carbon concentration during the film deposition, the diamond grain size is reduced and thus a smooth diamond film can be obtained. According to the data on the absorption coefficient in the wavelength range from 200 to 1100 nm, the optical gap of the NCD films decreases from 4.3 eV to 3.2 eV with increasing the carbon concentration from 2.0% to 3.0%. From the fitting results on the spectroscopic ellipsometric data with a four-layer model in the photon energy range of 0.75-1.5 eV, we can find the diamond film has a lower refractive index (n) and a higher extinction coefficient (k) when the carbon concentration increases.     

PbSe量子点掺杂玻璃折射率的实验测量

为了明确PbSe量子点掺杂硅酸盐玻璃的光学特性,利用阿贝折射仪和带激光光源的分光计测量了其折射率,多次重复测量表明,该组分的量子点掺杂玻璃具有较稳定的折射率（nD=1．5981±0．0027）,是非常理想的光纤制备材料。实验还表明,阿贝折射仪可以用来快速准确地测量某些固体材料的折射率,为研究新材料的折射率特性提供了一种快速测量方法。     

Light transmission model for determination of the refractive index of solid particles in suspensions: an immersion study

We report on a model to determine the light transmission of solid particles in immersion liquids. Using the model, optical and physical properties of suspensions such as the refractive index of the particles can be retrieved. The model can also be used in the case of colored suspensions, where the detection of only the maximum transmission would give an inaccurate refractive index for a particle. The validity of the method was tested with CaF(2) particles. Potential applications include scientific studies of the optical properties of micro- and nanoparticles or microorganisms in a liquid matrix. The model is also useful in industry where monitoring of suspensions and colloids is an issue.     

Modelling optical properties of soft tissue by fractal distribution of scatterers

Abstract

A knowledge of the local refractive index variations and size distribution of scatterers in biological tissue is required to understand the physical processes involved in light-tissue interaction. This paper describes a method for modelling the complicated soft tissue, based on the fractal approach, permitting numerical evaluation of the phase functions and four optical properties of tissue—scattering coefficient, reduced scattering coefficient, backscatter-ing coefficient, and anisotropy factor—by the use of the Mie scattering theory. A key assumption of the model is that refractive index variations caused by microscopic tissue elements can be treated as particles with size distribution according to the power law. The model parameters, such as refractive index, incident wavelength, and fractal dimension, that are likely to affect the predictions of optical properties are investigated. The results suggest that the fractal dimension used to describe how biological tissue can be approximated by particle distribution is highly dependent on how the continuous distribution is discretized. The optical properties of the tissue significantly depend on the refractive index of tissue, implying that the refractive index of the particles should be carefully chosen in the model in order accurately to predict the optical properties of the tissue concerned.     

Determination of polar stratospheric cloud particle refractive indices by use of in situ optical measurements and T-matrix calculations

A new algorithm to infer structural parameters such as refractive index and asphericity of cloud particles has been developed by use of in situ observations taken by a laser backscattersonde and an optical particle counter during balloon stratospheric flights. All three main particles, liquid, ice, and a no-ice solid (NAT, nitric acid trihydrate) of polar stratospheric clouds, were observed during two winter flights performed from Kiruna, Sweden. The technique is based on use of the T-matrix code developed for aspherical particles to calculate the backscattering coefficient and particle depolarizing properties on the basis of size distribution and concentration measurements. The results of the calculations are compared with observations to estimated refractive indices and particle asphericity. The method has also been used in cases when the liquid and solid phases coexist with comparable influence on the optical behavior of the cloud to estimate refractive indices. The main results prove that the index of refraction for NAT particles is in the range of 1.37-1.45 at 532 nm. Such particles would be slightly prolate spheroids. The calculated refractive indices for liquid and ice particles are 1.51-1.55 and 1.31-1.33, respectively. The results for solid particles confirm previous measurements taken in Antarctica during 1992 and obtained by a comparison of lidar and optical particle counter data.     

Sellmeier coefficients and dispersion of thermo-optic coefficients for some optical glasses

The refractive index and its variation with temperature, the thermo-optic coefficient (d n/dT), are analyzed with two separate physically meaningful models for more than a dozen of some important Schott and Ohara optical glasses to find the refractive index at any operating temperature for any wavelength throughout the transmission region. The room-temperature catalog values of refractive indices are fitted with a two-pole Sellmeier equation. Both the average electronic absorption band gap and the lattice absorption frequency, lying in the vacuum UV and IR regions, respectively, contribute to the refractive indices and their dispersion. The estimated absorption band gaps are at 8.5-11.9 eV, and these values agree with the measured values at 8.8-11.6 eV satisfactorily for normal optical glasses. The higher-index glasses have electronic absorption in the region of 5.6-6.3 eV, and the estimated band gap of SF6 glass is 6.0 eV. The dispersion of thermo-optic coefficients is accounted for satisfactorily with a model, based on three physical parameters, the thermal expansion coefficient and excitonic and isentropic optical band gaps that are in the vacuum UV region. These optical constants are used to compute refractive indices at any operating temperature and wavelength. The Abbé number and the chromatic dispersion characteristics of these glasses are evaluated from the computed optical constants; the values of the chromatic dispersions are evaluated particularly at the three optical windows of the optical fiber communication systems and femtosecond technology.     

Ba0.9Sr0.1TiO3薄膜的椭偏光谱研究

用椭偏光谱仪首次在光子能量为2．1－5．2eV的范围内,测量了不同热处理温度下Ba0.9Sr0.1TiO3(BST)薄膜的椭偏光谱。建立适当的拟合模型,并用Cauchy色散模型描述BST薄膜的光学性质,用最优化法获得了所用样品的光学常数（折射率n和消光系数k）谱及禁带能Eg比较这些结果,初步得到了BST薄膜的折射率n、消光系数k和禁带能Eg随退火温度变化的变化规律。     

The relationship between optical inhomogeneity and film structure

The inhomogeneity of the refractive index in optical thin films has often been represented by an assembly of two homogeneous layers, one usually being rather thinner than the other and with a refractive index further removed from that of the ideal single layer. In this present study the inhomogeneity is related more directly to the physical structure of the layers and especially to the form of their columnar grains. In order to derive the optical properties of a columnar solid, techniques for the calculation of the refractive index of arrays of columns are necessary, and a number of possible techniques are compared. The inhomogeneity in films of zinc sulphide, cryolite and titanium dioxide is interpreted in terms of the columnar model of film structure and its relationship with other aspects, such as packing density, is examined.     

Extraction of the refractive index profile of thin transparent conductive oxide films from the analysis of reflectance optical spectra

In the direction of growth of fabricated films, the material near the free surface as well as the interface with the substrate exhibits properties which are different from those of the material in the bulk. The resulting spatial inhomogeneity of the refractive index influences positions and values of the extrema of optical spectra. We exploit this to derive the profile of the refractive index by developing a theoretical approach. In the calculations, taking the derived profile into account, we attain a good reproduction of the experimental Transmittance and Reflectance spectra from approximately 1 to 4 eV, the region of relatively weak refractive-index dispersion.