含铝粉的MgO-SiC材料对IF钢硅含量的影响

以电熔镁砂、碳化硅和铝粉为主要原料,采用热固性酚醛树脂为结合剂,以等静压(200 MPa)压制成坩埚,自然养生24 h后于230℃保温24 h热处理。随后在坩埚中加入5 kg的IF钢和120 g保护渣,然后放入感应炉中加热至1 600℃至钢水熔化,分别冶炼30 min、60 min、90 min、120 min和180 min后各取1份钢样,化验钢样中的硅含量,并对试验后试样与钢水的反应层进行XRD、SEM和EDAS分析。结果表明:耐火材料和钢液反应层中MgO-CaO-SiO2液相的形成有利于降低材料中SiC对钢水的增Si作用,而铝粉的加入会促进MgO-SiC材料中的SiC向钢中溶解。     

铝粉加入量对刚玉基复合材料性能的影响

以电熔白刚玉砂为骨料(质量分数为60%,其中3～1mm的占45%,≤1mm的占15%),以电熔白刚玉粉(≤0.074mm和≤0.044mm)、Al2O3微粉及金属铝粉(≤0.088mm)为基质料(总质量分数为40%),改变基质料中金属铝粉的加入量(分别为0、2.5%、5%、7.5%和10%),外加3%的热固性酚醛树脂,混练均匀后,机压成标型砖,经(180±5)℃24h干燥后,于1500℃3h埋炭烧成,研究了金属铝粉加入量对烧后试样显气孔率、体积密度、烧后线变化率和常温耐压强度的影响。结果表明:加入适量金属铝粉能促进材料的烧结,加入5%的铝粉时,材料的体积密度较大,常温耐压强度最高,显气孔率最低;但加入量超过5%以后,又会影响材料的性能,因此适宜的铝粉加入量确定为5%。显微结构分析表明,加入的铝粉在高温埋炭条件下原位生成了Al(O,N,C)纤维增强相,使试样的强度提高,其高温抗折强度(1400℃)达到了58MPa。     

提高镁碳质出钢口管砖使用寿命的途径

将粒度为3~1mm和≤1mm、w(MgO)=98%的电熔镁砂,w(C)=97%的鳞片石墨以及金属铝粉(≤0.088mm、w(Al)>97%),硅粉(≤0.088mm、w(Si)>98%),碳化硅粉(≤0.088mm、w(SiC)>97%)和碳化硼粉(≤0.043mm)等抗氧化剂按一定比例混练成型为110mm×350mm试样,再将试样加热至1400℃保温2h后研究了复合抗氧化剂的效果和机理;然后通过改变配料中的颗粒级配工艺,研究了材料常温和中温处理后的性能以及材料的显微结构。结果表明:采用适当的复合抗氧化剂Al-Si的效果最好;将传统的3级配料优化后,按照颗粒级配方程设计的4级配料方法制备的试样,可以明显提高材料的中温性能,材料致密程度也明显改善。在此研究的基础上,实际制备的镁碳质出钢口管砖的实际试用结果比以前材料的寿命提高了50%左右。     

MgO-SiC-C材料的抗渣性能研究

以电熔镁砂、碳化硅、鳞片石墨(w(C)>97%)、铝粉(≤0.088mm,w(Al)>98%)和硅粉(≤0.088mm,w(Si)>98%)为主要原料,按w(电熔镁砂)=81%,w(SiC)=10%,w(鳞片石墨)=4%,w(铝粉 硅粉)=5%的组成配料,以酚醛树脂为结合剂,压制成125mm×25mm×25mm的MgO-SiC-C试样,在220℃干燥24h后采用感应炉法进行了抗转炉终渣试验,并对抗渣试验后试样进行了XRD、SEM和EDAX分析。结果发现熔渣对MgO-SiC-C试样的侵蚀和渗透并不显著,试样的侵蚀速率为0.25~0.3mm·h-1;抗渣试验后试样原质层主要组成为MgO、SiC和MgO·Al2O3;在与熔渣接触后,SiC被氧化成SiO2,由此导致在试样和熔渣间形成一高粘度的液相反应层,有效地减轻了试样受熔渣渗透和侵蚀的程度,提高了试样的抗渣能力。     

SiC加入量及烧成气氛对MgO-MgAl_2O_4质耐火材料性能的影响

为改善炭素焙烧炉火道墙的导热性能,以高纯镁砂(5~2、≤2和≤0.088 mm)和预合成镁铝尖晶石(≤1 mm)为原料,SiC粉(≤0.088 mm)为添加剂,热固性酚醛树脂为结合剂,经配料、成型、烘干、1 500℃热处理3 h后,制备了MgO-MgAl_2O_4质耐火材料试样,并分别研究了SiC粉的加入量(质量分数分别为0、1%、2%、3%和4%)和烧成气氛(空气气氛或埋炭气氛)对MgO-MgAl_2O_4质耐火材料性能和显微结构的影响。结果表明:当SiC加入量为3%(w)时,经空气气氛烧后试样综合性能最好;当SiC加入量为4%(w)时,经空气气氛烧后试样的中心部位SiC氧化成SiO气体,形成边缘致密而中心疏松的蓄热体结构,热导率急剧下降;加入SiC后经埋炭烧后试样,由于SiC被氧化成SiO气体,导致试样孔隙率增加,试样的强度及热导率有所下降。     

电熔镁砂加入量对Al2O3-SiC-C浇注料性能的影响

以电熔棕刚玉颗粒(粒度为5~3 mm、3~1 mm,≤1 mm)、电熔白刚玉细粉(≤0.088 mm)、SiC颗粒(≤1 mm)和细粉(≤0.088 mm)、电熔镁砂细粉(≤0.088 mm)、活性α-Al2O3微粉、SiO2微粉、Si粉和球状沥青为主要原料,以纯铝酸钙水泥为结合剂,配制成电熔镁砂细粉加入量(质量分数)分别为0、3%、6%、9%、12%的出铁沟用Al2O3-SiC-C浇注料,经振动成型、养护、脱模、110℃24 h烘干后,分别于1 100℃3 h、1 450℃3 h热处理,测定处理后试样的体积密度、显气孔率、烧后线变化率、抗折强度、抗高炉渣侵蚀性和抗氧化性,并分析其物相组成和显微结构。结果表明:随着电熔镁砂加入量的增加,试样的显气孔率提高,体积密度、抗折强度和抗氧化性降低,抗渣性变化不大;1 450℃3 h处理后试样物相主要由3C-SiC、6H-SiC、刚玉、方镁石以及反应生成的尖晶石和莫来石组成,且随着电熔镁砂加入量的增加,尖晶石和莫来石的生成量也增加;在侵蚀面附近,刚玉颗粒边缘生成了厚度约80μm的尖晶石层。     

莫来石加入量对SiC-莫来石材料性能的影响

以SiC颗粒(2～1mm、≤1mm)、SiC细粉(≤0.066mm)、莫来石细粉(≤0.074mm)和SiO2微粉(≤0.045mm)为原料,在w(SiC细粉)=40%的基础配方中分别以质量分数为5%、10%、15%、20%和25%的莫来石细粉取代相应量的SiC细粉,并外加2%的SiO2微粉,成型后分别在1300℃和1500℃的大气气氛中煅烧3h,测定试样煅烧前后的质量变化率以及烧后试样的显气孔率、常温抗折强度和抗热震性,并用扫描电镜观察试样的显微结构。结果表明:在SiC自保护氧化的作用下,试样的抗氧化性较强,而且随着莫来石加入量的增大,1300℃烧后试样的氧化程度减小,1500℃烧后试样的氧化程度先减小,至15%后又增大;1300℃烧后试样比1500℃具有较高的抗热震性,并且随着试样中莫来石加入量的增大,烧后试样的抗热震性提高。     

SiC加入量对MgO-MgAl2O4-SiC材料性能的影响

以电熔镁砂颗粒(3~1 mm,≤1 mm)、电熔镁砂粉、镁铝尖晶石粉和SiC粉为原料,研究了SiC加入量(w)分别为5%、10%、15%、20%时对MgO-MgAl2O4材料经1 100℃和1 500℃保温3 h后的物理性能、抗氧化性能以及1 600℃保温3 h后的抗渣性能的影响。结果表明:加入SiC有利于提高材料的烧后强度。材料经1 100℃处理后,SiC几乎完全氧化;1 500℃烧后表明,当SiC加入量不超过10%时,抗氧化性能随着SiC加入量增加而增强;超过10%时,反而降低;1 600℃烧后表明,随着SiC加入量的增加,试样抗渣性能有所下降。对1 500℃烧后试样进行XRD和SEM分析发现,在试样氧化层中生成大量的镁橄榄石。     

SiC惰性氧化对Al2O3-SiO2浇注料线变化率的影响

以三级矾土（5～0.088、≤0.088 mm）、特级矾土（1～0.088、≤0.088 mm）、碳化硅（≤0.074 mm）为主要原料,以铝酸钙水泥为结合剂,加入适量的α-Al₂O₃微粉、SiO₂微粉和减水剂制备了Al₂O₃-SiO₂浇注料。对经1 400℃空气气氛保温24 h烧后试样的线变化率、显气孔率、化学组成、物相组成和微观结构进行分析,探讨了SiC加入量（w）分别为3%、6%、8%、10%时SiC的惰性氧化对试样线变化率的影响。结果表明：1)SiC惰性氧化产物SiO₂可以填充气孔,降低显气孔率,但SiO₂生成后并不会立即与Al₂O₃发生反应形成莫来石;2)二次莫来石化是试样线变化率提高的主要因素,过量SiC抑制了自身的惰性氧化,氧化产物SiO₂相对减少,不利于试样的烧结以及二次莫来石化的持续进行;3)全组分试样中SiC加入量（w）为6%时...     

尖晶石对Al2O3-SiC-C质铁沟浇注料性能的影响

以新型亚白刚玉(8~5 mm、5~3 mm、3~1 mm、≤1 mm、≤0.044 mm)、SiC(≤1 mm、≤0.088 mm)、尖晶石粉(≤0.044 mm)、SiO2微粉、α-Al2O3微粉、铝酸钙水泥、Si粉和球状沥青等为主要原料,在Al2O3-SiC-C质铁沟浇注料的配料组成中分别加入质量分数为0、4%、7%、10%、13%的镁铝尖晶石粉,混练均匀后振动成型为40 mm×40 mm×160 mm的条状试样和50/20 mm×50/20mm的坩埚试样,经110℃24 h和1 450℃3 h热处理后测定试样的体积密度、显气孔率、常温抗折强度、常温耐压强度、烧后线变化率和抗渣性能,并且进行了XRD、SEM和EDS分析。结果表明:加入适量镁铝尖晶石粉后,由于改善了试样的成型密度,促进了试样的烧结,因而提高了试样的密度、强度、体积稳定性和抗渣性;但是,由于尖晶石和刚玉的热膨胀系数不同,加入过多的镁铝尖晶石粉会导致试样中产生过多的微裂纹,从而对试样的密度、强度、体积稳定性和抗渣性不利;本试验中,尖晶石粉的最佳加入量(质量分数)为10%;尖晶石加入量为10%的试样中有长度为30~80μm的SiC晶须生成,并且其颗粒与基质之间结合紧密。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.