公共建筑室内环境质量与人体舒适性的关系研究

室内环境质量由热、声、光和空气品质等多方面因素共同决定。本研究对北京和上海的典型公共建筑开展了大量的现场调查,测试了空气温度、平均辐射温度、相对湿度、风速、CO2浓度、照度和A声级等室内环境参数,同时了解了建筑使用者对各项环境因素的满意度,从主、客观2方面评价了室内环境质量。通过分析环境参数与满意度之间的关系,建立了总体满意度预测评价模型,该模型的评价结果可为建筑室内环境设计提供有益的参考。     

夏热冬冷地区绿色办公建筑室内环境及满意度实测和评估研究

在碳达峰、碳中和的大背景下,建筑 如何在满足使用者需求的前提下,早日实现 低碳绿色发展具有重要意义。研究提出了绿 色办公建筑室内环境及满意度实测和评估 方法,旨在提高室内环境品质和人员满意度 的同时节约能耗。根据该方法,基于各典型 季室内环境监测数据和主观满意度统计结 果,对夏热冬冷地区某典型绿色办公建筑进 行运行性能评估,并提出了室内环境优化策 略。结果显示空气温度、桌面照度和噪声级 均能满足相关标准的要求。该地区室内人员 可以接受较高的相对湿度,但对低湿环境较 敏感;室内空气品质总体达标率较低,需更 严格控制室内CO 2 和降低PM 2.5 浓度来提高 人员的满意度。     

现代建筑与室内环境控制研究

现代建筑的基本功能不仅保护居住者不受外界因素的干扰,同时也为居住者提供健康舒适的环境.供热、通风,空调等设备的混合设计和大量使用已增加了室内环境的舒适度.但是,建筑中的居住者时室内温度的波动、不良的气味或其他偏离理想状态的环境因素的忍耐力逐渐下降.由于受室内空气品质的影响越来越大,人们期望良好的室内空气品质和持续的热舒适,故室内空气品质的控制方法逐渐成为设计人员、施工人员、业主、运行维护人员和居住者首要考虑的问题.如果在建筑设计过程的所有阶段都全力强调室内空气品质问题,则建筑物室内空气品质将会大大改善.主要从建筑物选址、建筑物设计,建筑设备的设计、建筑运行维护管理等方面对现代建筑的室内环境控制进行探讨.     

西安市商业建筑冬季室内环境主观评价研究

通过主观评价调研的研究方式对西安市大型综合商业建筑室内热环境进行研究,以消费者主观感受为基础,对建筑室内热舒适度进行评价,对商业建筑室内消费人群的年龄进行分析,并且通过舒适度评价得到商业建筑室内环境满意度的正态分布情况。     

室内环境与自然通风

通风的目的是保证室内良好的空气品质,采用自然通风方式是生态建筑设计的重要内容,通过良好的自然通风组织减少对空调的利用,并及时将污染物排出,改善室内空气品质。在热舒适方面,自然通风形成的室内热环境有利于人体舒适性。分析了生态建筑中自然通风对室内空气品质与室内热环境产生的影响,探讨了利用自然通风来改善建筑的室内环境的效果和策略,并提出了相应的设计方法。研究结果表明:组织合理的自然通风,可以有效地改善室内的空气品质和室内热环境。     

重庆办公楼室内空气品质现状及灰色关联分析

为了解重庆地区办公建筑全年室内空气品质的现状及其主要影响因素,本文采用主观问卷调查和现场检测的方式对重庆市3栋办公建筑进行调查,得到办公建筑室内空气品质的现状。并通过室内客观参数水平对室内空气品质的不接受率、不佳空气的感受率和不良症状三者之间的关系进行灰色关联分析。调查结果表明:重庆办公建筑室内空气污染水平较低,除风速外所有检测参数都达到了标准值,但仍有许多室内人员对室内环境感到不满意;灰色关联分析表明:影响室内人员主观评价的所有因素中,室内风速和PM2.5是主要的影响因素。     

冰蓄冷低温送风系统设计方法(1):室内计算参数、舒适感、室内空气品质

介绍了国内外有关人体舒适感和室内空气品质的研究成果。认为低温送风空调系统可以改善室内环境、提高室内空气品质，给出了其室内计算参数并进行了详细说明。     

杭州绿色中学教室室内环境实测评价研究

室内环境实测评价在绿色建筑设计中具有最直接和最重要的作用。绿色中学是指通过绿色校园认证的中学校园。文章以杭州某绿色建筑认证的中学为例,通过室内环境物理参数实测和人员满意度问卷调查,采用主、客观结合的评价方法,综合评价该绿色中学教室室内环境实际状况。结果表明,该学校教室在声、光、热环境方面无明显问题。根据《室内空气质量标准》(GB/T18883-2002)中对教室室内环境的要求,室内CO2浓度应低于0.01%。测试建筑冬季室内CO2浓度达标率较低,主要原因是上课期间门窗紧闭,且通过下课自然通风无法快速降低CO2浓度,需对教室增加机械通风以增加通风量。     

体育建筑热环境研究思考

本文的研究目的是对近些年来体育馆室内环境相关的研究做归纳总结,提取研究现状并找出未来相关的研究方向。体育馆室内环境的研究主要集中在室内空气品质以及室内热环境研究两个方面。空气品质的研究方法主要采用的是现场长期实测的方法进行,而室内热环境的研究方法主要采用与CFD技术相结合的现场实测方法进行。研究成果表明,近些年来的研究主要集中在关于体育馆室内空气质量的影响因素,找出了室内外空气质量的关系以及体育馆内空气污染物种类与人体健康的关系。除此之外,室内热环境方面的研究也越来越受到科研人员的关注,尤其是在热评价方法模型以及通风等方面。研究的难点主要集中在体育运动的种类与空气质量的关系,体育馆被动式通风方式以及热评价模型的对象适应性方面。研究结论表明,未来体育馆建筑热舒适的相关研究应该集中在空气污染物的种类与体育运动的关系以及体育馆被动式通风与热评价模型的对象适应性方面。     

暖通空调技术与室内环境品质论析

一般来说,室内空气环境品质是指室内温度、湿度、有害物浓度、照明、噪声及舒适度等因素,其中颗粒污染物、挥发性有机化合物及温度湿度对室内环境品质有着重要的影响。目前全空气空调系统与风机盘管加新风系统不仅能够确保室内必要的温度与湿度,同时更能给室内提供必要的新鲜空气。总之,要想真正改善室内环境品质,需要从源头上进行,降低污染物的散发,确保通风的有效性,从而让人们远离病态建筑综合症。     

Impact of psycho-social factors on perception of the indoor air environment studies in 12 office buildings

The main function of a mechanically ventilated office building is to provide a healthy and comfortable working environment for occupants, while maintaining minimum energy consumption. Twelve mechanically ventilated buildings were selected. They varied greatly in surface area, number of floors, occupant density, and building use. The indoor air quality, thermal comfort, energy consumption, and perception of occupants were investigated in these buildings. A total of 877 subjects participated in the questionnaire survey during the hot summer months of June, July, and August, and during the cold winter months of January, February, and March. The questions included in the questionnaire dealt with health, environmental sensitivity, work area satisfaction, personal control of the workstations environment, and job satisfaction. Measured parameters concerning the quality of indoor air included ventilation rate, concentration of TVOC, CO₂, CO, RH, and formaldehyde. The thermal comfort parameters included room air, mean radiant, plane radiant asymmetry, and dew point temperatures, as well as air velocity and turbulence intensity. Monthly energy consumption data was also gathered for each building. Ventilation performance, in terms of air flow rate and indoor air quality, was compared with the ASHRAE Standard 62-89R (Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc. U.S.A. [1]). The measured and calculated thermal environmental results were also compared with the ASHRAE Standard 55-92 (Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc. U.S.A. [2]). CO₂ and CO levels satisfied the recommended limits. The outdoor airflow rate was half that recommended in only one building. The formaldehyde and TVOC levels were moderately higher than suggested comfort levels. However, more than 56% of the occupants rated dissatisfaction with the indoor air quality. Only 63% of the indoor climatic observations fell within the ASHRAE Standard 55-92 summer comfort zone; 27% in the winter. However, only 69% of those surveyed agreed with the comfort zones. More symptoms were reported by workers who perceived IAQ to be poor. Positive relationships were observed between the job satisfaction and satisfaction with office air quality, ventilation, work area temperature, and ratings of work area environment. However, job dissatisfaction did not correlate with symptom reports. The occupants were more dissatisfied with IAQ when they preferred more air movement. In other words, the higher the perceived air movement, the greater the satisfaction with IAQ.     

对热舒适、空气感觉质量及能耗的模拟研究

室内空调设计温度和新风量对热舒适，室内空气质量及能耗量有重要影响，然而对它们之间相互关系进行研究的文献却较少。通过计算机模拟空调系统在7种室内设计温度和7种新风量条件下的运行情况，得到不同的设计条件组合对热舒适、人体感觉空气质量及建筑能耗量的影响。基于这项分析，提出了此办公建筑合理的室内设计温度和新风量取值。     

上海市7幢办公楼室内环境品质评价

对上海市7幢高层办公楼同时进行了室内热环境、空气品质、视环境和听觉环境的现场测试和满意度调查，分析和比较了客观测试和主观调查的结果，对这7幢办公楼的室内环境品质进行了综合评价。     

某精装修住宅楼室内热舒适度实测分析

热舒适性是居住者对室内热环境满意程度的一项重要指标,除了与空气温度、湿度相关外,还与气流速度、室内空气品质密切相关.详细阐述了室内热舒适性的测试方法及评价方法,并结合工程案例的实测情况,分析客厅、主卧室、次卧室等主要功能房间的室内热舒适度.     

Literature survey on how different factors influence human comfort in indoor environments

The present paper shows the results of a literature survey aimed at exploring how the indoor environment in buildings affects human comfort. The survey was made to gather data that can be useful when new concepts of controlling the indoor environment are developed. The following indoor environmental conditions influencing comfort in the built environment were surveyed: thermal, visual and acoustic, as well as air quality. The literature was surveyed to determine which of these conditions were ranked by building users as being the most important determinants of comfort. The survey also examined the extent to which other factors unrelated to the indoor environment, such as individual characteristics of building occupants, building-related factors and outdoor climate including seasonal changes, influence whether the indoor environment is evaluated as comfortable or not. The results suggest that when developing systems for controlling the indoor environment, the type of building and outdoor climate, including season, should be taken into account. Providing occupants with the possibility to control the indoor environment improves thermal and visual comfort as well as satisfaction with the air quality. Thermal comfort is ranked by building occupants to be of greater importance compared with visual and acoustic comfort and good air quality. It also seems to influence to a higher degree the overall satisfaction with indoor environmental quality compared with the impact of other indoor environmental conditions.     

Lighting preferences in office spaces concerning the indoor thermal environment

The accurate prediction of the visual comfort zone in an indoor environment is difficult as it depends on many parameters. This is especially the case for large compact urban areas in which the density and shadow from neighboring buildings can limit the accessible daylighting in indoor spaces. This paper investigates the satisfaction range for illuminance regarding indoor air temperature in office buildings and the significant parameters affecting this range in six office buildings in Tehran, Iran. Lighting comfort has been evaluated by a subjective survey (509 total responses) and field measurement. The questionnaires were filled out in 146 and 109 rooms in summer and winter, respectively. The results show that the illuminance should not be less than 550 lx, while illuminance between 600 and 650 lx provides the highest satisfaction level. The satisfaction with lighting level is affected by individual parameters such as age, type of activity, and environmental parameters such as window orientation, external obscurations, and season. A relationship was observed between lighting level satisfaction and thermal condition acceptance, and the overall comfort depends more on thermal conditions than the lighting level.     

湖南地区高档住宅高舒适性与低能耗策略研究

高档住宅在热舒适、声环境和空气品质等方面比普通住宅有更高的要求,常规户式中央空调系统在舒适性能上较难满足高端客户的需求。毛细管辐射空调系统在热舒适、湿度环境、声环境和空气品质等方面有着优异表现,但因系统庞大复杂和造价较高,限制了它进一步推广应用。通过在系统小型化、湿度和结露控制、缩短起效时间等方面的改进完善,辐射空调的室内环境总体舒适度得到提升,将促进辐射空调方式在高档住宅领域的应用和发展。     

室内环境品质的综合评价指标

人的大工作和生活时间都在室内度过，室内环境，包括光、声、热环境和空气品质对人的身心健康和工作效率都交产生较大的影响，这几项因素的综合作用也称室内环境品质（ＩＥＱ）。对于空内环境中单一物理指标的评价已经有了不少环境，但是，人们对某一室内环境的总体印象显然是综合各因素评价的结果。本文试图利用层次分析法，以办公室环境为对象，从声、光、热和空气品质等几个方面来对室内环境进行综合评价，提出了预测不满意百分比     

Assessment of indoor HONO formation mechanisms based on in situ measurements and modeling

The photolysis of HONO has been found to be the oxidation driver through OH formation in the indoor air measurement campaign SURFin, an extensive campaign carried out in July 2012 in a classroom in Marseille. In this study, the INCA‐Indoor model is used to evaluate different HONO formation mechanisms that have been used previously in indoor air quality models. In order to avoid biases in the results due to the uncertainty in rate constants, those parameters were adjusted to fit one representative day of the SURFin campaign. Then, the mechanisms have been tested with the optimized parameters against other experiments carried out during the SURFin campaign. Based on the observations and these findings, we propose a new mechanism incorporating sorption of NO₂ onto surfaces with possible saturation of these surfaces. This mechanism is able to better reproduce the experimental profiles over a large range of conditions.     

分体空调不同新风引入方式热舒适性实验研究

选择典型的装有分体空调的办公室,对多种不同新风引入方式下的室内环境参数作了测试。通过使用PMV-PPD热舒适度评价方法,分析比较了不同新风引入方式对室内热舒适度的影响,指出了采用低位小新风量空调低风速引入方式时室内热舒适度最好,为以后进行户式空调系统新风引入设计提供了设计方向。