Cu—TiC纳米复合薄膜的研究

本文采用多靶磁控溅技术，通过分别控制Ｃｕ和ＴｉＣ靶的溅射功率制取了不同ＴｉＣ含量的复合薄膜，采用ＸＲＤ、ＸＰＳ和ＴＥＭ技术分析了薄膜的组织结构，并测定了薄膜的硬度和电阻率。研究结果表明：随ＴｉＣ含量的增加，Ｃｕ－ＴｉＣ复合薄膜的晶粒逐步细化，直至形成纳米晶，与此相应，薄膜的硬度提高，导电性降低。     

非晶态Ti—B—N薄膜的制备及晶化研究

采用双靶轮流溅射技术，以Ｔｉ和六方氮化硼反应合成了Ｔｉ－Ｂ－Ｎ薄膜，并采用ＸＲＤ，ＴＥＭ和显微硬度计研究薄膜的微结构及其力学性能。结果表明，镀态Ｔｉ－Ｂ－Ｎ薄膜为非晶体Ｔｉ（Ｎ，Ｂ）化合物，其硬度达到ＨＫ２４７０；薄膜经过热处理晶化形成ＴｉＮ结构类型的Ｔｉ（Ｎ，Ｂ）晶体，硬度略有降低。     

Cu—TiN复合薄膜的微结构与电性能

本文采用ＳＥＭ,ＥＤＡＸ和ＴＥＭ等手段研究了多靶磁控溅射制备的Ｃｕ－ＴｉＮ复合薄膜,并测定了薄膜的电阻率。研究表明,复全薄膜的微结构随ＴｉＮ含量及其片高温发生明显变化,其电阻率在基片温度约为２００℃时取得极不值,约为室温沉积薄膜电位率的１／４。     

高取向锐钛矿TiO2薄膜的MOCVD法制备与表征

采用热壁低压ＭＯＣＶＤ方法，以Ｔｉ（ＯＣ４Ｈ９）４为源在ＳｉＯ２／Ｓｉ衬底上制备出高取向锐钛矿ＴｉＯ２薄膜。用Ｘ射线衍射技术研究了沉积温度和衬底对薄膜的结构和相组成的影响规律，采用ＸＰＳ和ＳＥＭ分别研究了薄膜的组成和形貌，结果表明，当沉积温度为５００＾０Ｃ和６００＾０Ｃ时，薄膜为锐钛矿结构，３００＾０Ｃ和４００＾０Ｃ地，薄膜以无定形结构为主，薄膜的组成为ＴｉＯ２，衬底影响薄膜的相组成，不同沉积温度     

A1／TiB_2复合材料复合工艺研究

用示差扫描量热法（ＤＳＣ）和Ｘ射线衍射技术（ＸＲＤ）研究了不同铝含量对ＴｉＢ＿２反应合成过程的影响。并用一种简单的原位复合工艺制备了Ａｌ／ＴｉＢ＿２和ＬＹ１２／ＴｉＢ＿２复合材料。研究结果表明：铝含量对ＴｉＢ＿２相反应生成有很大影响，通过热力学计算可算得每一温度下的最佳铝含量。     

Tc4钛合金上离子束辅助沉积TiCxNy膜的微结构与机械性质研究

利用离子束辅助沉积技术在Ｔｃ４钛合金基体上制备了ＴｉＣｘＮｙ膜，ＴＥＭ观察揭示膜呈多晶结构，具有（１１１），（２００）和（２２０）择优取向，ＡＥＳ和ＸＰＳ分析证实ＴｉＣｘＮｙ膜呈含氧配置。膜的硬度和摩擦特性与Ｎ含量有关，Ｎ的含量过高，其硬度与摩擦特性均会下降。     

颗粒/铜基复合镀层的摩擦学性能研究

研究了复合电沉积法制备的αＡｌ２Ｏ３／Ｃｕ、ＴｉＣ／Ｃｕ和ＴｉＣ＆ＣａＦ２／Ｃｕ复合材料的摩擦学性能及磨损机理。实验结果表明,颗粒的含量对磨损率表显著的影响,并且ＴｉＣ＆ＣａＦ２／Ｃｕ是一种很好的减摩、耐磨材料。另外,显微照片显示,磨粒磨损和粘着磨损在磨损过程中主导地位。     

陶瓷薄膜与金属间的浸润性及其界面的研究

本文在对 ＴｉＮ、ＴｉＣ陶瓷薄膜与金属 Ａｇ、 Ｃｕ、 Ｎｉ、 Ｆｅ间的浸润性测量的基础上，用扫描电子显微镜（ＳＥＭ）、电子探针（ＥＰＭＡ）对其界面进行了观察。结果表明：浸润性较差的Ａｇ、Ｃｕ与ＴｉＮ、ＴｉＣ的界面平整，几乎没有发生相互扩散和化学反应；而浸润性较好的 Ｆｅ、Ｎｉ与 ＴｉＮ、ＴｉＣ的界面有明显的扩散和化学反应现象沿着ＴｉＮ、ＴｉＣ的晶界扩散；薄膜部分甚至全部溶入金属中。ＴｉＣ薄膜与Ｆｅ的界面反应程度大于ＴｉＮ 薄膜。     

TiB2超硬薄膜的合成及性能

采用离子束溅射方法制备了ＴｉＢ２硬质薄膜，ＡＦＭ观察表明薄膜表面非常光谱，ＡＥＳ、ＸＲＤ和ＸＰＳ分析证明薄膜中主要是Ｂ、Ｔｉ比为１．８，六方结构的ＴｉＢ２多晶体、且呈现强烈的（１０１）择优取向，由超显微压痕测量系统测得的加载、卸载曲线计算得到的薄膜的显微硬度比高达４８ＧＰａ     

Ti50Ni25Cu25合金／Ti高温氮化制备TiN复合陶瓷研究

将Ｔｉ５０Ｎｉ２５Ｃｕ２５形状记忆合金粒子与Ｔｉ粒子均匀混合压制后高温氮化，样品经１３００℃，１０ｈ氮化处理后，样品完全氮化，粘结相Ｔｉ５０Ｎｉ２１５Ｃｕ２５与ＴｉＮ陶闪瓷浸润性好，孔隙率低，硬度为ＨＶ１４５０；增大Ｔｉｋ５０Ｎｉ２５Ｃｕ２５粒尺寸，提高氮化温度使孔隙率增加，硬度降低。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...