超大主裙连体结构基础设计的变刚度调平

以苏州中心广场项目为例,阐述了桩基础变刚度调平在超长超宽主裙楼连体结构桩筏基础设计中的应用。考虑了土层分布以及上部结构刚度对地基和基础的影响;通过调整桩径、桩距、桩端持力层、各区域基础底板厚度等方式改变了基桩的支承刚度分布;在降低基础沉降差异、减少筏板开裂的同时,降低了工程造价。     

变刚度布桩复合地基模型试验研究

以模型试验方法研究了变刚度复合地基的承载特征、沉降分布、变形影响范围、桩土荷载分担比及基桩荷载传递特性。试验数据表明:在荷载较大的核心筒区密集布桩而在荷载较小的边角区稀疏布桩或不布桩,能有效地减少基础沉降差,同时减少基桩工程量,复合地基筏下布桩的平均桩顶反力应小于基桩的单桩极限承载力以保证基础总体沉降满足安全要求。     

复合地基变刚度调平设计研究

基于数值模拟,对比分析了6种变刚度复合地基模型的不均匀沉降、桩顶反力、土反力、筏板内力;比较了变桩长、变桩径和变桩间距等方法实现复合地基变刚度调平的效果,并进行优化布桩分析.研究表明:基础差异沉降随荷载的增加先增大后减小;变桩长、变桩距相结合的方案有利于改善筏板的内力状况,降低筏板的弯矩,减小不均匀沉降,为最理想的调平方案.     

高层建筑地基基础概念设计的思考

基于高层建筑箱、筏、桩筏基础变形、反力等实测资料的分析指出,按传统理念设计的箱基、筏基、桩筏基础有两个缺陷:一是呈现明显的碟形沉降引起上部结构的较大次应力;二是基底马鞍形反力分布导致基础板或承台冲剪力和弯矩显著增大。为使差异沉降和箱、筏承台的内力减至最小并改善上部结构受力性状,提出变刚度调平概念设计。对于框筒、框剪结构,应强化核心筒区的桩土刚度(调整桩长、桩径或桩数),相对弱化外围刚度;对于主裙连体建筑,应强化主体,弱化裙房(采用天然地基、复合地基和疏短桩基);对于箱、筏基础,可局部强化核心筒区(采用桩基或刚性桩复合地基)。对于上述变刚度调平概念设计,进行上部结构—基础—桩—土共同作用分析,进一步优化布桩和承台配筋。通过大比例现场模型试验对上述优化设计理念进行了验证,并应用于10余项工程,取得了良好的技术经济效果。     

协同作用分析在大体量改扩建工程中的应用

沉降计算是地基基础工程中的三大难题之一,特别是大体量桩筏基础及桩基础等深基础与上部结构协同作用下的沉降计算。本文以规模较大、桩筏基础、相邻基础的影响较大、荷载分布严重不均匀、对基础变形控制要求十分严格的某改扩建工程为例,采用上部结构—地基—桩筏基础的协同作用分析方法对基础沉降和差异沉降进行了研究,采用变刚度调平设计方法对桩筏基础设计进行了优化。通过实测沉降数据和单桩压桩试验数据证明计算结果是符合实际的。     

可控刚度桩筏基础变刚度调平的工程实践

基底下的地基土支承刚度不均匀导致的建筑基础差异沉降问题在中软土及土岩溶组合地区较为突出,因此,减少其差异沉降是高层建筑桩筏基础设计中的关键点。本文介绍的典型工程采用以天然地基为主、部分区域内采用桩顶设置刚度调节装置的人工挖孔桩的变刚度调平设计方法,在解决因地基土差异沉降过大引起的差异沉降问题的同时,还充分利用了良好的天然地基承载力,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。通过现场测试数据与结果进行对比分析,验证可控刚度桩筏基础应用于该项目的合理性与可靠性。现场实测结果显示,本工程D区域采用可控刚度桩筏基础后,建筑物总沉降和差异沉降均满足设计要求,地基土分担了上部结构65%的荷载,充分发挥了地基土体承载力。设计思路及相关经验可供类似工程借鉴与参考。     

基于YJK软件的某超高层核心筒桩筏基础的计算分析

利用盈建科软件计算某超高层核心筒桩筏基础,对比分析了三种计算模型,分别是不考虑上部结构刚度计算模型、考虑上部结构刚度计算模型及变刚度调平法计算模型。结果表明:考虑上部结构刚度与桩筏基础的变形协调,能有效降低筏板的配筋量;在保证桩的承载力能够满足上部荷载的情况下,可以通过变刚度调平法,调节筏板的变形,能够减少筏板的配筋量,避免不必要的浪费。     

地震荷载下刚性桩复合地基变刚度调平前后的性状分析

基于ABAQUS有限元软件模拟分析,通过模拟土的动力本构模型,选取合理的人工边界,建立了2种刚性桩复合地基与上部结构相互作用体系有限元动力分析模型,采用时程分析法对刚性桩复合地基调平前后进行地震响应分析。结果表明,调平后刚性桩复合地基对相互作用体系中上部结构的动力反应明显要比调平前时动力反应小;调平后的筏板基础在地震荷载载作用下,筏板较调平前的弯矩更小,差异沉降也更小;调平后刚性桩复合地基中,在地震荷载下长桩的最大弯矩和水平位移远大于短桩,长桩在变刚度处弯矩较大,容易发生断桩。通过对比指出,调平后刚性桩复合地基在同等经济条件下抗震性能优于调平前。     

复合地基调平前后在水平力及偏心荷载下性状分析

采用MIDAS-GTS有限元软件,模拟了复合地基的6种模型。首先保证刚性桩总体积相同,在竖向均布荷载下,通过调整群桩桩长使其基础整体受力均匀后调平基础,对比模型的4种调平方案,选出最佳的调平模型;然后采用群桩的最佳调平模型在筏板上进行水平力及偏心荷载下的等效受力计算,同时采用基础调平前(等刚度布桩)的计算模型在水平力及偏心荷载下进行受力计算;最后对基础调平前后的差异沉降、弯矩大小与群桩的轴力、弯矩进行了对比分析,得出刚性桩复合地基变刚度调平前后筏板与群桩的受力变化规律,为优化复合地基变刚度桩的研究工作性状提供了参考。     

天津汇金中心基桩测试数据与基础沉降数据分析

天津汇金中心由超高层塔楼及附属裙房组成,采用变刚度调平桩筏基础设计,主塔楼及部分裙房南侧紧邻地铁深基坑。通过分析工程检验桩数据、对比上部结构-基础-地基共同作用的沉降变形数值计算结果和实测结果以及对地铁深基坑与主塔楼的相互影响的数值分析,证明了变刚度调平桩筏基础设计的合理性以及采用有限元计算软件Zsoil进行上部结构-基础-桩-土共同工作的数值计算分析的可靠性。     

可控刚度桩筏基础桩土共同作用的工程实践

端承型桩等支承刚度较大的桩基础,在正常工作荷载作用下,桩顶较小的竖向变形无法保证桩土共同作用的实现,这可能导致良好的天然地基承载力得不到充分利用,造成极大的浪费。介绍的典型工程成功解决了支承刚度较大的桩基础难以实现桩土共同作用的问题,同时还实现了桩筏基础的变刚度调平,通过对工程设计及数值分析过程的详细论述与描写,并将现场测试数据与分析结果进行对比分析,验证可控刚度桩筏基础应用于该项目的合理性与可靠性。数值分析及现场实测结果显示,本工程采用可控刚度桩筏基础后,建筑物总沉降和差异沉降均满足设计要求,地基土分担了上部结构63%的的荷载,桩基数量大幅度降低,减少了高能耗建材的使用和桩基施工对周边环境的影响,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益。本工程可控刚度桩筏基础实施所取得的相关经验与成果可供类似工程借鉴与参考。     

大间距桩筏基础地震响应离心模型试验研究

针对饱和软土地基中大间距摩擦型桩筏基础抗震问题,采用离心振动台开展了桩筏基础地震响应的试验研究。为模拟实际软土场地浅部超固结黏土和深部正常固结黏土的地层特征,试验在高岭土土样表面预铺砂层,然后在50g离心加速度下进行固结。上部结构简化为质点和杆构件,基础形式包括桩头刚接和桩头自由2种类型的大间距桩筏基础模型。试验分析了模型的加速度和位移、土层内部孔隙水压力以及桩身应变等响应。试验结果表明:在软土场地自振频率范围内,结构–基础–地基三者相互作用十分明显,基础与结构加速度放大系数高于其它频率范围;桩头刚接与桩头自由的基础在地震时均产生了较周围地表土体更大的竖向沉降,但震后较长时间内基础与地表沉降速率基本一致;地震结束时,桩头刚接的上部结构侧向位移与基础倾斜值均较桩头自由时减少一半以上,但上部结构加速度放大作用更加明显;桩筏基础承载能力因土体软化行为有所降低,震后部分上部荷载由群桩转移到筏板,但桩筏荷载分担比例总体变化不大。试验揭示了软土震陷时桩基的变形控制机理,为软土地基减沉桩基础的抗震设计提供参考。     

Comparative study of load distribution ratio of various piled raft foundations based on coupled stiffness matrix

Load distribution ratio of piled raft foundation was investigated based on an interactive foundation analytical method that considers the coupling effect between the stiffness of the superstructure, the piled raft, and the soil. Series of numerical analysis was performed to verify the proposed analytical routine in comparison with various methods and field measurements. Through the comparative studies between various piled rafts with different aspects, it was found that the proposed analytical method derived accurate results in structural response compared with actual field data, in settlement, load distribution ratio, and raft bending moment. And it was also found that the proposed analytical method was capable of considering interaction between superstructure and foundation in predicting the behavior of building structures. As a result, it was found that in most cases, the pile in the piled raft foundation supports a majority portion of the structural load. However, for cases where the length of the pile was short and acts as a short column, the load distribution ratio between raft and pile may be overturned and shows significantly different behavior and load distribution ratio.     

位移调节器用于端承型桩筏基础的模型试验研究

位移调节器是用于调节物体支承接触点之间位移的特殊装置,可用来保证端承型桩筏基础桩–土的变形协调和共同作用。为研究端承型桩筏基础中位移调节器的设置对桩–土–筏相互作用的影响,进行了位移调节器设置前后端承型桩筏基础的室内模型对比试验。试验测量了桩身轴力、筏板沉降及桩间土反力,分析了不同荷载级别下端承型桩筏基础的荷载传递规律、整体沉降与差异沉降分布特征以及桩土荷载分担比等内容,结果表明：与常规端承型桩筏基础相比,位移调节器的设置改变了桩筏基础的荷载传递规律,顺利实现了桩土的共同作用,同时适当支承刚度的调节器可优先且充分地发挥筏底土体承载能力,优化桩土荷载分担比。结论可为进一步理论研究提供试验依据。     

穿越软土层嵌岩桩筏基础沉降特征与计算方法

结合某双塔高层建筑核心区桩筏基础和核心区外独立承台桩基础沉降变形监测资料,分析了嵌岩桩筏基础的沉降特征。结果表明,双塔核心区嵌岩桩筏基础沉降变形的整体性较好,沉降随施工加载过程增长较为稳定,而核心区外嵌岩桩基础的沉降对主楼施工和环境条件(如地下水)较为敏感,施工中出现了桩体上浮现象。根据桩顶荷载计算的嵌岩桩桩身压缩量与实测沉降相比,实测值远大于计算值。考虑嵌岩桩施工和桩筏基础工作特点,提出了穿越软土层的嵌岩桩筏基础沉降的两个主要影响因素:沉渣效应和桩侧负摩阻。在此基础上,提出了考虑沉渣和桩侧阻影响的桩筏基础沉降估算方法,并通过本工程及文献中的工程实测对提出公式的适用性进行了检验。     

Empirische nichtlineare Berechnung von Kombinierten Pfahl‐Plattengründungen (KPP)

Empirical nonlinear analysis of combined piled‐raft foundation (CPRF). Depending on load‐settlement curve obtained from field measurements or empirical relations, a nonlinear analysis of combined piled‐raft is presented to take into account the actual response of subsoil behavior. In the analysis, each pile is treated as two units, shaft and base, having a uniform settlement along the pile shaft and in the pile base. This assumption enables modeling the nonlinear behavior of combined piled‐raft. The nonlinear response of the pile is based on the DIN 4014 empirical relation of load‐settlement curve. Connecting between empirical and theoretical procedures, a method termed NPRD for nonlinear analysis of combined piled‐raft using DIN 4014 is developed. The procedure meets the requrements of the KPP‐guideline, section 6, to a computation model. The efficiency of NPRD is demonstrated in a comparison computation of Frankfurt Messeturm with the results of different authors. The proposed method was implemented in the program ELPLA. The special cases “single pile/pile group” and “raft” are contained in.     

设置变形调节装置桩筏基础设计方法及工程实践

设置变形调节装置桩筏基础通过调节装置实现对桩土支承刚度的调整与优化,使其可应用于端承型桩基桩土共同作用、变刚度调平设计、老桩的再生利用以及土岩结合地基等支承刚度严重不均匀的情况。作为一种新的桩筏基础形式,工程实践表明设置变形调节装置桩筏基础可取得显著的经济效益和社会效益。为推动其进一步应用与发展,形成成套设计理论与方法,本文详细介绍了变形调节装置桩筏基础的设计过程,并通过一工程实例对其设计方法进一步进行了分析,供广大工程技术人员参考。     

Seismic behavior of piled raft with ground improvement supporting a base-isolated building on soft ground in Tokyo

The static and seismic behavior of a piled raft foundation, supporting a 12-story base-isolated building in Tokyo, is investigated by monitoring the soil–foundation–structure system. Since the building is located on loose silty sand, underlain by soft cohesive soil, a piled raft with grid-form deep cement mixing walls was employed to cope with the liquefiable sand as well as to improve the bearing capacity of the raft foundation. To confirm the validity of the foundation design, field measurements were carried out on the ground settlements, the pile loads, the contact pressure and the pore-water pressure beneath the raft from the beginning of the construction to 43 months after the end of the construction.On March 11, 2011, 30 months after the end of the construction, the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake struck the building site. The seismic response of the ground and the foundation–structure system was successfully recorded during the earthquake, and a peak horizontal ground acceleration of 1.75 m/s² was observed at the site of the building. Based on static and dynamic measurement results, it was found that there was little change in the foundation settlement and the load sharing between the raft and the piles before and after the earthquake. It was also found that the horizontal accelerations of the superstructure were reduced to approximately 30% of those of the ground near the ground surface by the input losses due to the kinematic soil–foundation interaction in addition to the base isolation system.Consequently, the piled raft with grid-form deep cement mixing walls was found to be quite stable in the soft ground during and after the earthquake.     

Innovative piled raft foundations design using artificial neural network

Studying the piled raft behavior has been the subject of many types of research in the field of geotechnical engineering. Several studies have been conducted to understand the behavior of these types of foundations, which are often used for uniform loading on the raft and piles with the same length, while generally the transition load from the upper structure to the foundation is non-uniform and the choice of uniform length for piles in the above model will not be optimally economic and practical. The most common method in identifying the behavior of piled rafts is the use of theoretical relationships and software analyses. More precise identification of this type of foundation behavior can be very difficult due to several influential parameters and interaction of set behavior, and it will be done by doing time-consuming computer analyses or costly full-scale physical modeling. In the meantime, the technique of artificial neural networks can be used to achieve this goal with minimum time consumption, in which data from physical and numerical modeling can be used for network learning. One of the advantages of this method is the speed and simplicity of using it. In this paper, a model is presented based on multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network. In this model pile diameter, pile length, and pile spacing is considered as an input parameter that can be used to estimate maximum settlement, maximum differential settlement, and maximum raft moment. By this model, we can create an extensive domain of results for optimum system selection in the desired piled raft foundation. Results of neural network indicate its proper ability in identifying the piled raft behavior. The presented procedure provides an interesting solution and economically enhancing the design of the piled raft foundation system. This innovative design method reduces the time spent on software analyses.