不等开口纤维增强树脂复合材料缠绕壳体非测地线线型设计

线型设计是纤维增强树脂（FRP）复合材料缠绕壳体设计的一项重要研究内容,它对壳体FRP复合材料缠绕制品的质量起关键作用。本文针对不等开口极孔或不同形状封头的FRP复合材料压力容器壳体,基于非测地线缠绕方程,提出了一套非测地线缠绕线型设计方法,建立了根据已知缠绕线型和芯模转角来确定相应的切点数和纱片宽度的计算模型,开发出了一套FRP复合材料缠绕壳体仿真软件系统,对非测地线缠绕线型进行了计算机图像仿真与检验。结果表明:各个设计区间的仿真结果满足设计要求,没有出现缠绕角突变、纤维分布不规律和纤维在局部严重重叠等异常现象。该仿真软件系统可以为工程人员在实际壳体缠绕之前提供参考,缩短缠绕线型迭代试错周期,同时也为后续缠绕角及缠绕顺序等缠绕参数的优化奠定了基础。      

纤维缠绕环形压力容器线型设计与仿真

纤维缠绕环形容器要求满足线型稳定和结构优化两个条件.基于微分几何理论,提出了用于复合材料环形压力容器成型的纤维缠绕线型,分析了芯模和吐丝嘴的缠绕速比,给出了缠绕参数优化设计方法.在对优化线型进行分析的基础上,模拟环形容器的纤维缠绕过程,实现了环形容器成型的计算机优化与图形仿真.通过应用缠绕仿真系统,可以检验线型模式的正确性和可行性.结果表明,优化设计的线型模式精确可靠,满足纤维缠绕的基本要求,为微机控制环形容器缠绕奠定了理论基础.     

复合材料纤维张力缠绕预应力场动态特性

复合材料纤维张力缠绕技术通过提高纤维的张力水平可充分发挥纤维高强、高模优势,在成型过程中对结构进行预紧,成为解决高速转动部件径向变形大、界面强度低等问题新的有效途径。将每一层纤维的张力缠绕等效为一个含预应力复合材料薄环的叠加,基于正交各向异性复合材料缠绕层和各向同性金属芯模弹性变形理论,建立了纤维张力缠绕力学解析模型,得到芯模和缠绕层预应力场随缠绕层数及缠绕张力的变化规律,并通过复合材料纤维张力工艺试验验证了力学解析模型的正确性。研究发现了纤维张力缠绕中预应力“饱和”现象,并确定了影响张力缠绕预应力场的两个主要参数:缠绕层环径向刚度比E_θ/E_r和张力大小T（r）,为复合材料纤维张力缠绕成型工艺提供理论支撑。      

缠绕纤维与芯模表面间滑线系数的测量表征

提出了一种新的滑线系数测量方法, 并基于一般曲面稳定缠绕条件, 设计了一种能够简便快捷测量滑线系数的新型芯模。该芯模在固定缠绕角情况下, 沿母线方向任意点处的纬度圆半径与该点的滑线系数之间满足线性关系。利用该方法及其装置对碳纤维和玻璃纤维在不同缠绕速度、缠绕张力和胶液黏度等条件下与铝质芯模间的滑线系数进行了测量表征。研究结果表明, 该方法可为缠绕纤维与芯模表面间滑线系数的测量及非测地线缠绕轨迹规划设计提供依据。     

帘线在肘形芯模上的缠绕模型

设计了帘线在肘形芯模上的缠绕模式,推导出帘线在肘形芯模上的缠绕轨迹微分方程,采用自适应步长四阶Runge-Kutta数值方法得到微分方程的数值解。理论分析结果表明:直管段缠绕时,如果芯模对中良好,即芯模轴线与纱盘旋转中心重合,则帘线缠绕角是一常数,若芯模与纱盘未对中,则帘线缠绕角是一个变化值;弯管段缠绕时,帘线缠绕角始终是一个变化值,在弯管的两个侧面出现极值,这与实际缠绕角线形基本一致。      

纤维缠绕弧形管运动方程和线型设计

本文讨论了在计算机控制的纤维缠绕机上缠绕弧形管的运动规律,给出了测地线缠绕和非测地线稳定缠绕时丝嘴运动方程。文中还分析了弧形管缠绕线型,给出了相应公式。      

Optimal design of filament wound structures under internal pressure based on the semi-geodesic path algorithm

This research aims to establish an optimal design method of filament wound structures under internal pressure. So far, most design and manufacturing of filament wound structures have been based on manufacturing experiences, and there is no established design rule. In this research, the semi-geodesic path algorithm was used to calculate possible winding patterns taking into account the windability and slippage between the fiber and the mandrel surface. In addition, finite element analyses using commercial code, ABAQUS, were performed to predict the behavior of filament wound structures. On the basis of the semi-geodesic path algorithm and the finite element analysis method, a filament wound structure was designed using the genetic algorithm.     

超轻质全复合材料桁架结构的制备及弯曲特性

采用手工引导纤维束缠绕加高强纱绑束的成型工艺制备了截面形状为三角形的玻璃纤维/环氧全复合材料桁架。研究了芯模的设计与制造、缠绕与绑束操作、固化与脱模工艺,测试了由该工艺制得的复合材料桁架肋条的直径、纤维体积含量和拉伸强度、模量。以三点弯曲的加载方式测试了所制得的超轻质复合材料桁架的弯曲性能。结果表明,用手工引导纤维束缠绕加高强纱绑束的成型工艺制得的全复合材料桁架肋条的直径平均偏差为5.8%,纤维体积含量为64%,其拉伸强度和模量分别为747.5 MPa 和48.56 GPa,与模压工艺制得的单向复合材料相比分别提高了9%和15%。该超轻质(线密度 ≤1.0 kg/m)复合材料桁架整体抗弯载能力突出(失稳载荷达到2000 N),具有良好的结构刚度。     

环面上非测地线缠绕方程

本文分析了非测地线稳定缠绕的条件,用微分几何中法曲率和短程曲率概念给出了环面上非测地线缠绕方程,为缠绕弧形管提供了依据。      

Manufacturing of Non-axisymmetric Thermoplastic Composite Parts by Tape Winding Technique

The aim of the present work is to develop a technique for the fabrication of non-axisymmetric thermoplastic composite rings using laser heating or other heat sources. The method can be applicable in the production of elliptical springs for automotive suspensions. The elliptic spring, which functions in the same vertical deflection mode and packaging space as a steel coil spring, has the potential of saving weight (as much as 50 %) in a typical automotive suspension system. During the tape winding process, heat is supplied at the contact point of the roller and mandrel to consolidate the laminate. For the fabrication of non-axisymmetric thermoplastic composite rings, the contact point changes with change in the mandrel position. The movement of laser heat source with change in contact point is found to be difficult. Moreover, tape speed is found to vary for constant speed of a non-axisymmetric mandrel. With changes in tape speed, the amount of heat supply at the contact point cannot be kept constant for uniform bonding of the laminate. This paper discusses the problem concerning the manufacture of non-circular shapes and presents a solution by developing a kinematic model. For laser processing, the heat source is kept stationary while the mandrel and roller are moved such a way that the contact point remains at same horizontal plane. A generalized formula is developed to determine the rate of rotation of the mandrel for obtaining a constant tape speed for non-axisymmetric mandrel shapes.     

The simultaneous process of filament winding and curing for polymer composites

The simultaneous process of filament winding and curing a composite cylindrical shell is considered. From the macrokinetic point of view it is characterized by the small thickness of the relative effective reaction zone. The thermochemical conditions in manufacturing are governed by the following process variables: speed of winding, initial conversion and temperature of the filament bundle wound, and the heating applied. A thermochemical model is developed for simulation of the temperature and conversion distributions during the process. An approximate solution of the thermochemical model in the form of the constant traveling wave is derived for constant values of process variables and a thermally isolated mandrel. A non-uniform cure stress model of the process is developed for the case of using elastic orthotropic constitutive relations for a composite material. It is found that the thickness of the relative effective reaction zone drastically influences the cure stresses. The dependence of the stress level on the process variables is analyzed.     

纤维缠绕复合材料壳体刚度衰减模型数值模拟

应用微分几何理论,推导出纤维缠绕复合材料壳体的非测地线缠绕轨迹、包角方程及绕丝头运动方程,得到缠绕过程的动态仿真模拟数据。将封头处变化的缠绕角、厚度等实际工艺参数直接用于壳体结构的理论分析。采用叠层的增量本构关系,模拟层合板壳结构的损伤过程,建立了损伤后刚度衰减模型及刚度退化准则,并通过实验确定了刚度衰减系数。应用此模型对纤维缠绕复合材料压力容器进行了数值分析。结果表明:纤维缠绕复合材料压力容器封头处损伤会导致其弯曲刚度降低,这是影响轴向变形的重要因素。      

About the origins of residual stresses in <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> consolidated thermoplastic composite rings

In a context of cost reduction, in situ filament winding of thermoplastic matrix composites becomes an appealing process. As residual stresses could considerably affect the produced part, models were proposed to predict process-induced residual stresses. After developing a validated thermal model of the process, mainly three different aspects are here addressed: the continuous bonding occurring during the process, the effect of the processed layer on the structure, and the effect of the curvature of the mandrel. While stresses coming from the continuous bonding appeared to be negligible, consequent levels of stresses can be achieved due to an iterative compression of the structure by the tow (supposed to be under tension). The mandrel properties and the tow tension profile followed during winding are essential parameters that might induce several different stress states. A comparison between measured and computed end-to-end openings of split rings illustrates the accuracy of the proposed models.     

考虑纤维体积含量变化的纤维缠绕厚壁柱形结构的等强度设计

纤维缠绕厚壁柱形管道或容器在缠绕张力作用下会使缠绕纤维层的应力状态不断变化,形成沿壁厚力学性能非均匀的结构。依据缠绕过程中的纤维束应力状态分析和纤维束本构关系,获得了纤维体积含量与所受应力状态的关系。基于正交各向异性本构关系和双层筒模型的离散叠加法,建立了给定缠绕张力确定纤维缠绕厚壁柱形结构剩余张力的计算方法,并计算了等张力缠绕纤维层的纤维体积含量沿壁厚的分布。利用Tsai-Wu失效准则研究了纤维体积含量非均匀的厚壁柱形结构的纤维层强度。研究表明:缠绕工艺使内层纤维体积含量和强度均略高于外层,纤维缠绕厚壁柱形结构的强度分析和设计时应考虑这种影响;利用变化的缠绕张力设计可以实现强度比沿壁厚的均匀分布。     

The effect of fiber volume fraction on filament wound composite pressure vessel strength

This paper is a continuation of previous research reported in Ref. [1]. The previous paper discussed the relationship between fiber volume fraction in filament wound composite vessels and failure pressure. This research included a design of experiment investigation of manufacturing and design variables that affect composite vessel quality and strength. Statistical analysis of the data shows that composite vessel strength was affected by the manufacturing and design variables. In general, it was found that the laminate stacking sequence, winding tension, winding-tension gradient, winding time, and the interaction between winding-tension gradient and winding time significantly affected composite strength. The mechanism responsible for increases in composite strength was related to the strong correlation between fiber volume fraction in the composite and vessel strength. Cylinders with high-fiber volume in the hoop layers tended to deliver high-fiber strength. This paper further examines the relationship between fiber volume fraction and fiber strain to failure. Data from unidirectional strand tests and additional vessel tests are presented. A computer program that is based on the thermokinetics of the resin and processing conditions is used to calculate the fiber volume fraction distribution in the filament wound vessel. The strand's strength-versus-fiber volume data together with the computer program are used to predict composite vessel burst pressure. In general, good agreement with experimental data is observed.     

具有厚壁内衬圆筒的缠绕张力算法

缠绕张力作为缠绕工艺中的关键因素,其合理设计直接影响制品性能。针对缠绕张力的设计,提出缠绕张力算法。基于各向异性缠绕层弹性变形及各向同性内衬厚壁筒理论,给出外压作用下缠绕层的径向应力及环向应力;在弹性范围内采用应力叠加原理建立剩余张力与缠绕张力之间的解析算法。结合三种典型的张力缠绕模型,给出剩余张力具体关系式;分析等剩余张力,得到不同特例下的剩余张力解析公式。依据该解析算法研究芯模内、外径比及张力锥度系数对各向同性材料缠绕层剩余张力分布的影响,表明芯模内、外径比与锥度系数变化对缠绕层剩余张力分布有显著影响,且该文算法简单、合理、可靠;对各向异性复合材料缠绕层等剩余张力分析,其结果与现有网格理论结果一致,且该文缠绕张力上下层变化平缓,易于张力控制的实现。     

Entire Life Time Monitoring of Filament Wound Composite Cylinders Using Bragg Grating Sensors: I. Adapted Tooling and Instrumented Specimen

This paper is the first of three describing the monitoring of filament wound cylinders using Bragg grating sensors. Part I describes the technological issues and the development of specimens instrumented with embedded gratings and thermocouples. The aim is to monitor the temperature and strain changes during cylinder manufacture (see Part II) and in-service behaviour (see Part III). Specimens are filament wound glass reinforced epoxy composites, so two technological problems have to be solved: one is to collect data during fabrication and the second is to remove the specimen from the mandrel without damaging the sensors. These were accomplished by design of a specially adapted split mandrel and a rotating interface between the filament winding machine and the composite cylinder in fabrication. Immediately after sensor insertion it was possible to monitor the fabrication process, by collecting Bragg grating wavelength and temperature response, using this specially adapted tooling.     

聚酰亚胺纤维与碳纤维缠绕复合气瓶性能对比研究

本文主要研究高性能国产聚酰亚胺纤维在复合材料气瓶上的应用,并表征其与进口碳纤维的性能差距.采用国产聚酰亚胺纤维进行缠绕成型工艺优化与复合材料性能测试分析,在测试数据及工艺优化基础上针对其进行了复合材料气瓶的强度设计.分别采用聚酰亚胺纤维、进口T300、T700以及T800碳纤维缠绕成型复合材料气瓶,进行水压爆破压强的测试,并引进声发射检测技术对其在水压过程中的损伤信号进行监测分析.结果表明聚酰亚胺纤维缠绕工艺性良好,与树脂界面结合优异,适用于湿法缠绕成型工艺.复合材料拉伸强度达到1 708 MPa,纤维的强度发挥率高达80%,相比于碳纤维复合材料其呈现出较好的断裂韧性,有利于减少复合材料气瓶在水压下的应力损伤.缠绕成型的聚酰亚胺纤维复合材料气瓶容器特征系数(PV/W)高达32.2 km,其在航空航天、医用、汽车、核工业等领域具有广阔的应用前景.     

A Comparison of Helical Filament Winding and 2D Braiding of Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Components

The processes of helical filament winding and 2D braiding can be used to produce a wide variety of similar fibre reinforced polymeric components yet they are inherently very different. Their capabilities and limitations related to mandrel design, modeling of mandrel surface, fibre path prediction, manufacturability and structural analysis are reviewed. In order to illustrate the differences between the two processes in terms of fibre path prediction and mandrel coverage, a generic axisymmetric component is evaluated. A limited structural analysis is also carried out for this component highlighting the variations in thickness and tensile load capability for the two processes. Key manufacturing aspects of fibre tensioning, resin impregnation and process hybridization are also discussed. Finally, a comparison of process speeds is presented for a simple cylindrical tube.     

Optimum head design of filament wound composite pressure vessels using a hybrid model of FE analysis and inertia weight PSO algorithm

Filament wound composite pressure vessels are widely used in industrial applications. Determination of the optimal head profile has been recognized as one of the most important design issues. This paper presents the optimum design of head contours for a filament wound composite pressure vessel using a hybrid model of finite element analysis and inertia weight particle swarm algorithm. Geometrical limitations, winding conditions and the Tsai-Wu failure criterion have been used as optimization constraints. The objective is to maximize the shape factor using present optimization technique. An actual design example taken from available literature is used as a case study. Results indicate that the dome contours using the suggested method shows stronger structure and greater internal volume. This confirms that the proposed model can efficiently define the optimal dome shape.