负反馈放大电路的等效解析法分析

本文提出一种等效,方程求解和分析的新方法：从负反馈放大母体等效电路中定义一个开环增益和-个反馈系数,用解方程及分析方法证明闭环增益定理,即适用于各种输入下各节点电位和各支路电流的闭环增益通式,导出闭环输入和输出电阻。我们用表达式把闭环特性与零受控特性、理想态特性、反馈深度和接近因子等联系在-起。     

射频板条CO2激光器放电特性的数值研究

给出了射频板条ＣＯ２激光器α型放电集总参数等电电路模型。计算了谐振放电状态下集总参数的电路方程得到了沿激光器电极长度方向上的电压幅度和相位的分布,沿电极最小的相对电压幅度起伏约为１．２７％,由模型推导出用宏观测量参数表示的ＲＬＰ和Ｅ／Ｐｇａｓ的计算公式,不同于ＲａｌｆＭａｌｚ的结果,建立了射频板条ＣＯ２激光器的实验装置,获得了均匀射频放电和ＣＯ２激光。     

Noise in transistor mixers

Starting from the physical sources of noise in junction transistors, an equivalent noise circuit for a high frequency mixer circuit is presented. By means of formulas which have been derived for normal amplifiers and mixers the noise current components in the collector circuit are computed. These noise current components at the intermediate frequency are due to diverse amplifying and mixing processes. The dependence of the derived noise factor upon working point, generator output resistance, frequency and oscillator voltage is verified. The noise figure exhibits a minimum not only as a function of the generator output resistance but also as a function of the collector direct current. The noise figure may be optimized by choosing appropriate values for the circuit components and the operating point. Finally, the application of the noise formula to a dc-stabilized mixer stage is presented.     

Analysis of the boost zero-current-switched quasi-square-waveconverter

The steady-state analysis of the boost zero-current-switched quasi-square-wave converter (ZCS-QSC) is presented. The normalized output current and voltage characteristic is plotted using the switching frequency as the parameter. The small-signal equivalent circuit is derived based on a per unit system. An amplifier load is given to stimulate the actual load perturbation     

Linear Dummy Loads

The need for linear dummy loads is established. It is indicated that nonlinear dummy loads generate predominantly oddorder harmnonics. A theoretical analysis is presented which demonstrates that an ?infinite? coaxial cable with an infinite load (open circuit)at the output has an input impedance equivalent to the cable's characteristic impedance Z0. An equation is derived relating the voltage standing-wave ratio S, cable length h, and the cable attenuation constant ?. The linearity of a cable load is compared with the linearity of ?typical? commercially available loads and the commercial loads tested are found to generate 20 to 80 dB more third harmonic. Cable selection guidelines for a linear coaxial cable load are presented.     

基于皮尔斯振荡器的8MHz晶振电路设计

分析了石英晶体的等效模型和性能参数,设计了一款基于皮尔斯振荡器的8 MHz晶振电路,主要包括皮尔斯电路、使能控制及隔离电路、偏置电路和整形及电平移位电路.针对数字电路时钟为方波且数字电压域与模拟电压域不同的问题,设计了一个整形及电平移位电路,将晶体振荡器输出的正弦波整形成方波,且电路实现了双电压域工作.基于华宏0.11...     

多腔径向耦合输出系统的等效电路分析

多腔径向耦合构成的输出系统具有多个频率点(离散状态)的宽带特性,该文从等效电路的观点出发,给出了多腔径向耦合输出系统的等效电路,根据Kirchhoff定律建立了矩阵方程,导出阻抗矩阵,解出其系统的谐振频率,鉴于它的多模特点抽出它的典型状态推导出它的模式结构,揭示了径向耦合双腔的模式分布,反对称于轴向耦合双腔(双间隙腔),它是由2--2模构成。     

Large-Signal Equivalent Circuits of Avalanche Transit-Time Devices

A large-signal analysis for IMPATT diodes is derived, which allows carrier multiplication by impact ionization to occur at every point in the diode. Therefore, the operating characteristics of IMPATT diodes with a wide range of realistic doping profiles can be investigated. For a given operating frequency, RF voltage, dc bias current, and doping profile, the admittance, power output, efficiency, bias voltage of a diode can be obtained. An equivalent circuit the diode package, microwave circuit mount and diode, is obtained experimentally. Using this circuit, the admittance of the diode is measured by a reflection-type circuit and an oscillator circuit as a function of the RF voltage, dc bias current, and frequency.     

一种基于模块化仪器的轴角转换器自动测试系统

提出了一种基于模块化仪器轴角转换器自动测试系统的设计与实现。该测试系统应用高精度轴角测试仪器,研究解决了模块化仪器应用,完成了硬件电路结构设计、软件功能及界面设计。该系统具有角精度测试、电压量测试、电流量测试、测试数据记录及保存等功能。经测试表明:单通道最大误差0.005°,电压、电流量测试分辨率6.5位,可广泛应用于各型轴角转换器的性能指标测试。     

Equivalent circuit of multiplying d.a.c. using R-2R ladder network

An equivalent circuit of a multiplying digital-analogue convertor using a switched R-2R ladder is derived. This circuit consists of dependent sources, output resistance and capacitance, all digitally controlled. For a controlled voltage attenuator the multiplying d.a.c. model has been used to ensure the correct compensation of the practical multiplying d.a.c./opamp system.     

N_2分子激光器Blumlein电路开路输出电压的研究

解回路微分方程得到了Blumlein电路开路输出电压的表示式,对W.A.Fitzsimmons等给出的Blumlein电路开路输出电压近似式以及《激光器设计基础》的表示式给以补充修正。找出了影响提高器件脉冲峰值功率的电路参数。纠正了文章《N_2分子激光器》的结论,给出了电容器转换电路开路输出电压的表示式。     

自由振动压电振子的一种复参数等效电路

将复数概念引入到等效电路元件参数中,并以自由振动压电振子的一种常用振动模——纵向长度伸缩振动模为例,给出了一种复参数等效电路,并推导了等效电路参数与压电材料参数之间相互关系。等效电路元件参数的虚部表示压电振子机械、介电、及压电损耗。给出了由复参数等效电路模型作出的阻抗圆图与由振动理论给出的阻抗圆图以及由传统模型所作出的阻抗圆图。结果表明,新的复参数模型优于传统模型,是一种精确的等效电路。     

Modeling of output resistance in SiGe heterojunction bipolartransistors with significant neutral base recombination

A simple compact model, suitable for circuit simulations, is derived which enables quantitative determination of the impact of neutral base recombination on the small signal ac output resistance of SiGe HBT's for arbitrary base ac drive conditions. The model uses existing SPICE parameters which are routinely extracted from bipolar transistors plus an additional model parameter which can be extracted from a proposed experimental technique involving output resistance measurements under base ac voltage and current drive conditions. The modeling approach also enables the forward and reverse base transit times to be related to transistor small signal ac output resistance by a simple analytic expression. The currently accepted expression for the r _μ parameter, which is used to model neutral base recombination in the ac hybrid-π equivalent circuit, is shown to be incorrect and is replaced by a new correct expression. Numerical simulations of a SiGe HBT structure which exhibits neutral base recombination are used to verify the validity of the model     

Buck型变换器的线性化小信号补偿前馈控制

为减小由输入电源扰动引起的输出电压工频纹波,改善DC/DC变换器动态性能,根据平均变量建模思想,为电压型PWM控制的Buck型变换器建立连续导电工作模式（CCM）下统一的平均变量等效电路。分析等效电路并根据前馈控制的不变性原理提出Buck型变换器针对输入电压扰动的线性化小信号补偿前馈控制原理及实现方法,采用该方法的Buck型变换器可快速补偿输入电压扰动,加快变换器在输入电压扰动时的动态调节过程,显著减小输出电压中包括工频在内的低频纹波,改善变换器的动态性能。仿真研究结果验证了文中线性化小信号补偿前馈控制原理、方法及其分析的正确性。     

Equivalent Circuit of the Bolometer Detector

A small-signal dynamic equivalent circuit is established for the output voltage of a dc-biased bolometer (barretter) detector. The circuit consists of a voltage generator /spl upsi//sub g/, whose output is an undistorted replica of the incident RF-power modulation envelope, followed by a series resistor R/sub 1/ of dynamic origin, a shunt capacitor C that represents heat storage in the bolometer wire, and a series resistor R/sub 0/ equal to the dc resistance, usually 200 ohms. The resistance R/sub 1/ is independent of signal level, and is typically about 220 ohms for an 8.75-mA bolometer and about 120 ohms for a 4.5-mA bolometer. At a modulation frequency f/sub m/ near 0 Hz, the equivalent audio source impedance of the bolometer is R/sub 1/ +R/sub 0/. The common belief that the source impedance is R/sub 0/ in the weak-signal case is, therefore, refuted. Formulas are derived giving v/sub g/ / /P/sub RF/ and R/sub 1/ as functions of basic, easily determined bolometer parameters. The time constant for open-circuit load is /spl tau//sub oc/= R/sub 1/C, where /spl tau//sub oc/ is determined best by measurement, since catalog values of /spl tau//sub oc/ often are seriously in error. The capacitance is C=/spl tau//sub oc/ / /R/sub 1/. With one type of bolometer /spl tau//sub oc/ measures about 110 /spl mu/s, while various catalogs state values of 250 to 350 /spl mu/s. The equivalent circuit is confirmed quantitatively by measurements of output voltage and source impedance versus modulation frequency.     

一类零电流谐振开关电容变换器的特性分析

具有零电流开关特性的谐振开关电容变换器是开关电容变换器的一种新拓扑形式.本文着重分析电路寄生参数和变换器运行条件对该类谐振开关电容变换器稳态特性的影响,推出变换器输出电压和效率的数学表达式,为研究负载或输入电压变化时变换器的输出性能提供了分析和设计依据.基于输出电压表达式,还提出谐振开关电容变换器的频率控制方案.全文以一个降压式谐振开关电容变换器为例详细说明公式的推导过程,并将此稳态特性分析推广到其它类型的谐振开关电容变换器.最后,文中设计了一台12V/5V/2.5A降压式谐振开关电容变换器样机,实验结果验证了本文的理论分析结果.     

基于耦合模-电网络理论的S型SAW器件特性分析

为克服马松(Mason)等效电路模型指对级联及常用电路仿真软件处理复阻抗的繁杂性,提出了应用耦合模理论和电网络理论分析声表面波(SAW)器件特性的方法,它首先应用耦合模理论获得叉指换能器SAW粒子运动速度和应力的关系式,由此得到叉指换能器的等效电路模型,并根据耦合模理论计算等效电路模型中各电参量值,然后应用电路网络理论推导等效电路模型各节点电压方程,结合自行研制的S型SAW器件尺寸,仿真得到S型SAW器件的频率特性,与实验得到的频率特性基本相近。     

Low‐Voltage Current‐Sensing CMOS Interface Circuit for Piezo‐Resistive Pressure Sensor

A new low‐voltage CMOS interface circuit with digital output for piezo‐resistive transducer is proposed. An input current sensing configuration is used to detect change in piezo‐resistance due to applied pressure and to allow low‐voltage circuit operation. A simple 1‐bit first‐order delta‐sigma modulator is used to produce an output digital bitstream. The proposed interface circuit is realized in a 0.35 µm CMOS technology and draws less than 200 µA from a single 1.5 V power supply voltage. Simulation results show that the circuit can achieve an equivalent output resolution of 9.67 bits with less than 0.23% non‐linearity error.     

基于光电二极管反偏的光电检测电路的噪声分析

噪声性能是限制光电检测电路探测能力的重要因素,针对这个问题,设计了基于光电二极管反偏的光电检测电路并分析其电路噪声,分析噪声时,创新性地从光电检测电路结构出发,将整个电路等效为光电二极管、晶体三极管、运算放大器三个级联模块,详尽分析了每个模块的噪声来源及其相关因素,计算每个模块的输出噪声,最终得出整个电路的输出噪声电压模型。根据输出噪声电压模型,确定了电路的各项参数,预估电路的输出噪声电压,最后,搭建实际电路,测量电路的噪声性能,验证了输出噪声电压模型的准确性,实现低噪声光电检测电路的设计。